中国罕见病患者健康权保障制度研究

On the Protection System of the Right to Health for Rare Disease Patients in China

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归属院系:

行政法学院

作者:

陈泉池

导师:

付子堂

导师单位:

行政法学院

学位:

硕士

语种:

中文

关键词:

罕见病;健康权;健康正义;制度构建;法治保障

摘要:

内容摘要本文以中国罕见病患者健康权的法治化保障为核心研究议题,针对我国罕见病保障体系中政策碎片化、法律位阶偏低、健康权制度保障缺位等结构性缺陷,立足国际法与国内法双重规范依据,融合健康正义理论与制度实践经验,旨在构建一套兼具理论正当性与实践可操作性的罕见病患者健康权保障体系,推动罕见病治理从行政政策导向向法律权利保障导向的系统性转型,为健康中国战略的法治化实施提供坚实的法理支撑与制度范本。本文除引论、结论外,主体部分包括三章。第一章为健康权的基础。本章从历史渊源、法律基础、哲学基础三维度系统完成健康权的规范证成,明确健康权作为复合性权利的核心内涵与保障逻辑。历史渊源上,梳理从古代公共卫生治理实践到现代健康权国际公约的演进脉络,揭示国家承担健康保障义务的由来;法律基础上,从国际法以及国内法两方面阐释健康权的相关规范。重点介绍我国国内健康权的规范。其中《中华人民共和国宪法》与《中华人民共和国基本医疗卫生与健康促进法》还有《中华人民共和国民法典》一同构成的规范体系,明确健康权兼具公法与私法的双重属性,其核心内容涵盖平等就医权、诊疗可及权与财务安全权等,是公民维持人格尊严与社会参与的基础性权利;哲学基础上,以“健康正义”理论中的“公平机会平等”为核心理念,通过“未完全理论化的协议”引入的充分性与优先性双重标准,回应了在资源有限的背景下,罕见病患者优先保障的正当性问题,强调健康权保障的本质是维持公民追求人生规划以及维持相应的身体机能所必需的机会,为罕见病患者健康权保障筑牢法理与哲学根基。第二章为现状评析。本章系统梳理我国罕见病治理的双层实践格局,国家层面已构建以罕见病目录管理、孤儿药研发激励、医保谈判为核心的政策框架,地方层面呈现“东部先行、中西部差异化跟进”的探索特征。在此基础上,深入剖析三重核心困境。制度层面,相关政策多以部委规章、地方规范性文件为载体,存在法律位阶偏低、碎片化、部门协同不足、区域保障失衡等问题,缺乏全国统一的制度规范与权利保障框架。法理层面,宪法与法律对健康权的规定未形成明确的权利主张结构,“尊重、保护、实现”的三重国家义务落实不充分,程序正义机制薄弱,患者的程序性参与权利缺乏制度保障。社会层面,面临药品可及性不足、医保机制不健全、社会公众认知匮乏、患者组织功能发挥受限等现实阻碍。针对上述困境,本章明确了制度统合化即确立以健康权为核心的法律框架与法理内在化即融入多维健康权保障逻辑理论,这是破解问题的关键路径。第三章为罕见病患者健康权保障的路径选择。本章以实现健康权与社会正义为核心目标,确立健康权优先、公平与团结、可持续性、科学与程序正义几个原则。在制度框架上,以专门立法为顶层设计,明确了罕见病的患病率、疾病严重性、诊疗难度以及经济负担几个要素综合的多维界定标准,细化国家在罕见病防治中的三重义务,实现与现行宪法、法律及成熟政策的有效衔接;搭建多层次政策支撑体系,包括基本医保、专项基金和医疗救助的费用保障机制,研发激励、价格治理和短缺应对的药物可及机制,三级联动诊疗网络、产学研协同科研的技术支撑机制;构建政府主导、市场参与、社会协同的多元共治格局,明确患者组织在目录更新、医保谈判、政策评估中的程序化参与权利;引入"A4R"合理性问责制与"MCDA"多准则决策分析相结合的程序化评估机制,形成药物研发、诊疗服务、费用保障和政策评估的全流程闭环,确保制度运行的透明性、可问责性与可持续性。本文的结论是,罕见病患者健康权的保障程度是衡量社会公平与法治现代化水平的重要标尺。罕见病治理的根本突破在于以健康权为核心的法治转型,唯有将罕见病患者健康保障全面纳入国家健康权体系,通过系统化、法治化的制度设计,落实“弱势者重点保护”的实质公平要求,才能从根本上破解我国罕见病保障的结构性困境,使罕见病患者获得可及的诊断、可负担的治疗与有尊严的健康保障,为健康中国建设注入权利导向的法治力量。关键词:罕见病;健康权;健康正义;制度构建;法治保障

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学科:

法学理论

提交日期

2026-08-28

引用参考

陈泉池. 中国罕见病患者健康权保障制度研究[D]. 西南政法大学,2026.

全文附件授权许可

知识共享许可协议-署名

  • dc.title
  • 中国罕见病患者健康权保障制度研究
  • dc.title
  • On the Protection System of the Right to Health for Rare Disease Patients in China
  • dc.contributor.schoolno
  • 20230301010429
  • dc.contributor.author
  • 陈泉池
  • dc.contributor.affiliation
  • 行政法学院
  • dc.contributor.degree
  • 硕士
  • dc.contributor.childdegree
  • 法学硕士学位
  • dc.contributor.degreeConferringInstitution
  • 西南政法大学
  • dc.identifier.year
  • 2026
  • dc.contributor.direction
  • 人权法学
  • dc.contributor.advisor
  • 付子堂
  • dc.contributor.advisorAffiliation
  • 行政法学院
  • dc.language.iso
  • 中文
  • dc.subject
  • 罕见病,健康权,健康正义,制度构建,法治保障
  • dc.subject
  • Key words:?Rare?Diseases;?Right?to?Health?;?Health?Justice; Institutional?Design
  • dc.description.abstract
  • 内容摘要本文以中国罕见病患者健康权的法治化保障为核心研究议题,针对我国罕见病保障体系中政策碎片化、法律位阶偏低、健康权制度保障缺位等结构性缺陷,立足国际法与国内法双重规范依据,融合健康正义理论与制度实践经验,旨在构建一套兼具理论正当性与实践可操作性的罕见病患者健康权保障体系,推动罕见病治理从行政政策导向向法律权利保障导向的系统性转型,为健康中国战略的法治化实施提供坚实的法理支撑与制度范本。本文除引论、结论外,主体部分包括三章。第一章为健康权的基础。本章从历史渊源、法律基础、哲学基础三维度系统完成健康权的规范证成,明确健康权作为复合性权利的核心内涵与保障逻辑。历史渊源上,梳理从古代公共卫生治理实践到现代健康权国际公约的演进脉络,揭示国家承担健康保障义务的由来;法律基础上,从国际法以及国内法两方面阐释健康权的相关规范。重点介绍我国国内健康权的规范。其中《中华人民共和国宪法》与《中华人民共和国基本医疗卫生与健康促进法》还有《中华人民共和国民法典》一同构成的规范体系,明确健康权兼具公法与私法的双重属性,其核心内容涵盖平等就医权、诊疗可及权与财务安全权等,是公民维持人格尊严与社会参与的基础性权利;哲学基础上,以“健康正义”理论中的“公平机会平等”为核心理念,通过“未完全理论化的协议”引入的充分性与优先性双重标准,回应了在资源有限的背景下,罕见病患者优先保障的正当性问题,强调健康权保障的本质是维持公民追求人生规划以及维持相应的身体机能所必需的机会,为罕见病患者健康权保障筑牢法理与哲学根基。第二章为现状评析。本章系统梳理我国罕见病治理的双层实践格局,国家层面已构建以罕见病目录管理、孤儿药研发激励、医保谈判为核心的政策框架,地方层面呈现“东部先行、中西部差异化跟进”的探索特征。在此基础上,深入剖析三重核心困境。制度层面,相关政策多以部委规章、地方规范性文件为载体,存在法律位阶偏低、碎片化、部门协同不足、区域保障失衡等问题,缺乏全国统一的制度规范与权利保障框架。法理层面,宪法与法律对健康权的规定未形成明确的权利主张结构,“尊重、保护、实现”的三重国家义务落实不充分,程序正义机制薄弱,患者的程序性参与权利缺乏制度保障。社会层面,面临药品可及性不足、医保机制不健全、社会公众认知匮乏、患者组织功能发挥受限等现实阻碍。针对上述困境,本章明确了制度统合化即确立以健康权为核心的法律框架与法理内在化即融入多维健康权保障逻辑理论,这是破解问题的关键路径。第三章为罕见病患者健康权保障的路径选择。本章以实现健康权与社会正义为核心目标,确立健康权优先、公平与团结、可持续性、科学与程序正义几个原则。在制度框架上,以专门立法为顶层设计,明确了罕见病的患病率、疾病严重性、诊疗难度以及经济负担几个要素综合的多维界定标准,细化国家在罕见病防治中的三重义务,实现与现行宪法、法律及成熟政策的有效衔接;搭建多层次政策支撑体系,包括基本医保、专项基金和医疗救助的费用保障机制,研发激励、价格治理和短缺应对的药物可及机制,三级联动诊疗网络、产学研协同科研的技术支撑机制;构建政府主导、市场参与、社会协同的多元共治格局,明确患者组织在目录更新、医保谈判、政策评估中的程序化参与权利;引入"A4R"合理性问责制与"MCDA"多准则决策分析相结合的程序化评估机制,形成药物研发、诊疗服务、费用保障和政策评估的全流程闭环,确保制度运行的透明性、可问责性与可持续性。本文的结论是,罕见病患者健康权的保障程度是衡量社会公平与法治现代化水平的重要标尺。罕见病治理的根本突破在于以健康权为核心的法治转型,唯有将罕见病患者健康保障全面纳入国家健康权体系,通过系统化、法治化的制度设计,落实“弱势者重点保护”的实质公平要求,才能从根本上破解我国罕见病保障的结构性困境,使罕见病患者获得可及的诊断、可负担的治疗与有尊严的健康保障,为健康中国建设注入权利导向的法治力量。关键词:罕见病;健康权;健康正义;制度构建;法治保障
  • dc.description.abstract
  • AbstractThis study takes the legal protection of the right to health for rare disease patients in China as its core research topic. Addressing the structural defects in China’s rare disease protection system, such as fragmented policies, low legal hierarchy, and inadequate institutional safeguards for the right to health, it is based on the dual normative basis of international and domestic law, integrates the theory of health justice with institutional practice experience, and aims to construct an institutional system for protecting the right to health of rare disease patients that is both theoretically justified and practically operable. The research seeks to promote the systematic transformation of rare disease governance from an administrative policy-oriented approach to a legal right protection-oriented one, thereby providing solid jurisprudential support and an institutional model for the legal implementation of the Healthy China Strategy.In addition to the introduction and conclusion, this paper consists of three main chapters.Chapter One serves as the foundation of the right to health. This chapter systematically accomplishes the normative justification of the right to health from three dimensions: historical origin, legal basis, and philosophical foundation, clarifying the core connotation and protection logic of the right to health as a composite right. In terms of historical origin, it sorts out the evolutionary context from ancient public health governance practices to modern international conventions on the right to health, revealing the historical inevitability of the state’s assumption of health protection obligations. Regarding the legal basis, it elaborates on the composite normative system composed of China’s Constitution, the Basic Medical and Health Care and Health Promotion Law of the People’s Republic of China, and the Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China, confirming that the right to health possesses both public and private law attributes. Its core content includes the right to equal access to medical care, the right to accessible diagnosis and treatment, and the right to financial security, which are fundamental rights for citizens to maintain personal dignity and social participation. From the philosophical perspective, it takes "fair equality of opportunity" in the theory of "health justice" as the core concept, and through the dual standards of sufficiency and priority introduced by the "incompletely theorized agreements", it responds to the legitimacy of the preferential protection of rare disease patients against the backdrop of limited resources. It emphasizes that the essence of protecting the right to health is to maintain the necessary opportunities for citizens to pursue their life plans and sustain corresponding physical functions, laying a solid jurisprudential and philosophical foundation for the protection of the right to health of rare disease patients.Chapter Two is an analysis of the current situation. This chapter systematically sorts out the dual-level practice pattern of rare disease governance in China. At the national level, a policy framework centered on the management of rare disease lists, incentives for orphan drug research and development, and medical insurance negotiations has been established; at the local level, it presents the exploratory characteristics of "eastern regions taking the lead and central and western regions following up with differentiation". On this basis, it in-depth analyzes three core dilemmas. At the institutional level, relevant policies are mostly carried in the form of ministerial regulations and local normative documents, facing problems such as low legal hierarchy, fragmentation, insufficient inter-departmental coordination, and unbalanced regional protection, lacking a unified national institutional norm and right protection framework. At the jurisprudential level, the provisions on the right to health in the Constitution and laws have not formed a clear right claim structure, the threefold state obligations of "respect, protect, and fulfill" are not fully implemented, the procedural justice mechanism is weak, and patients’ procedural participation rights lack institutional guarantees. At the social level, there are practical obstacles such as insufficient drug accessibility, imperfect medical insurance mechanisms, lack of public awareness, and limited functional play of patient organizations. In response to the above dilemmas, this chapter clarifies that institutional integration (establishing a legal framework centered on the right to health) and jurisprudential internalization (integrating multi-dimensional theories of health right protection) are the key paths to solving the problems.Chapter Three focuses on the path selection for safeguarding the right to health of rare disease patients. This chapter takes the realization of the right to health and social justice as its core goals, and establishes several principles including the priority of the right to health, equity and solidarity, sustainability, and science and procedural justice. In terms of the institutional framework, it takes special legislation as the top-level design, clarifies the multi-dimensional definition standards of rare diseases integrating factors such as prevalence rate, disease severity, difficulty of diagnosis and treatment, and economic burden, refines the threefold obligations of the state in the prevention and treatment of rare diseases, and achieves effective connection with the current Constitution, laws, and mature policies. It builds a multi-level policy support system, including a cost guarantee mechanism consisting of basic medical insurance, special funds, and medical assistance, a drug accessibility mechanism covering R&D incentives, price governance, and shortage response, and a technical support mechanism involving a three-level linked diagnosis and treatment network and industry-university-research collaborative scientific research. It constructs a multi-governance pattern led by the government, participated by the market, and coordinated by the society, clarifying the procedural participation rights of patient organizations in list updates, medical insurance negotiations, and policy evaluations. It introduces a procedural evaluation mechanism combining the Accountability for Reasonableness (A4R) and Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA), forming a full-process closed loop covering drug R&D, diagnosis and treatment services, cost guarantee, and policy evaluation, so as to ensure the transparency, accountability, and sustainability of the institutional operation.The conclusion of this paper is that the level of protection of the right to health of rare disease patients is an important criterion for measuring social substantive fairness and the level of legal modernization. The fundamental breakthrough in rare disease governance lies in the legal transformation centered on the right to health. Only by fully integrating the health protection of rare disease patients into the national right to health system, through systematic and legal institutional design, and implementing the substantive fairness requirement of "prioritized protection for vulnerable groups", can we fundamentally solve the structural dilemmas in China’s rare disease protection, enable rare disease patients to obtain accessible diagnosis, affordable treatment, and dignified health protection, and inject right-oriented legal power into the construction of Healthy China.
  • dc.date.issued
  • 2026-06-04
  • dc.date.oralDefense
  • 2026-05-24
  • dc.relation.citedreferences
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