联合国《跨国公司与人权条约(草案)》研究

Research on the draft of the United Nations Treaty on Transnational Corporations and Human Rights

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归属院系:

国际法学院

作者:

莫粤

导师:

全小莲

导师单位:

国际法学院

学位:

硕士

语种:

中文

关键词:

工商业与人权;跨国公司;人权;全球治理

摘要:

在经济全球化的背景下,跨国公司在世界各地开展业务活动越来越频繁,在其经营活动中造成的人权侵害问题也越来越突出。长期以来,国际社会主要是通过如《联合国工商业与人权指导原则》等“软法”的方式进行规制,但是由于这些“软法”不具有强制执行力,无法解决跨国公司利用跨境架构逃避责任的问题。因此,2014年,联合国开始起草《跨国公司与人权条约》,目的是制定一部有约束力的国际文件。经过十几年时间的努力,《跨国公司与人权条约(草案)》已经历多次修改和完善,在强制性人权尽责、母国域外管辖、受害者救济以及法律责任等方面提出了较为全面的规定。然而,条约的理想与现实政治之间却有着巨大的张力。虽然谈判已经进行到第十年,但是对于一些基本问题仍然无法达成一致意见。在谈判涉及的多项议题中,有四个核心争议贯穿始终,其解决方案直接影响条约的效力与可行性,同时涉及深层的国际法理或国家利益冲突。因此,本文集中围绕这四个核心问题展开分析。第一个是条约适用范围的问题,即是否应当普遍适用于一切商业活动,还是仅仅局限于跨国公司。第二个问题是“受害者”的界定问题,主要争论集中在主体制定时的宽泛或者狭窄以及权利清单上的详尽与否上,反映的是不同国家的文化背景、管理水平以及对于条约目的的不同理解。第三个问题是“不方便法院”原则的存废问题,涉及到跨国救济的速度和效率以及国家司法自治权之间的冲突,也是衡量一个条约是否能够真正解决国际司法难题的标准。第四个问题是法律责任的责任归属问题,包括连带责任的承担、人权尽责的免责以及举证责任的分配等,都深刻地体现了在保护人权的同时又要维护良好商业秩序所面临的困境。 基于上述分析,笔者认为,《草案》的发展趋势将继续向“硬法化”发展,但是更可能采取一种“框架公约”的方式达成一致意见,在此过程中,条约覆盖范围要在跨国治理需要与发展中国家实际情况之间找到一个折衷点;受害者的界定会更宽松一些并且更加注重对其程序性权利进行保护;“不方便法院”原则不会被彻底抛弃而是会被更加谨慎地使用并且只在极少数情况下才会被采用;责任机制既要考虑结果又要考虑过程而且对于连带责任的规定也会比较谨慎并且人权尽责更多是起到一个减刑而不是免刑的作用。 鉴于中国发展中大国、资本输入与输出国以及全球治理参与者等多重身份,本文第六部分系统阐述了中国在谈判中的核心立场与应对策略,在第六部分中对中国在谈判过程中所持态度及对策进行了详细论述。文章认为,中国在谈判中主张条约有限适用,谨慎界定受害者概念,保留不方便法院原则中的自由裁量权,在责任问题上采取审慎态度。这与中国国内政策是一致的,《企业境外履行社会责任工作指引》体现的是注重过程合规的思想,在涉外司法实践中坚持实质控制的标准,在全球治理方面提出的发展权以及履约能力的概念均是中国立场的反映。因此,未来中国在谈判中应注意以下几点:首先,在条约适用范围上坚持有限适用的原则,解决跨国性治理赤字的问题;其次,在管辖权和责任承担上,提倡基于控制的责任分配理念而非普遍连带责任或过度扩大管辖权的行为;最后,应当更多地分享中国的治理经验,“绿色转型”、“社区参与”等中国方案都可成为谈判中的议题,还可以设立履约能力建设的相关内容。最终目的是达成一份既有利于保护人权又能照顾到各方实际情况,在维护自身利益的同时也促进全球治理水平提升的国际法文件。

参考文献:

参考文献一、中文参考文献(一)著作类1.梁晓晖:“工商业与人权: 从法律规制到合作治理”,北京大学出版社,2019年。(二)论文类2.刘志强,叶丽紫:“论企业人权义务的他治性与自治性及其构造”,《人权研究》,2026年第1期。3.蒋滨远:“欧盟《企业可持续发展尽职调查指令》GATT国民待遇原则相符性分析”,《现代商业》,2025年第15期。4.柳新潮:“跨国公司侵害的全球规治:结构失衡与优化路径”,《国际法研究》,2025年第6期。5.刘志强,黄昱昊:“论工商业的人权义务与人权责任体系互构”,《人权研究》,2024年第4期。6.于亮:“论工商业与人权的私国际法规制模式”,《学术论坛》,2024年第6期。7.何志鹏:“中国国际法自主知识体系的实践逻辑”,《当代法学》,2024年第5期。8.裴洋,张倩:“论中国不方便法院原则中的“中国利益”条款”,《国际法研究》,2024年第1期。9.邓晋,张建文:“从‘概念工具’到‘行为标准’:《联合国工商业与人权指导原则》中的人权尽责原则”,《"一带一路"法律研究》,2024年第9卷第1期。10.梁雅莉:“工商业与人权的国际法规制”,北京外国语大学,2022年。11.张万洪,金怡:“论中国工商业与人权国家行动计划的制定”,《社会科学论坛》,2022年第3期。12.梁晓晖,刘慈:“构建联合国工商业与人权条约的规范路径选择与实现悖论”,《人权研究》,2021年第3期。13.沈红雨:“我国法的域外适用法律体系构建与涉外民商事诉讼管辖权制度的改革—兼论不方便法院原则和禁诉令机制的构建”,《中国应用法学》,2020年第5期,第114-128页。14.王秀梅:“论我国《国家工商业与人权行动计划》的制定:基于企业社会责任的分析”,《人权》,2019年第2期。15.梁晓晖:“工商业与人权:中国政策理念的转变与业界实践的互动研究”,《国际法研究》,2018年第6期。16.约翰·杰勒德·鲁格,张伟,尹龄颖:“工商业与人权:演进中的国际议程”,《国际法研究》,2017年第3期。17.梁晓晖:“我国行业社会责任与可持续发展标准的发展与挑战”,《信息技术与标准化》,2016第9期。二、外文参考文献论文类18. Stephanie Lu Wang, Yejee Lee & Dan Li, ‘Smart Disclosure: An Enabler for Multinationals to Reduce Human Rights Violations in Global Supply Chains’,?Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 55, No. 4, 2024.19. Radu Mares,‘Regulating Transnational Corporations at the United Nations–The Negotiations of a Treaty on Business and Human Rights’,?The International Journal of Human Rights, Vol. 26, No. 9, 2022.20. Pavel Bure?, ‘International Legal Personality of Transnational Corporations–Any Chance for the Theoretical Shift with Respect to a Legally Binding Instrument on Human Rights and TNCs?’,?International and Comparative Law Review, Vol. 22, No. 2, 2022.21. See Dmitry Ivanov & Maria Levina, ‘Prospects of International Legal Cooperation of States Under U.N. Auspices in Developing a Treaty on Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises with Respect to Human Rights’,?BRICS Law Journal, Vol. 8, No. 1, 2021.22. See Alessandro Suppa & Pavel Bure?, ‘Can Multinational Corporations Be Responsible for Human Rights Violation of Its Outsourcee Company? Response of National or International Law?’,?International and Comparative Law Review, Vol. 20, No. 1, 2020.

学科:

国际法学

提交日期

2026-08-28

引用参考

莫粤. 联合国《跨国公司与人权条约(草案)》研究[D]. 西南政法大学,2026.

全文附件授权许可

知识共享许可协议-署名

  • dc.title
  • 联合国《跨国公司与人权条约(草案)》研究
  • dc.title
  • Research on the draft of the United Nations Treaty on Transnational Corporations and Human Rights
  • dc.contributor.schoolno
  • 20230301091047
  • dc.contributor.author
  • 莫粤
  • dc.contributor.affiliation
  • 国际法学院
  • dc.contributor.degree
  • 硕士
  • dc.contributor.childdegree
  • 法学硕士学位
  • dc.contributor.degreeConferringInstitution
  • 西南政法大学
  • dc.identifier.year
  • 2026
  • dc.contributor.direction
  • 国际公法
  • dc.contributor.advisor
  • 全小莲
  • dc.contributor.advisorAffiliation
  • 国际法学院
  • dc.language.iso
  • 中文
  • dc.subject
  • 工商业与人权,跨国公司,人权,全球治理
  • dc.subject
  • Industry and Commerce and Human Rights;Transnational corporation;Human Rights;Global governance
  • dc.description.abstract
  • 在经济全球化的背景下,跨国公司在世界各地开展业务活动越来越频繁,在其经营活动中造成的人权侵害问题也越来越突出。长期以来,国际社会主要是通过如《联合国工商业与人权指导原则》等“软法”的方式进行规制,但是由于这些“软法”不具有强制执行力,无法解决跨国公司利用跨境架构逃避责任的问题。因此,2014年,联合国开始起草《跨国公司与人权条约》,目的是制定一部有约束力的国际文件。经过十几年时间的努力,《跨国公司与人权条约(草案)》已经历多次修改和完善,在强制性人权尽责、母国域外管辖、受害者救济以及法律责任等方面提出了较为全面的规定。然而,条约的理想与现实政治之间却有着巨大的张力。虽然谈判已经进行到第十年,但是对于一些基本问题仍然无法达成一致意见。在谈判涉及的多项议题中,有四个核心争议贯穿始终,其解决方案直接影响条约的效力与可行性,同时涉及深层的国际法理或国家利益冲突。因此,本文集中围绕这四个核心问题展开分析。第一个是条约适用范围的问题,即是否应当普遍适用于一切商业活动,还是仅仅局限于跨国公司。第二个问题是“受害者”的界定问题,主要争论集中在主体制定时的宽泛或者狭窄以及权利清单上的详尽与否上,反映的是不同国家的文化背景、管理水平以及对于条约目的的不同理解。第三个问题是“不方便法院”原则的存废问题,涉及到跨国救济的速度和效率以及国家司法自治权之间的冲突,也是衡量一个条约是否能够真正解决国际司法难题的标准。第四个问题是法律责任的责任归属问题,包括连带责任的承担、人权尽责的免责以及举证责任的分配等,都深刻地体现了在保护人权的同时又要维护良好商业秩序所面临的困境。 基于上述分析,笔者认为,《草案》的发展趋势将继续向“硬法化”发展,但是更可能采取一种“框架公约”的方式达成一致意见,在此过程中,条约覆盖范围要在跨国治理需要与发展中国家实际情况之间找到一个折衷点;受害者的界定会更宽松一些并且更加注重对其程序性权利进行保护;“不方便法院”原则不会被彻底抛弃而是会被更加谨慎地使用并且只在极少数情况下才会被采用;责任机制既要考虑结果又要考虑过程而且对于连带责任的规定也会比较谨慎并且人权尽责更多是起到一个减刑而不是免刑的作用。 鉴于中国发展中大国、资本输入与输出国以及全球治理参与者等多重身份,本文第六部分系统阐述了中国在谈判中的核心立场与应对策略,在第六部分中对中国在谈判过程中所持态度及对策进行了详细论述。文章认为,中国在谈判中主张条约有限适用,谨慎界定受害者概念,保留不方便法院原则中的自由裁量权,在责任问题上采取审慎态度。这与中国国内政策是一致的,《企业境外履行社会责任工作指引》体现的是注重过程合规的思想,在涉外司法实践中坚持实质控制的标准,在全球治理方面提出的发展权以及履约能力的概念均是中国立场的反映。因此,未来中国在谈判中应注意以下几点:首先,在条约适用范围上坚持有限适用的原则,解决跨国性治理赤字的问题;其次,在管辖权和责任承担上,提倡基于控制的责任分配理念而非普遍连带责任或过度扩大管辖权的行为;最后,应当更多地分享中国的治理经验,“绿色转型”、“社区参与”等中国方案都可成为谈判中的议题,还可以设立履约能力建设的相关内容。最终目的是达成一份既有利于保护人权又能照顾到各方实际情况,在维护自身利益的同时也促进全球治理水平提升的国际法文件。
  • dc.description.abstract
  • Against the backdrop of economic globalization, multinational companies are conducting business activities more and more frequently around the world, and the human rights violations caused in their business operations have become increasingly prominent. For a long time, the international community has mainly regulated through "soft laws" such as the United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights. However, due to the lack of enforceability of these "soft laws", they are unable to solve the problem of multinational companies evading responsibility through cross-border structures. Therefore, in 2014, the United Nations began drafting the "Transnational Corporations and Human Rights Treaty (Draft)" with the aim of establishing a binding international document. After more than a decade of efforts, the Draft Treaty on Transnational Corporations and Human Rights has undergone multiple revisions and improvements, and has put forward relatively comprehensive provisions in areas such as mandatory human rights obligations, extraterritorial jurisdiction of the home country, victim relief, and legal responsibilities.However, there is a huge tension between the ideal of the treaty and the actual politics. Although the negotiations have been going on for ten years, consensus still cannot be reached on some fundamental issues. Among the multiple issues involved in the negotiations, there are four core disputes running through the entire process. Their solutions directly affect the validity and feasibility of the treaty, and at the same time involve deep international legal principles or conflicts of national interests. Therefore, this article focuses on analyzing these four core issues. The first issue is the scope of application of the treaty, that is, whether it should be universally applicable to all business activities or merely limited to multinational companies. The second issue is the definition of the "victim", with the main debate focusing on whether the subject is broad or narrow when it is formulated and whether the rights list is detailed or not. This reflects the different cultural backgrounds, management levels, and understandings of the purpose of the treaty among different countries. The third issue is the retention or abolition of the "inconvenient court" principle, which involves conflicts between the speed and efficiency of cross-border relief and the judicial autonomy of states. It is also a criterion for measuring whether a treaty can truly solve international judicial problems. The fourth issue is the attribution of legal liability, including the assumption of joint and several liability, the exemption of human rights duties, and the allocation of the burden of proof, all of which profoundly reflect the predicament faced in maintaining a good business order while protecting human rights.Based on the above analysis, the author believes that the development trend of the "Draft" will continue to move towards "hard legalization", but it is more likely to adopt a "framework convention" approach to reach a consensus. In this process: the coverage of the treaty needs to find a compromise point between the needs of cross-border governance and the actual situation of developing countries. The definition of the victim will be more lenient and greater emphasis will be placed on protecting their procedural rights. The principle of "inconvenient courts" will not be completely abandoned but will be used more cautiously and only adopted in very few cases. The responsibility mechanism should take into account both the outcome and the process, and the provisions on joint liability will be relatively cautious. Moreover, the role of human rights responsibility is more about reducing sentences rather than exempting them. Given China's multiple identities as a major developing country, an importer and exporter of capital, and a participant in global governance, Chapter 6 of this article systematically expounds China's core positions and response strategies in negotiations. In Chapter 6, the attitudes and countermeasures held by China during the negotiation process are elaborated in detail. The article holds that in the negotiations, China advocated the limited application of treaties, carefully defined the concept of victims, reserved the discretionary power in the principle of inconvenient courts, and adopted a cautious attitude on the issue of liability. This is in line with China's domestic policies. The "Guidelines for Enterprises' Fulfillment of Social Responsibilities Overseas" embodies the idea of emphasizing process compliance, adheres to the standard of substantive control in foreign-related judicial practice, and the concepts of development rights and performance capacity proposed in global governance all reflect China's position. Therefore, in future negotiations, China should pay attention to the following points: First, adhere to the principle of limited application in the scope of treaty application to address the issue of transnational governance deficits; Secondly, in terms of jurisdiction and liability assumption, the concept of responsibility allocation based on control is advocated rather than universal joint liability or excessive expansion of jurisdiction. Finally, more of China's governance experience should be shared. Chinese solutions such as "green transformation" and "community participation" can all be topics in the negotiations, and relevant content on capacity building for compliance can also be set up. The ultimate goal is to reach an international law document that is conducive to protecting human rights, takes into account the actual situations of all parties, and promotes the improvement of global governance while safeguarding their own interests.
  • dc.date.issued
  • 2026-06-04
  • dc.date.oralDefense
  • 2026-05-29
  • dc.relation.citedreferences
  • 参考文献一、中文参考文献(一)著作类1.梁晓晖:“工商业与人权: 从法律规制到合作治理”,北京大学出版社,2019年。(二)论文类2.刘志强,叶丽紫:“论企业人权义务的他治性与自治性及其构造”,《人权研究》,2026年第1期。3.蒋滨远:“欧盟《企业可持续发展尽职调查指令》GATT国民待遇原则相符性分析”,《现代商业》,2025年第15期。4.柳新潮:“跨国公司侵害的全球规治:结构失衡与优化路径”,《国际法研究》,2025年第6期。5.刘志强,黄昱昊:“论工商业的人权义务与人权责任体系互构”,《人权研究》,2024年第4期。6.于亮:“论工商业与人权的私国际法规制模式”,《学术论坛》,2024年第6期。7.何志鹏:“中国国际法自主知识体系的实践逻辑”,《当代法学》,2024年第5期。8.裴洋,张倩:“论中国不方便法院原则中的“中国利益”条款”,《国际法研究》,2024年第1期。9.邓晋,张建文:“从‘概念工具’到‘行为标准’:《联合国工商业与人权指导原则》中的人权尽责原则”,《"一带一路"法律研究》,2024年第9卷第1期。10.梁雅莉:“工商业与人权的国际法规制”,北京外国语大学,2022年。11.张万洪,金怡:“论中国工商业与人权国家行动计划的制定”,《社会科学论坛》,2022年第3期。12.梁晓晖,刘慈:“构建联合国工商业与人权条约的规范路径选择与实现悖论”,《人权研究》,2021年第3期。13.沈红雨:“我国法的域外适用法律体系构建与涉外民商事诉讼管辖权制度的改革—兼论不方便法院原则和禁诉令机制的构建”,《中国应用法学》,2020年第5期,第114-128页。14.王秀梅:“论我国《国家工商业与人权行动计划》的制定:基于企业社会责任的分析”,《人权》,2019年第2期。15.梁晓晖:“工商业与人权:中国政策理念的转变与业界实践的互动研究”,《国际法研究》,2018年第6期。16.约翰·杰勒德·鲁格,张伟,尹龄颖:“工商业与人权:演进中的国际议程”,《国际法研究》,2017年第3期。17.梁晓晖:“我国行业社会责任与可持续发展标准的发展与挑战”,《信息技术与标准化》,2016第9期。二、外文参考文献论文类18. Stephanie Lu Wang, Yejee Lee & Dan Li, ‘Smart Disclosure: An Enabler for Multinationals to Reduce Human Rights Violations in Global Supply Chains’,?Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 55, No. 4, 2024.19. Radu Mares,‘Regulating Transnational Corporations at the United Nations–The Negotiations of a Treaty on Business and Human Rights’,?The International Journal of Human Rights, Vol. 26, No. 9, 2022.20. Pavel Bure?, ‘International Legal Personality of Transnational Corporations–Any Chance for the Theoretical Shift with Respect to a Legally Binding Instrument on Human Rights and TNCs?’,?International and Comparative Law Review, Vol. 22, No. 2, 2022.21. See Dmitry Ivanov & Maria Levina, ‘Prospects of International Legal Cooperation of States Under U.N. Auspices in Developing a Treaty on Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises with Respect to Human Rights’,?BRICS Law Journal, Vol. 8, No. 1, 2021.22. See Alessandro Suppa & Pavel Bure?, ‘Can Multinational Corporations Be Responsible for Human Rights Violation of Its Outsourcee Company? Response of National or International Law?’,?International and Comparative Law Review, Vol. 20, No. 1, 2020.
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