《外空条约》第三条在外空军控谈判中的条约解释问题研究

Study on Treaty Interpretation Issues of Outer Space Treaty Article 3 during the Negotiations of Arms Control in Outer Space

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归属院系:

国际法学院

作者:

徐谦

导师:

周江

导师单位:

国际法学院

学位:

硕士

语种:

中文

关键词:

《外空条约》第三条;外空军控谈判;条约解释;外空安全;《联合国宪章》在内的国际法

摘要:

条约解释已然成为外空军控谈判的重要环节,军控事实和法律认知的变化使得条约解释问题更为突出和复杂。《外空条约》第三条客观上成为外空军控规则谈判新阶段内条约解释的重点,集中体现于其“外空安全”和“应遵守《联合国宪章》在内国际法”两大概念。前者通过反思“外空安全”在现有规则体系中的缺陷,进而服务于军控新方案的提出;后者通过明确“应遵守《联合国宪章》在内国际法”的内涵,进而明确武装冲突规则在外空的可适用性。通过对外空军控相关概念的历史、规范、现象、主张之梳理,得以明确《外空条约》第三条在外空军控谈判中条约解释层面的重要性和有限性。经由《维也纳条约法公约》中关于上下文解释和补充资料之解释的条约解释规则,国际社会对“外空安全”和“应遵守《联合国宪章》在内国际法”这两大概念存在基本共识,但仍留下解释空间。一方面,各国在外空安全的区分性和优先性上产生根本分歧。《外空条约》未赋予外空安全明确含义,但尤其强调其国际安全属性和军事相关性。各国或发展或反对新术语、或强调或回避外空安全的部分内容,进而推动或阻碍“外空安全”解释的内容细化和效力强制化。另一方面,各国在武装冲突规则的外空可适用性问题上莫衷一是。“应遵守《联合国宪章》在内国际法”只肯定了非专属外空的国际法在外空适用的可能性,但尚未就特定规则是否适用或如何适用作出具体规定。通过肯定或否定国际人道法在外空的可适用性,各国得以进一步支持或反对外空的作战域属性,或表达对外空战争或非战的国际法发展预期。由此发现,虽然各方解释的重点或结论存在冲突,但实际上均未超出《外空条约》第三条的容许范围。在此基础上,《维也纳条约法公约》中参照目的与宗旨的解释方法或可形成补充,亦可发挥指导作用。任何关于“外空安全”和“应遵守《联合国宪章》在内国际法”概念的解释,本质上都是对外空自由原则和共同利益原则的个性化配比,并通过“负责任外空行为”和“人类命运共同体”等理念体现出来。当前军控理念明显挤压了国际社会对这两大原则辩证关系的原始反思,对具体概念的解释热情同样让国际社会忘却了两大原则的意义,或者将两大原则进行机械解读而忽视其法律互动关系。两大原则既属共识,又系分歧之发端,作为可以参照的目的与宗旨在解释《外空条约》第三条时得以统筹条约解释的症候表现,理顺“原则-理念-概念”的逻辑关系,最终促使各方回归到条约解释活动本身。

参考文献:

一、中文文献(一)中文著作1.仪名海,郝江东,周慎等:《外层空间国际关系》,北京:清华大学出版社,2015年版。2.[德] 斯蒂芬·霍贝,[德] 伯恩哈德·施密特·泰德,[德] 凯·伍·施罗格主编:《科隆空间法评注(第1卷)》,李寿平等译,北京:世界知识出版社,2017年版。3.聂明岩:《“总体国家安全观”指导下外空安全国际法治研究》,北京:法律出版社,2018年版。(二)中文论文4.徐能武,高杨予兮:“太空安全秩序构建中的体系压力与战略指向”,《国际安全研究》,2020年第2期。5.李寿平:“外空安全面临的新挑战及其国际法律规制”,《山东大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》,2020年第3期。6.王国语:“美国《外空防务战略》对外空军控国际规则博弈的影响分析”,《太平洋学报》,2021年第3期。7.徐能武,龙坤:“太空军备控制的现实争辩、理论逻辑和参与策略”,《国际展望》,2021年第6期。8.李虎平:“‘修昔底德陷阱’与中美太空互动”,《国际展望》,2021年第6期。9.中国现代国际关系研究院太空安全课题组:“第三太空时代的安全挑战与规则构建”,《当代世界》,2022年第2期。10.胡建发,聂明岩:“外空军控国际规则发展的困境与解决”,《北京航空航天大学学报(社会科学版)》,2022年第6期。11.高国柱:“防止外空军备竞赛的规则博弈与未来发展”,《北京航空航天大学学报(社会科学版)》,2022年第6期。12.何奇松,曹金容:“21世纪以来中美外空军备控制的争论:路径、实质与难点”,《美国研究》,2022年第6期。13.俞润泽,江天骄:“‘星链’对太空军控的影响”,《现代国际关系》,2022年第6期。14.俞润泽,江天骄:“‘负责任外空行为’议程与太空安全机制新动向”,《国际安全研究》,2023年第3期。15.高国柱:“太空安全的概念、源起与规则研析”,《中国航天》,2024年第3期。16.高国柱,高岚:“空间威慑到空间威胁:防止外空军备竞赛的规则解释与中国因应”,《北京航空航天大学学报(社会科学版)》,2024年第3期。17.赵懿黑:“美国跨域威慑战略动态及其对大国间战略稳定性的影响”,《复旦学报(社会科学版)》,2024年第4期。18.林娴岚,夏宇腾,龙开元:“从工具理性到关系性:太空治理的理念困境及其突破”,《世界经济与政治论坛》,2025年第2期。19.王国语,王泽辰:“外空军控治理‘释法/造法’新维度与新路径”,《国际安全研究》,2025年第4期。(三)其他20.中华人民共和国常驻联合国代表团官网:中国根据联大第75/36(2020)号决议提交的文件。https://un.china-mission.gov.cn/zgylhg/cjyjk/ldyw/202105/t20210505_9126963.htm. (2021-4-30)[2026-03-15].21.中华人民共和国常驻联合国日内瓦办事处和瑞士其他国际组织代表团官网:李松大使在联合国“负责任外空行为”开放式工作组会议上的发言。https://geneva.china-mission.gov.cn/zgylhg/202205/t20220511_10684166.htm. (2022-05-10)[2026-03-15].22.中华人民共和国常驻联合国日内瓦办事处和瑞士其他国际组织代表团官网:中国代表团在全面防止外空军备竞赛开放式工作组二期会上的一般性发言。https://geneva.china-mission.gov.cn/chn/dbtyw/cjjk/202507/t20250728_11678533.htm. (2025-07-28)[2026-03-15].23.中华人民共和国常驻联合国日内瓦办事处和瑞士其他国际组织代表团官网:中国裁军事务大使沈健先生在裁军谈判会议全会的发言。https://geneva.china-mission.gov.cn/chn/dbtyw/cjjk/202602/t20260207_11853291.htm. (2026-02-06)[2026-03-15].二、外文文献(一)外文著作24.John Michael Kemp, Evolution Toward a Space Treaty: an Historical Analysis, NASA Historical Staff Office of Policy Analysis, 1966.25.Manfred Lachs, The Law of Outer Space: An Experience in Contemporary Law-Making, Sijthoff Leiden, 1972.(二)外文论文26.Bonny Birkeland, “Space: The Final Next Frontier,” Minnesota Law Review, Vol. 104, No. 4, 2020.27.Bret Austin White, “Reordering the Law for a China World Order: China’s Legal Warfare Strategy in Outer Space and Cyberspace,” Journal of National Security Law and Policy, Vol. 11, No. 2, 2021.28.Valerie Shmigol, “The United States Is Enabling an Outer Space Arms Race: An Overview of Current Security Threats and Recommendations for Abating an Outer Space Arms Race,” Seattle U. L. Rev, Vol. 46, No. 1, 2022.29.Chris E. Gale, “The International Legality of Military Operations in Outer Space and Available Methods to Respond to Space-Based Aggression,” Houston Journal of International Law, Vol. 44, No. 3, 2022.30.SU Jinyuan, “Outer Space: From Sanctuary to Warfighting Domain?” Oxford University Press, 2023.31.Adam Bower, Jeffrey S. Lantis, “Contesting the Heavens: US Antipreneurship and the Regulation of Space Weapons,” European Journal of International Security, Vol. 9, No. 1, 2024.32.Mohammad Owais Farooqui, Tahir Qureshi, “Outer Space Militarization and the Emerging Paradigm of Weaponization: Implications for Space Security and International Regulation,” Revista Justica do Direito, Vol. 38, No. 2, 2024.(三)其他33.Question of the Peaceful Use of Outer Space, UN General Assembly Resolution 1348(13), December 13, 1958.34.Report of the AD HOC Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, UN General Assembly Document A/4141, July 14, 1959.35.International Cooperation in the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, UN General Assembly Resolution 1472(14), December 12, 1959.36.International Cooperation in the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, UN General Assembly Resolution 1802(17), December 14, 1962.37.Question of General and Complete Disarmament, UN General Assembly Resolution 1884(18), October 17, 1963.38.Declaration of Legal Principles Governing Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, UN General Assembly Resolution 1962(18), December 13, 1963.39.Guidelines for the Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, UN General Assembly Document A/74/20, June 12-21, 2019.40.Destructive Direct-ascent Anti-satellite Missile Testing, UN General Assembly Document A/C. 1/77/L. 62, October 13, 2022.41.联合国官网:https://press.un.org/en/2023/gadis3730.doc.htm. (2023-10-31)[2026-03-15].42.UN Security Council Document S/2024/302, April 24, 2024.43.UN Security Council Document S/PV. 9616, April 24, 2024.44.Report of the Group of Governmental Experts on Further Practical Measures for the Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space, UN General Assembly Document A/79/364, September 20, 2024.45.联合国官网:https://press.un.org/en/2024/gaspd814.doc.htm. (2024-10-30)[2026-03-15].46.Prevention of an arms race in outer space: reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours, UN General Assembly Document A/RES/79/22, December 9, 2024.47.联合国官网:https://press.un.org/en/2024/gadis3756.doc.htm. (2024-11-05)[2026-03-15].48.联合国和平利用外空委员会官网:https://www.unoosa.org/res/oosadoc/data/documents/2025/aac_105c_22025crp/aac_105c_22025crp_9_0_html/AC105_C2_2025_CRP09E.pdf. (2025-05-05)[2026-03-15].

学科:

国际法学

提交日期

2026-08-28

引用参考

徐谦. 《外空条约》第三条在外空军控谈判中的条约解释问题研究[D]. 西南政法大学,2026.

全文附件授权许可

知识共享许可协议-署名

  • dc.title
  • 《外空条约》第三条在外空军控谈判中的条约解释问题研究
  • dc.title
  • Study on Treaty Interpretation Issues of Outer Space Treaty Article 3 during the Negotiations of Arms Control in Outer Space
  • dc.contributor.schoolno
  • 20230301091042
  • dc.contributor.author
  • 徐谦
  • dc.contributor.affiliation
  • 国际法学院
  • dc.contributor.degree
  • 硕士
  • dc.contributor.childdegree
  • 法学硕士学位
  • dc.contributor.degreeConferringInstitution
  • 西南政法大学
  • dc.identifier.year
  • 2026
  • dc.contributor.direction
  • 国际法学
  • dc.contributor.advisor
  • 周江
  • dc.contributor.advisorAffiliation
  • 国际法学院
  • dc.language.iso
  • 中文
  • dc.subject
  • 《外空条约》第三条,外空军控谈判,条约解释,外空安全,《联合国宪章》在内的国际法
  • dc.subject
  • Article 3 of Outer Space Treaty; Outer Space Arms Control Negotiations; Treaty Interpretation; Outer Space Security; International Law Including the UN Charter; Principle of Freedom in Outer Space; Principle of Common Interest
  • dc.description.abstract
  • 条约解释已然成为外空军控谈判的重要环节,军控事实和法律认知的变化使得条约解释问题更为突出和复杂。《外空条约》第三条客观上成为外空军控规则谈判新阶段内条约解释的重点,集中体现于其“外空安全”和“应遵守《联合国宪章》在内国际法”两大概念。前者通过反思“外空安全”在现有规则体系中的缺陷,进而服务于军控新方案的提出;后者通过明确“应遵守《联合国宪章》在内国际法”的内涵,进而明确武装冲突规则在外空的可适用性。通过对外空军控相关概念的历史、规范、现象、主张之梳理,得以明确《外空条约》第三条在外空军控谈判中条约解释层面的重要性和有限性。经由《维也纳条约法公约》中关于上下文解释和补充资料之解释的条约解释规则,国际社会对“外空安全”和“应遵守《联合国宪章》在内国际法”这两大概念存在基本共识,但仍留下解释空间。一方面,各国在外空安全的区分性和优先性上产生根本分歧。《外空条约》未赋予外空安全明确含义,但尤其强调其国际安全属性和军事相关性。各国或发展或反对新术语、或强调或回避外空安全的部分内容,进而推动或阻碍“外空安全”解释的内容细化和效力强制化。另一方面,各国在武装冲突规则的外空可适用性问题上莫衷一是。“应遵守《联合国宪章》在内国际法”只肯定了非专属外空的国际法在外空适用的可能性,但尚未就特定规则是否适用或如何适用作出具体规定。通过肯定或否定国际人道法在外空的可适用性,各国得以进一步支持或反对外空的作战域属性,或表达对外空战争或非战的国际法发展预期。由此发现,虽然各方解释的重点或结论存在冲突,但实际上均未超出《外空条约》第三条的容许范围。在此基础上,《维也纳条约法公约》中参照目的与宗旨的解释方法或可形成补充,亦可发挥指导作用。任何关于“外空安全”和“应遵守《联合国宪章》在内国际法”概念的解释,本质上都是对外空自由原则和共同利益原则的个性化配比,并通过“负责任外空行为”和“人类命运共同体”等理念体现出来。当前军控理念明显挤压了国际社会对这两大原则辩证关系的原始反思,对具体概念的解释热情同样让国际社会忘却了两大原则的意义,或者将两大原则进行机械解读而忽视其法律互动关系。两大原则既属共识,又系分歧之发端,作为可以参照的目的与宗旨在解释《外空条约》第三条时得以统筹条约解释的症候表现,理顺“原则-理念-概念”的逻辑关系,最终促使各方回归到条约解释活动本身。
  • dc.description.abstract
  • The interpretation of a treaty has become a pivotal aspect of negotiations on arms control in outer space. Changes in both facts and legal perceptions of arms control have made treaty interpretation increasingly prominent and complex. Article 3 of the Outer Space Treaty serves as the focal point for treaty interpretation in the new phase of negotiations on arms control in outer space, primarily reflected in its two key concepts: “outer space security” and “in accordance with international law including the United Nations Charter.” The former addresses the shortcomings of “outer space security” in the existing rule systems to facilitate the formulation of new proposals for arms control, while the latter clarifies the applicability of armed conflict rules in outer space by defining the scope of “in accordance with international law including the United Nations Charter.” Through a systematic examination of the historical context, normative frameworks, phenomena, and propositions related to arms control in outer space, the significance and limitations of Article 3’s interpretative role in such negotiations can be clearly delineated.Through the treaty interpretation rules in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties regarding contextual interpretation and supplementary materials, the international community has reached a basic consensus on the two major concepts of “outer space security” and “in accordance with international law including the United Nations Charter,” while leaving room for interpretation. On the one hand, fundamental disagreements exist among nations regarding the distinctiveness and priorities of outer space security. Although the Outer Space Treaty does not explicitly define outer space security, it particularly emphasizes its international security attributes and military relevance. Nations either develop or oppose new terminology, emphasize or avoid certain aspects of outer space security, thereby promoting or hindering the refinement and enforcement of “outer space security” interpretations. On the other hand, there is no consensus among countries on the applicability of armed conflict rules in outer space. The phrase “in accordance with international law including the United Nations Charter” only acknowledges the possibility of applying international law, which does not exclusively apply to outer space, to outer space, without specifying whether or how particular rules should apply. By affirming or denying the applicability of international humanitarian law in outer space, nations can further support or oppose the combat domain nature of outer space, or express their expectations for the development of international law regarding space warfare or non-combat scenarios. This reveals that although interpretations vary in focus or conclusions, none actually exceed the permissible scope outlined in Article 3 of the Outer Space Treaty.On this basis, the interpretive approach of referring purposes and objectives in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties may serve both as a supplement and a guiding framework. Any interpretation of concepts such as “outer space security” and “in accordance with international law including the United Nations Charter” essentially represents a personalized alignment of the principles of freedom in outer space and common interest, conveyed through ideals like “responsible outer space behavior” and “a community with a shared future for mankind.” Current arms control ideals have significantly constrained the international community’s original reflection on the dialectical relationship between these two principles. The enthusiasm for interpreting specific concepts has also led the international community to either forget the significance of these principles or mechanically interpret them while neglecting their legal interrelations. These two principles, while representing consensus, also mark the origin of disagreements. As referable objectives and purposes, they help to coordinate treaty interpretation practices, clarify the logical relationship between “principles-concepts-ideals,” and ultimately guide all parties back to the core of treaty interpretation activities when interpreting Article 3 of the Outer Space Treaty.
  • dc.date.issued
  • 2026-06-04
  • dc.date.oralDefense
  • 2026-05-29
  • dc.relation.citedreferences
  • 一、中文文献(一)中文著作1.仪名海,郝江东,周慎等:《外层空间国际关系》,北京:清华大学出版社,2015年版。2.[德] 斯蒂芬·霍贝,[德] 伯恩哈德·施密特·泰德,[德] 凯·伍·施罗格主编:《科隆空间法评注(第1卷)》,李寿平等译,北京:世界知识出版社,2017年版。3.聂明岩:《“总体国家安全观”指导下外空安全国际法治研究》,北京:法律出版社,2018年版。(二)中文论文4.徐能武,高杨予兮:“太空安全秩序构建中的体系压力与战略指向”,《国际安全研究》,2020年第2期。5.李寿平:“外空安全面临的新挑战及其国际法律规制”,《山东大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》,2020年第3期。6.王国语:“美国《外空防务战略》对外空军控国际规则博弈的影响分析”,《太平洋学报》,2021年第3期。7.徐能武,龙坤:“太空军备控制的现实争辩、理论逻辑和参与策略”,《国际展望》,2021年第6期。8.李虎平:“‘修昔底德陷阱’与中美太空互动”,《国际展望》,2021年第6期。9.中国现代国际关系研究院太空安全课题组:“第三太空时代的安全挑战与规则构建”,《当代世界》,2022年第2期。10.胡建发,聂明岩:“外空军控国际规则发展的困境与解决”,《北京航空航天大学学报(社会科学版)》,2022年第6期。11.高国柱:“防止外空军备竞赛的规则博弈与未来发展”,《北京航空航天大学学报(社会科学版)》,2022年第6期。12.何奇松,曹金容:“21世纪以来中美外空军备控制的争论:路径、实质与难点”,《美国研究》,2022年第6期。13.俞润泽,江天骄:“‘星链’对太空军控的影响”,《现代国际关系》,2022年第6期。14.俞润泽,江天骄:“‘负责任外空行为’议程与太空安全机制新动向”,《国际安全研究》,2023年第3期。15.高国柱:“太空安全的概念、源起与规则研析”,《中国航天》,2024年第3期。16.高国柱,高岚:“空间威慑到空间威胁:防止外空军备竞赛的规则解释与中国因应”,《北京航空航天大学学报(社会科学版)》,2024年第3期。17.赵懿黑:“美国跨域威慑战略动态及其对大国间战略稳定性的影响”,《复旦学报(社会科学版)》,2024年第4期。18.林娴岚,夏宇腾,龙开元:“从工具理性到关系性:太空治理的理念困境及其突破”,《世界经济与政治论坛》,2025年第2期。19.王国语,王泽辰:“外空军控治理‘释法/造法’新维度与新路径”,《国际安全研究》,2025年第4期。(三)其他20.中华人民共和国常驻联合国代表团官网:中国根据联大第75/36(2020)号决议提交的文件。https://un.china-mission.gov.cn/zgylhg/cjyjk/ldyw/202105/t20210505_9126963.htm. (2021-4-30)[2026-03-15].21.中华人民共和国常驻联合国日内瓦办事处和瑞士其他国际组织代表团官网:李松大使在联合国“负责任外空行为”开放式工作组会议上的发言。https://geneva.china-mission.gov.cn/zgylhg/202205/t20220511_10684166.htm. (2022-05-10)[2026-03-15].22.中华人民共和国常驻联合国日内瓦办事处和瑞士其他国际组织代表团官网:中国代表团在全面防止外空军备竞赛开放式工作组二期会上的一般性发言。https://geneva.china-mission.gov.cn/chn/dbtyw/cjjk/202507/t20250728_11678533.htm. (2025-07-28)[2026-03-15].23.中华人民共和国常驻联合国日内瓦办事处和瑞士其他国际组织代表团官网:中国裁军事务大使沈健先生在裁军谈判会议全会的发言。https://geneva.china-mission.gov.cn/chn/dbtyw/cjjk/202602/t20260207_11853291.htm. (2026-02-06)[2026-03-15].二、外文文献(一)外文著作24.John Michael Kemp, Evolution Toward a Space Treaty: an Historical Analysis, NASA Historical Staff Office of Policy Analysis, 1966.25.Manfred Lachs, The Law of Outer Space: An Experience in Contemporary Law-Making, Sijthoff Leiden, 1972.(二)外文论文26.Bonny Birkeland, “Space: The Final Next Frontier,” Minnesota Law Review, Vol. 104, No. 4, 2020.27.Bret Austin White, “Reordering the Law for a China World Order: China’s Legal Warfare Strategy in Outer Space and Cyberspace,” Journal of National Security Law and Policy, Vol. 11, No. 2, 2021.28.Valerie Shmigol, “The United States Is Enabling an Outer Space Arms Race: An Overview of Current Security Threats and Recommendations for Abating an Outer Space Arms Race,” Seattle U. L. Rev, Vol. 46, No. 1, 2022.29.Chris E. Gale, “The International Legality of Military Operations in Outer Space and Available Methods to Respond to Space-Based Aggression,” Houston Journal of International Law, Vol. 44, No. 3, 2022.30.SU Jinyuan, “Outer Space: From Sanctuary to Warfighting Domain?” Oxford University Press, 2023.31.Adam Bower, Jeffrey S. Lantis, “Contesting the Heavens: US Antipreneurship and the Regulation of Space Weapons,” European Journal of International Security, Vol. 9, No. 1, 2024.32.Mohammad Owais Farooqui, Tahir Qureshi, “Outer Space Militarization and the Emerging Paradigm of Weaponization: Implications for Space Security and International Regulation,” Revista Justica do Direito, Vol. 38, No. 2, 2024.(三)其他33.Question of the Peaceful Use of Outer Space, UN General Assembly Resolution 1348(13), December 13, 1958.34.Report of the AD HOC Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, UN General Assembly Document A/4141, July 14, 1959.35.International Cooperation in the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, UN General Assembly Resolution 1472(14), December 12, 1959.36.International Cooperation in the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, UN General Assembly Resolution 1802(17), December 14, 1962.37.Question of General and Complete Disarmament, UN General Assembly Resolution 1884(18), October 17, 1963.38.Declaration of Legal Principles Governing Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, UN General Assembly Resolution 1962(18), December 13, 1963.39.Guidelines for the Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, UN General Assembly Document A/74/20, June 12-21, 2019.40.Destructive Direct-ascent Anti-satellite Missile Testing, UN General Assembly Document A/C. 1/77/L. 62, October 13, 2022.41.联合国官网:https://press.un.org/en/2023/gadis3730.doc.htm. (2023-10-31)[2026-03-15].42.UN Security Council Document S/2024/302, April 24, 2024.43.UN Security Council Document S/PV. 9616, April 24, 2024.44.Report of the Group of Governmental Experts on Further Practical Measures for the Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space, UN General Assembly Document A/79/364, September 20, 2024.45.联合国官网:https://press.un.org/en/2024/gaspd814.doc.htm. (2024-10-30)[2026-03-15].46.Prevention of an arms race in outer space: reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours, UN General Assembly Document A/RES/79/22, December 9, 2024.47.联合国官网:https://press.un.org/en/2024/gadis3756.doc.htm. (2024-11-05)[2026-03-15].48.联合国和平利用外空委员会官网:https://www.unoosa.org/res/oosadoc/data/documents/2025/aac_105c_22025crp/aac_105c_22025crp_9_0_html/AC105_C2_2025_CRP09E.pdf. (2025-05-05)[2026-03-15].
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