论多数人之债

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作者:

陈花

导师:

凃咏松

导师单位:

民商法学院(知识产权学院)

学位:

硕士

语种:

中文

关键词:

多数人之债;连带之债;按份之债;共同之债;普通共同诉讼;必要共同诉讼

摘要:

本文以我国多数人之债制度为研究对象,从实体法、域外法、司法实务界三个维度 阐述了我国多数人之债的纷杂类型,着力解决因在现实中对不可分之债缺乏立法规范, 导致人民法院在处理复数主体之债的相关纠纷时经常陷入程序与实体上的困境。其中, 连带之债与共同之债的混用,在司法实务中尤为突出。本文通过分析共同之债概念之起 源及其与不可分之债、连带之债、协同之债的辩证关系,提出以连带 协同的组合模式 填补现有的空泛的共同之债理论,以期对司法实务处理相关纠纷有所裨益。 全文除引言和结语外,分为五个部分,共计二万余字。 第一部分多数人之债的类型。该部分概念性的介绍了我国司法实务中多数人之债的 主要类型,即连带之债、按份之债、共同之债,并对多数人之债的主要分类规则及历史 演变进行了简要梳理。《中华人民共和国民法典》(以下简称《民法典》)对连带之债与 按份之债作出的规定,说明《民法典》仍采用按份与连带二元划分法,并未确立不可分 之债的适用规则。共同之债在《民法典》中体现为基于共有关系产生的债,是狭义的共 同之债。而实务中广义的共同之债恰与不可分之债有着剪不断理还乱的关系。 第二部分共同之债相关概念辨析。通过共同之债与不可分之债、连带之债、协同之 债的辩证分析,着重探讨共同之债的含义。债的分割方式决定了多数人之债的具体类型, 广义的共同之债与不可分之债是在不同的债的划分方式中含义相通的两种称谓。共同之 债与连带之债在债务承担、是否存在二次清偿、诉讼程序的适用三方面均存在差异。而 协同之债,系特殊的共同之债,其核心要求是二人以上共同协作实施或由共同委托的人 实施债的给付或受领,该特性决定了多数债权人或债务人内部一般不存在债的二次分 担。 第三部分我国多数人之债制度在司法实务中的困境。该部分引用较为丰富的案例, 具体阐述了司法实践中多数人之债的纠纷化解的程序困境和实体困境。程序性困境主要 体现在,人民法院对复数债的主体之间的关系往往仅进行形式审查,并未探究债的标的 是否客观可分、债的主体内部是否存在二次清偿等实质因素,导致了必要共同诉讼的滥 用,致使当事人诉权难以保障。实体困境主要指实体裁判中对二人以上债务人对外承担连带亦或共同责任含混不清,裁判说理中存在对共同之债的误识,裁判尺度未能统一, 有损公平正义。 第四部分共有之债的效力分析及启示。该部分着重对狭义的共同之债即共有之债的 对内及对外效力进行分析,阐释了我国立法层面在共有之债的对外关系中,一律适用连 带规则,而连带规则无法适用于所有共同之债的结论。由此得出的启示是,按份共有债 务均可适用连带规则,按份共有债权、共同共有债务、共同共有债权在债的标的是否为 金钱给付时有所区分。 第五部分,提出解决司法困境之路径。通过以是否为金钱给付之债为标准,区分适 用连带及协同规则,提出了解决司法困境的两条路径。第一,参照共有之债的立法规范, 在金钱给付的共同之债中准用连带推定。其价值不仅在于当事人适格问题引起的程序困 境将得到极大缓和,亦可化解实务中共同责任与连带责任混用的裁判尺度差异。第二, 在非金钱给付之债中适用协同规则,协同之债的债权人应共同受领,在无损其他债权人 利益情形下允许债权人就全部债权单独起诉,协同债权之诉为类似必要共同诉讼。协同 之债的债务人应共同对外履行义务,单独清偿不能使债消灭。

学科:

法律*

提交日期

2026-04-13

引用参考

陈花. 论多数人之债[D]. 西南政法大学,2020.

全文附件授权许可

知识共享许可协议-署名

  • dc.title
  • 论多数人之债
  • dc.contributor.schoolno
  • 201510004
  • dc.contributor.author
  • 陈花
  • dc.contributor.affiliation
  • 民商法学院(知识产权学院)
  • dc.contributor.degree
  • 硕士
  • dc.contributor.childdegree
  • 法律硕士
  • dc.contributor.degreeConferringInstitution
  • 西南政法大学
  • dc.identifier.year
  • 2020
  • dc.contributor.advisor
  • 凃咏松
  • dc.contributor.advisorAffiliation
  • 民商法学院(知识产权学院)
  • dc.language.iso
  • 中文
  • dc.subject
  • 多数人之债;连带之债;按份之债;共同之债;普通共同诉讼;必要共同诉讼
  • dc.subject
  • multi-party debt;obligation in solid;obligation for part;joint obligations;joint actions;the necessary joint actions
  • dc.description.abstract
  • 本文以我国多数人之债制度为研究对象,从实体法、域外法、司法实务界三个维度 阐述了我国多数人之债的纷杂类型,着力解决因在现实中对不可分之债缺乏立法规范, 导致人民法院在处理复数主体之债的相关纠纷时经常陷入程序与实体上的困境。其中, 连带之债与共同之债的混用,在司法实务中尤为突出。本文通过分析共同之债概念之起 源及其与不可分之债、连带之债、协同之债的辩证关系,提出以连带 协同的组合模式 填补现有的空泛的共同之债理论,以期对司法实务处理相关纠纷有所裨益。 全文除引言和结语外,分为五个部分,共计二万余字。 第一部分多数人之债的类型。该部分概念性的介绍了我国司法实务中多数人之债的 主要类型,即连带之债、按份之债、共同之债,并对多数人之债的主要分类规则及历史 演变进行了简要梳理。《中华人民共和国民法典》(以下简称《民法典》)对连带之债与 按份之债作出的规定,说明《民法典》仍采用按份与连带二元划分法,并未确立不可分 之债的适用规则。共同之债在《民法典》中体现为基于共有关系产生的债,是狭义的共 同之债。而实务中广义的共同之债恰与不可分之债有着剪不断理还乱的关系。 第二部分共同之债相关概念辨析。通过共同之债与不可分之债、连带之债、协同之 债的辩证分析,着重探讨共同之债的含义。债的分割方式决定了多数人之债的具体类型, 广义的共同之债与不可分之债是在不同的债的划分方式中含义相通的两种称谓。共同之 债与连带之债在债务承担、是否存在二次清偿、诉讼程序的适用三方面均存在差异。而 协同之债,系特殊的共同之债,其核心要求是二人以上共同协作实施或由共同委托的人 实施债的给付或受领,该特性决定了多数债权人或债务人内部一般不存在债的二次分 担。 第三部分我国多数人之债制度在司法实务中的困境。该部分引用较为丰富的案例, 具体阐述了司法实践中多数人之债的纠纷化解的程序困境和实体困境。程序性困境主要 体现在,人民法院对复数债的主体之间的关系往往仅进行形式审查,并未探究债的标的 是否客观可分、债的主体内部是否存在二次清偿等实质因素,导致了必要共同诉讼的滥 用,致使当事人诉权难以保障。实体困境主要指实体裁判中对二人以上债务人对外承担连带亦或共同责任含混不清,裁判说理中存在对共同之债的误识,裁判尺度未能统一, 有损公平正义。 第四部分共有之债的效力分析及启示。该部分着重对狭义的共同之债即共有之债的 对内及对外效力进行分析,阐释了我国立法层面在共有之债的对外关系中,一律适用连 带规则,而连带规则无法适用于所有共同之债的结论。由此得出的启示是,按份共有债 务均可适用连带规则,按份共有债权、共同共有债务、共同共有债权在债的标的是否为 金钱给付时有所区分。 第五部分,提出解决司法困境之路径。通过以是否为金钱给付之债为标准,区分适 用连带及协同规则,提出了解决司法困境的两条路径。第一,参照共有之债的立法规范, 在金钱给付的共同之债中准用连带推定。其价值不仅在于当事人适格问题引起的程序困 境将得到极大缓和,亦可化解实务中共同责任与连带责任混用的裁判尺度差异。第二, 在非金钱给付之债中适用协同规则,协同之债的债权人应共同受领,在无损其他债权人 利益情形下允许债权人就全部债权单独起诉,协同债权之诉为类似必要共同诉讼。协同 之债的债务人应共同对外履行义务,单独清偿不能使债消灭。
  • dc.description.abstract
  • This paper expounds the various types of the multi-party debt of our country from three dimensions: substantive law, extraterritorial law and judicial practice. In the judicial practice, due to the lack of legislative regulation for the obligation indivisible, the Court often encounters procedural and substantive difficulties in dealing with the disputes related to the debts of the multi-party. By analyzing the origin of the concept of joint obligation and its dialectical relationship with obligation indivisible and obligation in solid, this paper puts forward a combined model of “obligation in solid joint obligation” to fulfil the vagueness of theory of joint obligation, in order to providing a suggestion to the judicial practice to deal with related disputes. In addition to the introduction and conclusion, the full text is divided into five parts, totaling more than 20,000 words. The first part, in definition of obligation in solid, obligation for part, joint obligation(both in narrow sense and broad senses) ,the main types of the multi-party debt are elaborated. From the articles of "Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China ", the obligation in solid and obligation for part are provided, however, there is no rules on obligation indivisible. The joint obligation in narrow sense in Civil Code is associated with common ownership. But the joint obligation in the broad sense are usually mixed up with obligation indivisible. The second part is about the concept of joint obligation, and the relationship between joint obligation and obligation in solid are studied. The type of multi-party debt is decided by the theory on how to divide debt. In the cases that obligation performance without regulation or contract, the obligation will be considered as obligation indivisible. Joint obligation and obligation in solid are different in three ways: debt assumption, whether there is resettlement, lawsuit procedure. The specific joint obligation asks for simultaneous performance, and there’s no need for resettle the debt between the parties. In the third part, the author introduces abundant cases to illustrate the procedural and substantive difficulties of the settlement of the multi-party debt in judicial practice. The procedural dilemma is mainly reflected in the application of the necessary joint action. When the Court finds the relationship between multi-party debt parties without consideration aboutwhether the debt can be divided and whether there is debt resettlement, the necessary action will be applied, which increases the difficulty for the parties to realize the procedure right of action, and a waste of judicial resources. The predicament in judgement mainly includes the misapplication of obligation in solid and joint obligation. Reasons in judgment refer to joint obligations are usually not correct, and how the single party perform the right in multi-party debt are different in different Courts and judgments. The fourth part, in light of the plight, make an introduction to the existing law of the joint obligation norms. The relationship between the parties of joint obligations and how they bear the debt to others are illustrated. In Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China, parties in joint obligations have to perform the obligation in solid, however obligation indivisible cannot be solved in such rules. According to the Property Law of the People’s Republic of China and Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China, the principle of the common ownership debt is that the single party owns or shoulders the whole debt. The common ownership debt is a special joint obligation, which provides a blueprint with reference value for the settlement of joint obligation disputes in a broad sense. The fifth part, on the basis of the foregoing, puts forward two proposals to solve the procedure problem and the judgement difficult: First, in the money to pay action, obligation in solid presumption to be allowed to apply, which mainly associated with common joint action pattern. This rule not only has the legislative reference in Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China , also has the application in Court to confirm. Its value is not only includes that the procedural dilemma caused by the problem will be greatly alleviated, but also that it can resolve the difference in the judgment scale of the mixed use of obligation in solid and joint obligation in practice. Second, the synergetic rule applies to non-pecuniary obligations, allowing creditors to sue individually for all their claims. The action of cooperative creditor's rights is similar to the necessary joint action, and the action of cooperative obligation is the necessary joint action
  • dc.date.issued
  • 2026-04-13
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