中国宪法中“保证宪法实施”的规范分析

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归属院系:

行政法学院

作者:

苏升

导师:

温泽彬

导师单位:

行政法学院,人权研究院(人权学院)

学位:

博士

语种:

中文

关键词:

保证宪法实施;宪法解释;宪法监督;宪法执行

摘要:

党的二十大报告明确提出要健全保证宪法全面实施的制度体系,如何理解我国《宪法》上规定的“保证宪法实施”概念,就成为了健全保证宪法实施制度体系的前提性问题,当前理论界对“保证宪法实施”这一概念的规范内涵尚未开展系统性阐述。本文主张“保证宪法实施”作为一个宪法上复杂且重要的概念,对其规范内涵的探析需要从文义、历史原因、规范体系、当代内涵、落实机制多方面展开。这是本文的基本命题。经过本文的论证,我国《宪法》上的“保证宪法实施”概念的规范内涵可概括为:反对历史上的“宪法虚无主义”,团结所有认可中华人民共和国的政治参与主体,通过宪法实施的政治保障、宪法监督、宪法执行等制度,实现宪法规定、原则、精神的全面落实。 为了阐释我国宪法上“保证宪法实施”概念的规范内涵,本文遵循“确认抽象内涵——确证具体内涵”的整体思路,先运用文义和理论学说明确“保证宪法实施”较为抽象的定义,再通过考察历史资料、规范体系、客观目的(当代精神)明确“保证宪法实施”在各类宪法实施活动中的具体内涵,最后再根据这些具体的规范内涵针对健全保证宪法全面实施当前存在的问题提出完善建议。第一章从“保证宪法实施”的文义解释和理论学说入手,确认“保证宪法实施”的抽象内涵。第二章根据历史上保证宪法实施的情况明确了八二宪法的制定者规定“保证宪法实施”的原因和制宪意旨。第三章梳理出了现行宪法上的保证宪法实施规范体系。第四章对保证宪法实施在新时代的客观目的进行分析。第五章为健全保证宪法全面实施制度体系提供理论建议。结语部分对“保证宪法实施”概念的规范内涵进行了概括。各章内容具体展开如下: 第一章,“保证宪法实施”概念的初步确认。确定法律概念内涵的技术可以分为确认和确证两种,前者是基于现有的文义和理论学说得到的抽象概念,后者是在确认技术得到的内涵难以涵摄到法律实践中时,用其他论据确定概念的具体内涵的方法。运用确认的技术,我们可以“属 种差”的方式初步确认《宪法》上“保证宪法实施”的文义内涵为:“全国各族人民、一切国家机关和武装力量、 2 各政党和各社会团体、各企业事业组织以确保宪法的要求得到落实为目的,采用制度或非制度的方式开展的活动。”然而,这一内涵由于过于抽象,难以对健全保证宪法实施制度体系提供行为上的指引,其规范意义并不显著。于此,便产生了通过确证技术挖掘其他论据,进一步具体化“保证宪法实施”的规范内涵的需要。本文在之后的章节中运用了历史资料、规范体系、客观目的(时代精神),阐述了“保证宪法实施”的具体规范内涵。 第二章,“保证宪法实施”的历史内涵。要明确某一法律概念的规范内涵,就不能忽视其产生的历史原因和历史上的立法者的规范意旨。因此,在第一章确认了“保证宪法实施”的抽象内涵以后,第二章从历史的角度阐述现行宪法规定“保证宪法实施”的历史原因及制宪者希望通过规定“保证宪法实施”实现的目标。通过考察清廷和资产阶级政权之下宪法性文件的文本规定和宪法实践,我们可以发现,晚清的宪法性文件在文本上缺失了“保证宪法实施”及相关规定,而在实践层面,其推动立宪的目的在于“缓外患、固皇权、弭内乱”,而非立宪主义意义上的宪法政治。在此种目的的支配下,晚清的宪法实施并没有得到有效保证。在资产阶级政权下,除了 1912 年的《中华民国临时约法》在文本和实践上都对宪法实施提供了一定保障,其他的宪法性文件都未能实现立宪主义意义上的宪法实施。在上述背景下,中国共产党制定的《中华苏维埃共和国宪法大纲》《陕甘宁边区施政纲领》《共同纲领》、五四宪法都表达了反对历史上的“假宪法”的意旨,这一意旨也继承到了现行宪法当中。五四宪法之后,宪法实施经历了重大挫折。中国共产党总结了政权建设过程中宪法实施未能得到保证的教训,为了加强社会主义法治,宪法中明确规定了“保证宪法实施”。因此,反对“宪法虚无主义”是历史赋予现行宪法上“保证宪法实施”概念的价值基础。 第三章,“保证宪法实施”的体系内涵。通过历史资料明确了现行宪法上“保证宪法实施”的价值基础之后,第三章聚焦于现行宪法上的保证宪法实施规范体系。现行宪法上一共有 9 条规范与保证宪法实施密切相关。这些规范可以区分为侧重于宪法的政治化实施的条款和侧重于宪法的法律化实施的条款,因此,“保证宪法实施”的内涵具有政治和法律双重结构。保证宪法实施的政治内涵表现为:所有认可中华人民共和国的政治统一体参与者都负有遵守宪法和法律的义务,这 3 是一种基于自愿,不具备强制力的政治义务。保证宪法实施的法律内涵对立法机 关施加了通过立法具体化宪法的义务和监督宪法实施的义务,对其他国家机关施 加了遵守和执行宪法的义务,这些法律义务是强制性义务,违反义务要承担相应 的责任。对于人民,以及不行使公权力的组织而言,保证宪法实施的法律义务主 要是遵守宪法和法律的消极义务。保证宪法实施的政治内涵主要通过执政党的宪 法教育制度、党内法规制度来实现。保证宪法实施的法律内涵主要通过全国人大 及其常委会、地方人大在合宪性审查中的分工合作来实现,其他国家机关负有宪 法执行的义务,主要通过在宪法范围内履行职责和行使合宪性审查请求权来实现。 第四章,“保证宪法实施”的时代内涵。了解了现行宪法上的保证宪法实施 规范体系及其实施方式之后,本文开始阐述现行宪法上保证宪法实施的客观目的。通过考察宪法规定的国家任务,和保证宪法实施规范的共同目的。可以明确,保 证宪法实施的客观目的包含两方面的内容:一是所有保证宪法实施主体全面履行 其职责,保证宪法的精神、原则、规则得到实施;二是通过制度化的方式保证宪 法实施。宪法规定的实施方式包括直接实施和间接实施,直接实施包括有关机关 直接行使宪法职权;全国人大及其常委会做出创制性决定;全国人大及其常委会 直接依据宪法开展“决定+立法”“决定+修法”活动。间接实施主要通过立法 机关和行政机关的立法来实施宪法,其中,对于立法引起宪法变迁的情况应当加 强审查,在必要时要通过修改宪法的方式及时将立法的内容确定下来。通过制度 路径保证宪法实施包括法律路径的宪法实施和党内法规路径的宪法实施。法律路 径的宪法实施要避免过于立法模糊和限制过宽,党内法规路径的宪法实施既要积 极形成宪法规定的党的领导的具体制度,又要避免党内法规和宪法法律相抵触。保证宪法实施的法律路径和党内法规路径应当互相衔接协调。 第五章,“保证宪法实施”的实践内涵。保证宪法实施的制度体系中的政治 保障制度、宪法监督制度、宪法执行制度都需要得到完善。政治保障制度要完善 思想保障和制度保障两方面的工作机制。在思想保障方面,要加强党内教育管理 工作中的宪法教育,还要将宪法教育与党内监督制度相结合。在制度保障方面,应当完善党内法规的合宪性审查程序,明确党内法规合宪性审查基准。在宪法监 督制度中,要明确宪法解释载体;建构宪法解释和宪法咨询分流机制;宪法解释 4 审议过程中要多方听取意见;合宪性审查意见中应当充分利用权威理由和实质理由展开说理;合宪性审查意见的效力应当低于宪法典,高于法律;合宪性审查意见的溯及力应当采取“不溯及既往为原则,有效救济为例外”模式。为了更好树立宪法权威,实现权力机关对其他机关的有效监督,除了权力机关自身的宪法实施报告制度以外,还应当安排国务院、最高人民法院和最高人民检察院向全国人大常委会做宪法实施专项工作报告。宪法执行制度方面,应当明确创制性决定的例外属性,对其适用添加限制性条件;非权力机关执行宪法制度中,应当设立针对边缘案件的特殊裁量机制,避免过罚不相称,过度限制公民基本权利。此外,还应加强地方人大对地方各级监察机关、法院、检察院上报合宪性问题工作的监督。

学科:

宪法学与行政法学

提交日期

2026-03-31

引用参考

苏升. 中国宪法中“保证宪法实施”的规范分析[D]. 西南政法大学,2024.

全文附件授权许可

知识共享许可协议-署名

  • dc.title
  • 中国宪法中“保证宪法实施”的规范分析
  • dc.contributor.schoolno
  • B2021030103019
  • dc.contributor.author
  • 苏升
  • dc.contributor.affiliation
  • 行政法学院
  • dc.contributor.degree
  • 博士
  • dc.contributor.childdegree
  • 法学博士
  • dc.contributor.degreeConferringInstitution
  • 西南政法大学
  • dc.identifier.year
  • 2024
  • dc.contributor.advisor
  • 温泽彬
  • dc.contributor.advisorAffiliation
  • 行政法学院,人权研究院(人权学院)
  • dc.language.iso
  • 中文
  • dc.subject
  • 保证宪法实施;宪法解释;宪法监督;宪法执行
  • dc.subject
  • Ensuring the implementation of the Constitution;Constitutional interpretation;Constitutional oversight;Constitutional enforcement
  • dc.description.abstract
  • 党的二十大报告明确提出要健全保证宪法全面实施的制度体系,如何理解我国《宪法》上规定的“保证宪法实施”概念,就成为了健全保证宪法实施制度体系的前提性问题,当前理论界对“保证宪法实施”这一概念的规范内涵尚未开展系统性阐述。本文主张“保证宪法实施”作为一个宪法上复杂且重要的概念,对其规范内涵的探析需要从文义、历史原因、规范体系、当代内涵、落实机制多方面展开。这是本文的基本命题。经过本文的论证,我国《宪法》上的“保证宪法实施”概念的规范内涵可概括为:反对历史上的“宪法虚无主义”,团结所有认可中华人民共和国的政治参与主体,通过宪法实施的政治保障、宪法监督、宪法执行等制度,实现宪法规定、原则、精神的全面落实。 为了阐释我国宪法上“保证宪法实施”概念的规范内涵,本文遵循“确认抽象内涵——确证具体内涵”的整体思路,先运用文义和理论学说明确“保证宪法实施”较为抽象的定义,再通过考察历史资料、规范体系、客观目的(当代精神)明确“保证宪法实施”在各类宪法实施活动中的具体内涵,最后再根据这些具体的规范内涵针对健全保证宪法全面实施当前存在的问题提出完善建议。第一章从“保证宪法实施”的文义解释和理论学说入手,确认“保证宪法实施”的抽象内涵。第二章根据历史上保证宪法实施的情况明确了八二宪法的制定者规定“保证宪法实施”的原因和制宪意旨。第三章梳理出了现行宪法上的保证宪法实施规范体系。第四章对保证宪法实施在新时代的客观目的进行分析。第五章为健全保证宪法全面实施制度体系提供理论建议。结语部分对“保证宪法实施”概念的规范内涵进行了概括。各章内容具体展开如下: 第一章,“保证宪法实施”概念的初步确认。确定法律概念内涵的技术可以分为确认和确证两种,前者是基于现有的文义和理论学说得到的抽象概念,后者是在确认技术得到的内涵难以涵摄到法律实践中时,用其他论据确定概念的具体内涵的方法。运用确认的技术,我们可以“属 种差”的方式初步确认《宪法》上“保证宪法实施”的文义内涵为:“全国各族人民、一切国家机关和武装力量、 2 各政党和各社会团体、各企业事业组织以确保宪法的要求得到落实为目的,采用制度或非制度的方式开展的活动。”然而,这一内涵由于过于抽象,难以对健全保证宪法实施制度体系提供行为上的指引,其规范意义并不显著。于此,便产生了通过确证技术挖掘其他论据,进一步具体化“保证宪法实施”的规范内涵的需要。本文在之后的章节中运用了历史资料、规范体系、客观目的(时代精神),阐述了“保证宪法实施”的具体规范内涵。 第二章,“保证宪法实施”的历史内涵。要明确某一法律概念的规范内涵,就不能忽视其产生的历史原因和历史上的立法者的规范意旨。因此,在第一章确认了“保证宪法实施”的抽象内涵以后,第二章从历史的角度阐述现行宪法规定“保证宪法实施”的历史原因及制宪者希望通过规定“保证宪法实施”实现的目标。通过考察清廷和资产阶级政权之下宪法性文件的文本规定和宪法实践,我们可以发现,晚清的宪法性文件在文本上缺失了“保证宪法实施”及相关规定,而在实践层面,其推动立宪的目的在于“缓外患、固皇权、弭内乱”,而非立宪主义意义上的宪法政治。在此种目的的支配下,晚清的宪法实施并没有得到有效保证。在资产阶级政权下,除了 1912 年的《中华民国临时约法》在文本和实践上都对宪法实施提供了一定保障,其他的宪法性文件都未能实现立宪主义意义上的宪法实施。在上述背景下,中国共产党制定的《中华苏维埃共和国宪法大纲》《陕甘宁边区施政纲领》《共同纲领》、五四宪法都表达了反对历史上的“假宪法”的意旨,这一意旨也继承到了现行宪法当中。五四宪法之后,宪法实施经历了重大挫折。中国共产党总结了政权建设过程中宪法实施未能得到保证的教训,为了加强社会主义法治,宪法中明确规定了“保证宪法实施”。因此,反对“宪法虚无主义”是历史赋予现行宪法上“保证宪法实施”概念的价值基础。 第三章,“保证宪法实施”的体系内涵。通过历史资料明确了现行宪法上“保证宪法实施”的价值基础之后,第三章聚焦于现行宪法上的保证宪法实施规范体系。现行宪法上一共有 9 条规范与保证宪法实施密切相关。这些规范可以区分为侧重于宪法的政治化实施的条款和侧重于宪法的法律化实施的条款,因此,“保证宪法实施”的内涵具有政治和法律双重结构。保证宪法实施的政治内涵表现为:所有认可中华人民共和国的政治统一体参与者都负有遵守宪法和法律的义务,这 3 是一种基于自愿,不具备强制力的政治义务。保证宪法实施的法律内涵对立法机 关施加了通过立法具体化宪法的义务和监督宪法实施的义务,对其他国家机关施 加了遵守和执行宪法的义务,这些法律义务是强制性义务,违反义务要承担相应 的责任。对于人民,以及不行使公权力的组织而言,保证宪法实施的法律义务主 要是遵守宪法和法律的消极义务。保证宪法实施的政治内涵主要通过执政党的宪 法教育制度、党内法规制度来实现。保证宪法实施的法律内涵主要通过全国人大 及其常委会、地方人大在合宪性审查中的分工合作来实现,其他国家机关负有宪 法执行的义务,主要通过在宪法范围内履行职责和行使合宪性审查请求权来实现。 第四章,“保证宪法实施”的时代内涵。了解了现行宪法上的保证宪法实施 规范体系及其实施方式之后,本文开始阐述现行宪法上保证宪法实施的客观目的。通过考察宪法规定的国家任务,和保证宪法实施规范的共同目的。可以明确,保 证宪法实施的客观目的包含两方面的内容:一是所有保证宪法实施主体全面履行 其职责,保证宪法的精神、原则、规则得到实施;二是通过制度化的方式保证宪 法实施。宪法规定的实施方式包括直接实施和间接实施,直接实施包括有关机关 直接行使宪法职权;全国人大及其常委会做出创制性决定;全国人大及其常委会 直接依据宪法开展“决定+立法”“决定+修法”活动。间接实施主要通过立法 机关和行政机关的立法来实施宪法,其中,对于立法引起宪法变迁的情况应当加 强审查,在必要时要通过修改宪法的方式及时将立法的内容确定下来。通过制度 路径保证宪法实施包括法律路径的宪法实施和党内法规路径的宪法实施。法律路 径的宪法实施要避免过于立法模糊和限制过宽,党内法规路径的宪法实施既要积 极形成宪法规定的党的领导的具体制度,又要避免党内法规和宪法法律相抵触。保证宪法实施的法律路径和党内法规路径应当互相衔接协调。 第五章,“保证宪法实施”的实践内涵。保证宪法实施的制度体系中的政治 保障制度、宪法监督制度、宪法执行制度都需要得到完善。政治保障制度要完善 思想保障和制度保障两方面的工作机制。在思想保障方面,要加强党内教育管理 工作中的宪法教育,还要将宪法教育与党内监督制度相结合。在制度保障方面,应当完善党内法规的合宪性审查程序,明确党内法规合宪性审查基准。在宪法监 督制度中,要明确宪法解释载体;建构宪法解释和宪法咨询分流机制;宪法解释 4 审议过程中要多方听取意见;合宪性审查意见中应当充分利用权威理由和实质理由展开说理;合宪性审查意见的效力应当低于宪法典,高于法律;合宪性审查意见的溯及力应当采取“不溯及既往为原则,有效救济为例外”模式。为了更好树立宪法权威,实现权力机关对其他机关的有效监督,除了权力机关自身的宪法实施报告制度以外,还应当安排国务院、最高人民法院和最高人民检察院向全国人大常委会做宪法实施专项工作报告。宪法执行制度方面,应当明确创制性决定的例外属性,对其适用添加限制性条件;非权力机关执行宪法制度中,应当设立针对边缘案件的特殊裁量机制,避免过罚不相称,过度限制公民基本权利。此外,还应加强地方人大对地方各级监察机关、法院、检察院上报合宪性问题工作的监督。
  • dc.description.abstract
  • The report of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China explicitly proposed the need to improve the institutional system that ensures the full implementation of the Constitution. Understanding the concept of "ensuring the implementation of the Constitution" as stipulated in China’s Constitution has thus become a fundamental issue in improving this institutional system. Currently, the theoretical community has yet to systematically explain the normative content of the concept of "ensuring the implementation of the Constitution." This paper argues that "ensuring the implementation of the Constitution," as a complex and important constitutional concept, requires a multi-faceted exploration of its normative content, including its literal meaning, historical causes, normative system, contemporary implications, and implementation mechanisms. This is the core proposition of this paper. Through the analysis in this paper, the normative content of "ensuring the implementation of the Constitution" in China’s Constitution can be summarized as follows: opposing the historical "constitutional nihilism," uniting all political participants who recognize the People's Republic of China, and realizing the comprehensive enforcement of constitutional provisions, principles, and spirit through political guarantees, constitutional supervision, and constitutional enforcement systems. To elaborate on the normative content of the concept of "ensuring the implementation of the Constitution" in China’s Constitution, this paper follows an overarching approach of "confirming abstract content—verifying specific content." It first uses literal and theoretical explanations to clarify the abstract definition of "ensuring the implementation of the Constitution," then identifies its specific content in various constitutional implementation activities through examining historical materials, the normative system, and objective goals (modern spirit). Finally, based on this specific normative content, the paper provides suggestions for addressing current 2 issues in improving the institutional system for ensuring the full implementation of the Constitution. Chapter 1 begins by interpreting the literal meaning and theoretical doctrines of "ensuring the implementation of the Constitution" to confirm its abstract content. Chapter 2 clarifies the historical reasons and constitutional intent behind the framers of the 1982 Constitution stipulating "ensuring the implementation of the Constitution." Chapter 3 outlines the statute system for ensuring the implementation of the Constitution in the current Constitution. Chapter 4 analyzes the objective goals of ensuring the implementation of the Constitution in the new era. Chapter 5 provides theoretical recommendations for improving the institutional system for ensuring the full implementation of the Constitution. The conclusion summarizes the normative content of the concept of "ensuring the implementation of the Constitution." The chapters are organized as follows: Chapter 1: The preliminary confirmation of the concept of "ensuring the implementation of the Constitution." The techniques for determining the content of legal concepts can be divided into confirmation and verification. The former is an abstract concept derived from existing literal and theoretical doctrines, while the latter is a method used to determine specific content through additional arguments when the abstract concept fails to cover practical legal applications. Using the technique of confirmation, we can preliminarily define the literal meaning of "ensuring the implementation of the Constitution" in terms of "genus specific difference" as: "activities conducted by all people of the nation, all state organs and armed forces, all political parties, social organizations, and enterprises and institutions with the aim of ensuring the implementation of constitutional requirements, through institutional or non-institutional means." However, this definition is too abstract and does not provide sufficient guidance for improving the institutional system for ensuring the implementation of the Constitution, so its normative significance is limited. Thus, it becomes necessary to use the verification technique to explore other arguments and further specify the normative content of "ensuring the implementation of the Constitution." In the following chapters, this paper elaborates on the specific normative 3 content of "ensuring the implementation of the Constitution" through historical materials, the normative system, and objective goals (modern spirit). Chapter 2: The historical content of "ensuring the implementation of the Constitution." To clarify the normative content of a legal concept, one cannot ignore its historical causes and the normative intent of historical lawmakers. Therefore, after confirming the abstract content of "ensuring the implementation of the Constitution" in Chapter 1, Chapter 2 explains the historical reasons and goals that the framers of the current Constitution intended to achieve through the provision of "ensuring the implementation of the Constitution." By examining the constitutional documents and practices under the Qing dynasty and bourgeois regimes, it can be observed that late Qing constitutional documents lacked provisions and practices related to "ensuring the implementation of the Constitution," and their constitutional efforts were aimed at "mitigating external threats, consolidating imperial power, and quelling internal unrest," rather than achieving constitutional politics in the sense of constitutionalism. Consequently, constitutional implementation was not effectively ensured during this period. Under bourgeois regimes, apart from the 1912 "Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China," which provided certain guarantees for the implementation of the Constitution in both text and practice, other constitutional documents failed to achieve constitutional implementation in the sense of constitutionalism. Against this backdrop, the Chinese Communist Party's constitutional documents—such as the "Constitutional Outline of the Chinese Soviet Republic," the "Administrative Program of the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region," and the "Common Program," as well as the 1954 Constitution—expressed opposition to the historical "false constitutions." This intention was carried forward into the current Constitution. After the 1954 Constitution, constitutional implementation faced significant setbacks. The Chinese Communist Party summarized the lessons learned from the failure to ensure constitutional implementation during the process of building state power. To strengthen socialist rule of law, the Constitution explicitly stipulates "ensuring the implementation of the Constitution." Therefore, opposing "constitutional nihilism" serves as the historical 4 value foundation for the concept of "ensuring the implementation of the Constitution" in the current Constitution. Chapter 3: The systematic content of "ensuring the implementation of the Constitution." After clarifying the historical value foundation of the current Constitution's concept of "ensuring the implementation of the Constitution," Chapter 3 focuses on the normative system for ensuring the implementation of the Constitution in the current Constitution. The current Constitution contains nine provisions that are closely related to ensuring the implementation of the Constitution. These provisions can be categorized into those that emphasize the political implementation of the Constitution and those that emphasize the legal implementation of the Constitution. Therefore, the content of "ensuring the implementation of the Constitution" has a dual structure of both political and legal dimensions. The political dimension entails that all political participants who recognize the unity of the People's Republic of China bear a voluntary, non-coercive political obligation to abide by the Constitution and laws. The legal dimension imposes a compulsory obligation on the legislature to concretize the Constitution through legislation and to supervise constitutional implementation. It also imposes a duty on other state organs to comply with and enforce the Constitution. These legal obligations are mandatory, and violations of these obligations carry corresponding responsibilities. For the people and organizations that do not exercise public power, the legal obligation to ensure the implementation of the Constitution is primarily a negative obligation to comply with the Constitution and laws. The political dimension of ensuring the implementation of the Constitution is mainly realized through the constitutional education system of the ruling party and the intra-party regulations system. The legal dimension of ensuring the implementation of the Constitution is mainly realized through the division of labor and cooperation between the National People's Congress and its Standing Committee and local people's congresses in constitutional review. Other state organs are obliged to implement the Constitution, primarily by performing their duties and exercising the right to request constitutional review within the scope of the Constitution. 5 Chapter 4: The modern content of "ensuring the implementation of the Constitution." After understanding the normative system and implementation methods of ensuring the implementation of the Constitution in the current Constitution, this paper proceeds to elaborate on the objective goals of ensuring the implementation of the Constitution. Through an examination of the state's constitutional tasks and the common goals of the provisions that ensure constitutional implementation, it becomes clear that the objective goals of ensuring constitutional implementation include two main aspects: first, that all subjects responsible for ensuring the implementation of the Constitution fully perform their duties, ensuring the implementation of the spirit, principles, and rules of the Constitution; and second, that the implementation of the Constitution is ensured through institutionalized means. The methods of implementation provided by the Constitution include both direct and indirect implementation. Direct implementation includes relevant organs directly exercising constitutional powers; the National People's Congress and its Standing Committee making creative decisions; and the National People's Congress and its Standing Committee directly carrying out activities such as "decision legislation" and "decision amendment" based on the Constitution. Indirect implementation mainly involves the legislature and administrative organs implementing the Constitution through legislation. In cases where legislation causes constitutional changes, constitutional review should be strengthened, and when necessary, the content of the legislation should be formally incorporated through constitutional amendments. Institutional paths to ensuring the implementation of the Constitution include legal and intra-party regulation paths. The legal path to constitutional implementation must avoid excessive legislative vagueness and overly broad restrictions, while the intra-party regulation path must not only actively form specific systems for the party's leadership as stipulated by the Constitution but also avoid conflicts between intra-party regulations and the Constitution and laws. The legal and intra-party regulation paths for ensuring the implementation of the Constitution should be mutually aligned and coordinated. Chapter 5: The practical content of "ensuring the implementation of the Constitution." The political guarantee system, constitutional supervision system, and 6 constitutional enforcement system within the institutional framework for ensuring the implementation of the Constitution all need to be improved. The political guarantee system should improve both the working mechanisms for ideological and institutional guarantees. In terms of ideological guarantees, constitutional education should be strengthened in the party's internal education and management work, and constitutional education should be combined with the party's internal supervision system. In terms of institutional guarantees, the constitutionality review procedure for intra-party regulations should be improved, and the constitutional review criteria for intra-party regulations should be clarified. In the constitutional supervision system, the constitutional interpretation entity should be identified; a mechanism for separating constitutional interpretation and constitutional consultation should be established; during the review of constitutional interpretations, multiple opinions should be heard; constitutional review opinions should fully utilize authoritative and substantive reasons in their explanations; the effect of constitutional review opinions.
  • dc.date.issued
  • 2026-03-31
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