汉代监察制度研究

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归属院系:

行政法学院

作者:

刘小玲

导师:

龙大轩

导师单位:

行政法学院

学位:

博士

语种:

中文

关键词:

汉代;监察制度;御史;刺史制度;军事监察

摘要:

作为中国法制史的重要组成部分,汉代监察制度的制定与实践是适合于中国国情的历史性创造,对后世的监察实践具有积极的借鉴意义。论文在吸收与借鉴前人研究成果的基础上,首先对“监察”的含义进行了解析。辨明古代监察的含义,界定其范围,明确监察制度是国家政治制度的重要组成部分。 第一章主要对先秦及秦朝的监察制度与实践进行了必要的梳理。从机构设置,官员的权责、选任,以及秦的军事监察等方面探讨有秦一代的监察实践。作为初创期的秦朝的监察制度,其创立及运行在澄清吏治、纠举违法等方面发挥了重要作用;其经验教训对后世乃至当下我国监察制度建设方面,仍有借鉴价值。 第二章探讨汉代中央监察体系的建构及运行。西汉御史府作为皇帝的私府,同时兼有行政、监察、秘书的职责。在行使行政职权时,御史大夫职任副丞相;在充任皇帝秘书时,御史诸官在朝廷中为皇帝起草诏书及处理各种政治文书;在行使监察职权时,在皇帝与外朝宰相机构之间充当联系人,又因其特殊身份而监督察举公卿百官的政治活动。而且在监察下级官员行政的过程中,丞相与御史大夫常常联手行使监察权力。绥和改制后,御史大夫改名为大司空,与大司马、丞相共为三公,分行丞相职务。原有御史大夫的监察职权,悉数转至原为御史大夫属官的御史中丞。东汉御史府改为御史台,御史中丞正式成为御史台的最高长官,独立行使监察权,地位进一步上升。御史府(台)作为汉代中央专职机构,其职责始终以“典正法度,纠弹违失,肃正风化”为主,兼及协理朝政,考课百官,举荐人才,特殊情况下亦由受命司掌督军,领兵作战,征讨四方的职权。丞相府作为最重要的中央行政机构,负责中央一级具体的行政执行以及监督各类政务执行的效果。武帝时始设立丞相司直,隶属于丞相府,不理行政,只掌监察。其监察范围较广,职责主要是辅佐丞相纠举不法,纠劾官员行政时的违法行为,监督行政系统的运作状况。司隶校尉作为皇帝特设的监察官员,从监察的地区来说,察京畿七郡,其所察地区又将京师长安城包括在内,京畿地区是中央政府的所在地,因此司隶校尉又具有纠弹中央百官之权。而其直属皇帝的特殊身份,亦使其具有了纠弹太子宗亲外戚、妃嫔宦官,甚至奉诏捕杀之权。可以说,司隶校尉兼具中央监察官员和地方监察官员的双重属性。司隶校尉的创设,就成为继御史府和丞相司直系统之外的汉代中央的特殊监察机构。可以说,两汉时期,御史府、丞相司直和司隶校尉三者共同构成了一套相对完2 备的多重、多元的中央监察体系,对于西汉王朝的统一和发展起到了积极的作用。 第三章以刺史、督邮及廷掾为主,对两汉地方监察体系进行了梳理。自废除了监郡御史后,十三州部刺史便成为地方监察的主体。汉武帝将全国划分十三道监察区,设部刺史行使监察权,诏制“六条”法规行监察之事,首创中国监察区划制度,而且制定了中国古代监察制度史上最早的地方监察法规。本章重点梳理刺史制度从西汉置刺史部十三州到东汉改为州牧的发展演变历程,以及刺史及其属吏的权责发展变化。郡县地方内部监察则重点讨论了郡守、督邮监察职责,以及县督乡部之制的运行。郡督邮是郡府“郡之极位”,是郡守的耳目之官,作为郡府主要的监察官,奉宣郡守的教令,分部监督属县官吏的行政情况及政治活动。县廷掾最初主管祭祀,其职掌如同郡府的五官掾,是县廷的纲纪之吏,然廷掾又分部监察乡部,具有监察的职能,同时充任着劝农使,是县廷诸吏当中地位显赫的职官。从监察主体和监察对象来看,刺史监察州郡两千石官吏,督邮监察县级官吏,廷掾监察乡里官吏,在地方建构了从郡国一级的刺史到县的督邮再到乡一级的廷掾的三级监察机制,既有机构设置,又有人员配备,实现了两汉中央对地方,甚至郡以下的县乡的监察控制。这种多层次的地方监察体系构建,尤其是督邮分部监县,和廷掾监乡制的设置与运行,强化了统治者对地方官吏的监察与控制,推动了中央政策在地方的正常有效运行,在体制上实现了两汉中央王朝对地方的全面监控,也意味着古代社会监察制度在经历了秦汉数百年的探索之后,正式步入完善阶段。 第四章对汉代监察制度的机构设置、制度建设、人员选任、运行模式等进行了再审视,从而归纳出汉代监察制度的特点四大特点:第一是以维护皇权为核心,设置多元并存,相互牵制的监察机制。第二,以保证效能为目标,立法定制,制定行之有效的监察法规、制度。《监御史九条》、《刺史六条》等行之有效的法律法规的制定,和监察官员的选任课考上采用进退升降明晰有序的监察官员管理制度,从制度和人才两方面确保了整个帝国政治的有序运转。第三,两汉本着“以霸王道杂之”的理念,采取刚柔并济的多样化监察手段。汉代监察的刚性控制主要通过中央和地方不同的监察主体,依据国家的法律和政令对各级官员进行监督,以确保监察活动依法有效实施,促进了监察活动的法制化。而汉代监察的柔性控制分为封驳和谏议和“举谣言”三种,通过谏官和社会舆论等方式自下而上地匡正帝王及百官的行止。刚柔相济的监察手段在一定程度上为维护两汉政治稳定、吏治清明提供了保障。第四,维护统一,承前启后,确立常态化的军事监察。对军事进行有效的监察,从而加强中央对军队的控制,这是古代君主专制的政治3 体制在军事中的重要体现,也就成为了秦汉两代维护君主专制中央集权的重要组成部分。本节通过分析对秦至两汉时期中央政府进行军事监察的机构设置和人员选任以及监察模式的考察,梳理了两汉监军制度的确立发展轨迹,归纳总结了两汉常态化军事监察的一些特征。阐明两汉时期常态化的军事监察对维护政权一统提供了有力的军事保障,从监察制度发展来看,两汉的军事监察制度可谓承前启后,为后世军事监察制度的发展提供了有益的镜鉴。 第五章归纳总结汉代监察制度的作用以及其对后世监察制度的影响。汉代监察制度以维护君权稳定为核心,在一定程度上使得职能作用的发挥,随着中央集权的国家政治的演变而起伏,与皇帝的重视与否密切相关。其在汉代的政治实践中发挥的积极作用体现在三个方面:(一)监察制度的完善,维护了汉王朝中央集权的统治;(二)澄清地方吏治,维护了社会秩序;(三)监察权与行政权分离,确保监察权行使的独立性。而汉代监察制度在实践中的历史教训也同样值得关注。一方面皇帝昏庸怠政,造成皇权对监察权的干扰与破坏;另一方面,随着中央与地方权力的消长,打破了监察权与行政权之间的独立制衡关系,最终导致刺史州牧化,也将汉王朝推向灭亡。 总之,汉代从中央到地方的多重、多元的严密监察体系,切实可行的监察官员选任制度,以及行之有效的监察机制等,都为六朝、隋唐代以及宋、元、明、清行政监察制度的发展和完备奠定了良好的历史基础。国家制度和国家治理体系取决于这个国家的历史文化。而作为汉代政治制度的重要组成部分,汉代监察制度是根植于中国传统历史文化的根基之上,研究监察制度在汉代的发展、演变的过程及其运行机制的得与失,有助于我们从学术方面厘清汉代监察制度对汉代社会发展的巨大影响,了解汉代政治的内在演变脉络,深化我们对中国古代监察运行体制的认识,其所蕴含的丰富监察思想和监察经验以及监察教训,也为当代监察制度建设提供了有益的借鉴。

学科:

法律史学

提交日期

2026-03-31

引用参考

刘小玲. 汉代监察制度研究[D]. 西南政法大学,2024.

全文附件授权许可

知识共享许可协议-署名

  • dc.title
  • 汉代监察制度研究
  • dc.contributor.schoolno
  • B2018030102011
  • dc.contributor.author
  • 刘小玲
  • dc.contributor.affiliation
  • 行政法学院
  • dc.contributor.degree
  • 博士
  • dc.contributor.childdegree
  • 法学博士
  • dc.contributor.degreeConferringInstitution
  • 西南政法大学
  • dc.identifier.year
  • 2024
  • dc.contributor.advisor
  • 龙大轩
  • dc.contributor.advisorAffiliation
  • 行政法学院
  • dc.language.iso
  • 中文
  • dc.subject
  • 汉代;监察制度;御史;刺史制度;军事监察
  • dc.subject
  • Han Dynasty;supervision system;imperial supreme censor;military supervision
  • dc.description.abstract
  • 作为中国法制史的重要组成部分,汉代监察制度的制定与实践是适合于中国国情的历史性创造,对后世的监察实践具有积极的借鉴意义。论文在吸收与借鉴前人研究成果的基础上,首先对“监察”的含义进行了解析。辨明古代监察的含义,界定其范围,明确监察制度是国家政治制度的重要组成部分。 第一章主要对先秦及秦朝的监察制度与实践进行了必要的梳理。从机构设置,官员的权责、选任,以及秦的军事监察等方面探讨有秦一代的监察实践。作为初创期的秦朝的监察制度,其创立及运行在澄清吏治、纠举违法等方面发挥了重要作用;其经验教训对后世乃至当下我国监察制度建设方面,仍有借鉴价值。 第二章探讨汉代中央监察体系的建构及运行。西汉御史府作为皇帝的私府,同时兼有行政、监察、秘书的职责。在行使行政职权时,御史大夫职任副丞相;在充任皇帝秘书时,御史诸官在朝廷中为皇帝起草诏书及处理各种政治文书;在行使监察职权时,在皇帝与外朝宰相机构之间充当联系人,又因其特殊身份而监督察举公卿百官的政治活动。而且在监察下级官员行政的过程中,丞相与御史大夫常常联手行使监察权力。绥和改制后,御史大夫改名为大司空,与大司马、丞相共为三公,分行丞相职务。原有御史大夫的监察职权,悉数转至原为御史大夫属官的御史中丞。东汉御史府改为御史台,御史中丞正式成为御史台的最高长官,独立行使监察权,地位进一步上升。御史府(台)作为汉代中央专职机构,其职责始终以“典正法度,纠弹违失,肃正风化”为主,兼及协理朝政,考课百官,举荐人才,特殊情况下亦由受命司掌督军,领兵作战,征讨四方的职权。丞相府作为最重要的中央行政机构,负责中央一级具体的行政执行以及监督各类政务执行的效果。武帝时始设立丞相司直,隶属于丞相府,不理行政,只掌监察。其监察范围较广,职责主要是辅佐丞相纠举不法,纠劾官员行政时的违法行为,监督行政系统的运作状况。司隶校尉作为皇帝特设的监察官员,从监察的地区来说,察京畿七郡,其所察地区又将京师长安城包括在内,京畿地区是中央政府的所在地,因此司隶校尉又具有纠弹中央百官之权。而其直属皇帝的特殊身份,亦使其具有了纠弹太子宗亲外戚、妃嫔宦官,甚至奉诏捕杀之权。可以说,司隶校尉兼具中央监察官员和地方监察官员的双重属性。司隶校尉的创设,就成为继御史府和丞相司直系统之外的汉代中央的特殊监察机构。可以说,两汉时期,御史府、丞相司直和司隶校尉三者共同构成了一套相对完2 备的多重、多元的中央监察体系,对于西汉王朝的统一和发展起到了积极的作用。 第三章以刺史、督邮及廷掾为主,对两汉地方监察体系进行了梳理。自废除了监郡御史后,十三州部刺史便成为地方监察的主体。汉武帝将全国划分十三道监察区,设部刺史行使监察权,诏制“六条”法规行监察之事,首创中国监察区划制度,而且制定了中国古代监察制度史上最早的地方监察法规。本章重点梳理刺史制度从西汉置刺史部十三州到东汉改为州牧的发展演变历程,以及刺史及其属吏的权责发展变化。郡县地方内部监察则重点讨论了郡守、督邮监察职责,以及县督乡部之制的运行。郡督邮是郡府“郡之极位”,是郡守的耳目之官,作为郡府主要的监察官,奉宣郡守的教令,分部监督属县官吏的行政情况及政治活动。县廷掾最初主管祭祀,其职掌如同郡府的五官掾,是县廷的纲纪之吏,然廷掾又分部监察乡部,具有监察的职能,同时充任着劝农使,是县廷诸吏当中地位显赫的职官。从监察主体和监察对象来看,刺史监察州郡两千石官吏,督邮监察县级官吏,廷掾监察乡里官吏,在地方建构了从郡国一级的刺史到县的督邮再到乡一级的廷掾的三级监察机制,既有机构设置,又有人员配备,实现了两汉中央对地方,甚至郡以下的县乡的监察控制。这种多层次的地方监察体系构建,尤其是督邮分部监县,和廷掾监乡制的设置与运行,强化了统治者对地方官吏的监察与控制,推动了中央政策在地方的正常有效运行,在体制上实现了两汉中央王朝对地方的全面监控,也意味着古代社会监察制度在经历了秦汉数百年的探索之后,正式步入完善阶段。 第四章对汉代监察制度的机构设置、制度建设、人员选任、运行模式等进行了再审视,从而归纳出汉代监察制度的特点四大特点:第一是以维护皇权为核心,设置多元并存,相互牵制的监察机制。第二,以保证效能为目标,立法定制,制定行之有效的监察法规、制度。《监御史九条》、《刺史六条》等行之有效的法律法规的制定,和监察官员的选任课考上采用进退升降明晰有序的监察官员管理制度,从制度和人才两方面确保了整个帝国政治的有序运转。第三,两汉本着“以霸王道杂之”的理念,采取刚柔并济的多样化监察手段。汉代监察的刚性控制主要通过中央和地方不同的监察主体,依据国家的法律和政令对各级官员进行监督,以确保监察活动依法有效实施,促进了监察活动的法制化。而汉代监察的柔性控制分为封驳和谏议和“举谣言”三种,通过谏官和社会舆论等方式自下而上地匡正帝王及百官的行止。刚柔相济的监察手段在一定程度上为维护两汉政治稳定、吏治清明提供了保障。第四,维护统一,承前启后,确立常态化的军事监察。对军事进行有效的监察,从而加强中央对军队的控制,这是古代君主专制的政治3 体制在军事中的重要体现,也就成为了秦汉两代维护君主专制中央集权的重要组成部分。本节通过分析对秦至两汉时期中央政府进行军事监察的机构设置和人员选任以及监察模式的考察,梳理了两汉监军制度的确立发展轨迹,归纳总结了两汉常态化军事监察的一些特征。阐明两汉时期常态化的军事监察对维护政权一统提供了有力的军事保障,从监察制度发展来看,两汉的军事监察制度可谓承前启后,为后世军事监察制度的发展提供了有益的镜鉴。 第五章归纳总结汉代监察制度的作用以及其对后世监察制度的影响。汉代监察制度以维护君权稳定为核心,在一定程度上使得职能作用的发挥,随着中央集权的国家政治的演变而起伏,与皇帝的重视与否密切相关。其在汉代的政治实践中发挥的积极作用体现在三个方面:(一)监察制度的完善,维护了汉王朝中央集权的统治;(二)澄清地方吏治,维护了社会秩序;(三)监察权与行政权分离,确保监察权行使的独立性。而汉代监察制度在实践中的历史教训也同样值得关注。一方面皇帝昏庸怠政,造成皇权对监察权的干扰与破坏;另一方面,随着中央与地方权力的消长,打破了监察权与行政权之间的独立制衡关系,最终导致刺史州牧化,也将汉王朝推向灭亡。 总之,汉代从中央到地方的多重、多元的严密监察体系,切实可行的监察官员选任制度,以及行之有效的监察机制等,都为六朝、隋唐代以及宋、元、明、清行政监察制度的发展和完备奠定了良好的历史基础。国家制度和国家治理体系取决于这个国家的历史文化。而作为汉代政治制度的重要组成部分,汉代监察制度是根植于中国传统历史文化的根基之上,研究监察制度在汉代的发展、演变的过程及其运行机制的得与失,有助于我们从学术方面厘清汉代监察制度对汉代社会发展的巨大影响,了解汉代政治的内在演变脉络,深化我们对中国古代监察运行体制的认识,其所蕴含的丰富监察思想和监察经验以及监察教训,也为当代监察制度建设提供了有益的借鉴。
  • dc.description.abstract
  • As an important part of China's legal history, the establishment and practice of supervision system in Han Dynasty is a historical creation suitable for China's national conditions, and has positive reference significance for supervision practice in later generations.On the basis of studying and absorbing previous research in this field, this dissertation first analyzes the aspects of "supervision". The meaning of ancient supervision is analyzed, its scope defined, and the supervision system clarified as an important part of the national political system. The first chapter mainly focuses on the supervision system and practice of pre-Qin Dynasty and Qin Dynasty. This paper discusses the supervision practice throughout the Qin Dynasty from the aspects of the establishment of institutions, officials’ rights and liabilities, the selection and appointment of the officials, and the military supervision in the Qin Dynasty. As the supervision system in the initial period of the Qin Dynasty, its establishment and operation played an important role in cleansing out political corruption of officials and correcting illegal practices. Its experience and lessons are valuable for the future generations and even the present supervision system construction in our country. Chapter two discusses the construction and operation of the central supervision system in Han Dynasty. The Imperial Supervision Office of the Western Han Dynasty, as the emperor's private office, also had the functions of administration, supervision and secretary. In the exercise of administrative powers, the imperial supervisor served as a deputy prime minister. While serving as the emperor's secretary, imperial supervisors drafted imperial edicts and handled various political documents for the emperor. In the exercise of supervision, they acted as a contact between the emperor and the officially-appointed prime minister (as opposite to the privately-appointed prime minister), and they monitored the political activities of the public officials due to their special status. Moreover, in the process of supervising the administration of lower officials, the prime minister and the imperial supervisor often jointly exercised the supervisory power. After the reform of Suihe (a system reform for better exercise of imperial power), the imperial supervisor was renamed Dasong 5 (the Great Minster of Public Works), and was ranked as one of the three Dukes of together with Dasima (the Imperial Marshal) and the Prime Minister, responsible for some of the official duties of the prime minister. The supervision authority of the original imperial supervisor was altogether delegated to the original supervisor’s subordinate called Yushizhongcheng (intermediate minister). In the Eastern Han Dynasty, the imperial supervisor’s office was renamed Yushitai—the imperial discipline inspection and the supreme procurator of the Imperial Palace, and the imperial intermediate minster then officially became the highest officer of Yushitai, exercising supervision power independently, and the status further rose. The Imperial Supervision Office (or Yushitai), as a central full-time organ in the Han Dynasty, always focused on the "rectification of law enforcement, correction or impeachment of legal violations, and rectification of integrity", as well as assisting in the administration of the state, appraising officials’ political achievements, recommending talents, and under special circumstances, mandatorily supervised the army, led troops in battles, and went on punitive expeditions across state borders. As the most important central administrative organ , the Prime Minister's Office is responsible for the specific administrative implementation at the central level and the supervision of the implementation of various kinds of government affairs. Emperor Wu began to set up a subordinate office under the Prime Minister’ house , which was not responsible for the government administration, but only in charge of supervision. The scope of its supervision is wide, and its responsibilities are mainly to assist the prime minister to correct illegal acts of officials in administration, impeach such officials, and supervise the operation of the administrative system. Imperial military procurators in the Western Han Dynasty, as the special supervision officer of the emperor, in terms of the supervision scope, was responsible for the seven prefectures bordering the imperial palace in the capital city of Chang’an, Province, and the area of his inspection included the capital Chang'an City, location of the central government. So the military officer procurators in this division had the power to discipline and impeach central officials. The special status under the direct authority of the emperor also gave him the right to discipline, and impeach the prince's relatives, concubines and eunuchs, and even kill such officials or relatives in accordance with imperial decrees or edicts. It can be said that the colonel has the dual attributes of both central and local supervisory officials. The 6 establishment of the Sili officer made it a special supervision institution of the central government of the Han Dynasty after the Imperial History Office and the Prime Minister's direct system. It can be said that during the Western and Eastern Han Dynasties, the Imperial Supervision Office, the Prime Minister’s House, and the military supervision officers together constituted a set of relatively complete supervision system of multiplicity and multivariate, which played a positive role in the unification and development of the Western Han Dynasty. The third chapter mainly discusses the local supervision system of the Han Dynasty, including the municipal governor, the municipal procurator, and the justice in the higher court. Since the abolition of the county supervision, supervisors in the thirteen prefectures have become the main body of local supervision. Emperor Wu divided the country into 13 supervision areas, set up a ministry to exercise the supervision power, and made "six" laws and regulations for supervision, which was the first supervisory regionalization system in China, and formulated the earliest local supervision laws and regulations in the history of ancient Chinese supervision system. This chapter focuses on the development and evolution of the imperial provincial supervision system from the thirteen prefectures of the Western Han Dynasty to the provinces of the Eastern Han Dynasty, as well as the development and change of the powers and responsibilities of the imperial supervisors and its officials. The internal supervision of provinces and counties focuses on the supervision obligation of provincial governors and municipal procurators as well as the operation of the system of provinces, counties, and townships. The provincial governor (called Junshou in Chinese), the "highest position", the eyes and ears of the province, as the main disciplinary and military inspector of the province, proclaims the decrees of the province, and supervises the administrative situation and political activities of the provincial officials. The county judiciary was initially in charge of sacrificial activities, and its office duty is like that of the five divisions in the province. He is the officer responsible for the county’s disciplines and social orders, but the county judiciary has also a branch functioning as a supervision department for townships, while acting as the counsel of agriculture. Thus, the county judiciary is a prominent official position in the county. From the perspective of the subject and the object of supervision, provincial supervisor is responsible for the supervision of those officials whose 7 yearly official salary is about RMB 660800 yuan (approximately the salary could buy nearly 200,000 kilos of grains), and municipal procurators supervises county officials. The county judiciary is responsible for the supervision of township officials. Therefore, there appeared a construction of a three-level supervision mechanism from the imperial provincial level (the provincial governor), the municipal level (municipal procurator), to the county and township level (the county judiciary) with both institutional settings and personnel staffing to achieve the supervisory control of the Central Government over the provinces , municipalities, counties and even townships in the Western and Eastern Dynasties. Such a construction of multi-level local supervision system, especially the supervision of the municipal procurators and the establishment and operation of the county judiciary, strengthened the imperial rulers' supervision and control over local officials, and promoted the normal and effective operation of the central policy in the local, systematically resulting in the realization of the comprehensive monitoring of the Han Central Dynasty over the local. It also means that the ancient social supervision system has formally entered the perfect stage after hundreds of years of exploration in the Qin and Han dynasties. The fourth chapter re-examines the institutional setup, system construction, personnel selection, and operation mode of the Han Dynasty supervision system, thus summarizing the four characteristics of the Han Dynasty supervision system: The first is to maintain the imperial power as the core, set up multiple coexistence and mutual restraint supervision mechanism. The second is to ensure efficiency as the goal, legislative customization, the formulation of effective supervision laws and regulations. What ensured the orderly operation of the entire imperial politics from both the system and talent selection is the formulation of effective laws and regulations such as The Nine Articles of the Imperial Supervision and The Six Articles of the Provincial Supervision, and the adoption of a clear and orderly management system of supervisory officials in the selection and appraisal of supervisory officials. Third, the Han Dynasty adopted a variety of supervision methods based on the idea of "governance via both civil and military ways” to balance morality and punishment and to exercise a combination of inflexibility and yielding temper force with mercy. The rigid control of supervision in the Han Dynasty is obtained through different central and local supervisory bodies to supervise officials at all levels according to national laws and decrees so 8 as to ensure the effective implementation of supervision activities according to law and promote the legalization of supervision activities. The flexible control of supervision in Han Dynasty falls into three categories: 1) Fengbo: to seal back the emperor’s inappropriate imperial decree and refute and correct ministry officials’ improper memorials to the throne or behavioral violation; 2) Jianyi: ministry officials’ remonstrance to the emperor; and 3) Juyaoyan: to report rumors. It is through ways of suggestion officers and public opinions that may correct the emperor’s and officials’ behaviors from bottom to top. To a certain extent, the supervision means of balancing morality and punishment provided a guarantee for maintaining the political stability and official governance of the Han Dynasty. The fourth is to maintain unity and establish regular military supervision on the basis of the past achievements. Effective military supervision to strengthen the central control of the army is an important embodiment of political system of the ancient dictatorial monarchy in the military, which also became an important part of the Qin and Han dynasties to maintain the centralization of the absolute monarchy. By analyzing the establishment of the central government's military supervision institutions, personnel selection, and supervision mode during the Qin and Han Dynasties, this chapter sorts out the establishment and development track of the military supervision system in the Han Dynasty, and summarizes some characteristics of the normalized military supervision in the Han Dynasty. It is stated that the normal military supervision in the Han Dynasty provided a powerful military guarantee for maintaining unity. From the perspective of the development of the supervision system, the military supervision system in the Han Dynasty can be regarded as a link between the past and the future, and provides a useful mirror for the development of the military supervision system in the later generations. Chapter five makes a summary of the function of the supervision system in the Han Dynasty and its influence on the supervision system in later generations. The supervision system of the Han Dynasty was centered on maintaining the stability of the monarchy. To a certain extent, the function of the supervision system fluctuated with the evolution of the centralized state politics, which was closely related to whether the emperor paid attention to it or not. It played a positive role in the political practice of the Han Dynasty in three aspects: (1) The perfection of the supervision system maintained the centralized rule of the Han Dynasty; (2) The perfection of the supervision system clarified the local bureaucracy and 9 maintaining the social order; and (3) The separation of supervisory power from the executive power ensures the independence of the exercise of supervisory power. The historical lessons of the Han Dynasty’s supervision system in practice are also worthy of our attention. On the one hand, the emperor's muddleheaded behaviors and incompetence caused interference of and destruction to the supervisory power via imperial power. On the other hand, with the rise and fall of the central and local powers, the independent balance between the supervisory power and the executive power was broken, which eventually led to the demise of the Han Dynasty due to the fact that Cishi (the provincial supervisor) evolved into a Zhoumu (so-called a state shepherd): the provincial supervisor’ authority was enlarged to the scope that they could finally be was responsible for all matters of local administration, not just for their original supervisory role. In short, there was in the Han Dynasty a multiple and diversified strict supervision system from the central to the local government. The practical system of selecting and appointing supervisory officials, and the effective supervision mechanism laid a good historical foundation for the development and perfection of the administrative supervision system in the six dynasties—Sui and Tang Dynasties, as well as Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. The national system and governance system depend on the history and culture of the country. As an important part of the political system of the Han Dynasty, the supervision system of the Han Dynasty is rooted in the foundation of traditional Chinese history and culture. Studying the development and evolution of the supervision system in the Han Dynasty and the gains and losses of its operating mechanism will help us clarify the great influence of the supervision system on the social development of the Han Dynasty from the academic aspect and understand the internal evolution of the politics of the Han Dynasty. Such research will deepen our understanding of the supervision system in ancient China. The rich supervisory thought, supervisory experience and supervisory lessons contained in it will also provide useful reference for the construction of contemporary supervisory system.
  • dc.date.issued
  • 2026-03-31
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