Research on Adoption in Cambodia

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归属院系:

国际法学院

作者:

CHAN SOTHEAVY

导师:

张晓君

导师单位:

国际法学院

学位:

博士

语种:

中文

关键词:

柬埔寨王国;国内收养;跨国收养

摘要:

本论文主题为柬埔寨的收养制度,旨在为柬埔寨王国政府努力保护和 推动包括收养儿童在内的儿童权利作出贡献,这一主题在柬埔寨王国政府 第六届立法会“长方形策略第四阶段”和《替代关爱政策》(2006 年)中 也有所涉及。本论文共分为六章,重点介绍柬埔寨王国有关收养的国家法 律规定,特别是《民法典》(2007 年)和《跨国收养法》(2009 年), 以及柬埔寨目前有关收养的实践,包括一些案例研究,以使本研究更加清 晰和全面。 第一章是总体目标,研究重点是收养的定义、柬埔寨收养历史的简 介、柬埔寨政治变迁和国家概况,以及柬埔寨收养法的发展。收养被认为 是一种复杂社会现象,因为儿童从一个家庭收养到另一个家庭,或从一个 国家收养到另一个国家,这与家庭紧密相关,会改变家庭生活,甚至家庭 成员所处的当地社会背景也会发生变化。根据柬埔寨历史,从 1863 年殖 民时代开始到 1993 年第一次民主选举,柬埔寨经历了包括内战在内的一 系列政治变革。这些变化几乎影响到柬埔寨社会的所有方面,包括柬埔寨 收养条例的变化和演变。如前所述,柬埔寨有关收养的规定首先出现在 《民法典》(1967 年),当时柬埔寨才从法国殖民地独立出来。此后,柬 埔寨在柬埔寨人民共和国政府时期制定了《婚姻家庭法》(1989 年),根 据该法,乡/分区委员会是决定收养的主管机构。到 1999 年,通过 1993 年第一次民主选举而成立的柬埔寨王国,开始制定新的《民法典》,该法 典于 2007 年通过。 第二章介绍了柬埔寨国内收养的类型,包括:完全收养和简单收养, ii 重点关注养父母的条件、被收养儿童的条件、同意收养、法院程序,以及 柬埔寨王国现行有效的《民法典》(2007 年)所规定的收养效力和收养登 记。在该法典中,收养分为两种:完全收养和简单收养。 完全收养会终止 被收养儿童与生父母的关系,但会产生养子女与养父母之间的关系。要完 全收养,被收养儿童必须未年满 8 周岁。 简单收养不会终止被收养子女与 生父母的关系, 但同时会产生养子女和养父母之间的关系。对于简单的 收养,被收养子女可以是未成年人,也可以是成年人,但其年龄不得超过 养父母年龄。民法典之所以将收养分为两种类型,是为了使每一个儿童都 能在家庭环境中成长,这是儿童成长和儿童福利的最佳选择;为了让所有 不幸的孩子生活在家庭而不是孤儿院;为了使养父母能够选择通过完全收 养或简单收养的方式作出收养决定。这也反映了尊重个人意愿原则的法律 精神。此外,根据新法典的法律规定,法院有权就收养作出决定。 第三章说明养父母的权利和义务、其权利和权力的中止和剥夺,以及 被收养子女的权利。在依法确定简单收养和完全收养的法律关系时,养子 女与养父母之间的权利和义务也随之确立。因此,为了确定和保护柬埔寨 人民的合法权益,并对法律进行更新,柬埔寨对先前法律规定进行修订, 并将新概念纳入柬埔寨王国《民法典》(2007 年)中,其中包括关于国内 收养中被收养儿童和养父母的权利和义务。此外,《宪法》(1993 年)是 柬埔寨王国的最高法律,规定了不论个人种族、信仰、宗教和政治倾向如 何,均承认其权利和义务。《宪法》规定,国家所有法律均应符合宪法规 定,不得与宪法相抵触。对于养父母在国内收养中的权利与义务,本论文 主要关注教育子女的权利与义务、财产管理与代理子女的权利与义务,以 及被收养子女的继承权。一般来说,教育可以分为家庭教育和社会教育, 前者如父母权力人(养父母)在家中对孩子的教育,后者即学校的基础教 iii 育。除了教育孩子的权利和义务外,养父母还有权和义务管理子女财产, 并在收养子女是未成年人的情况下,代表子女从事与子女财产有关的任何 行为。通常,被收养的未成年子女没有巨额财产。但未成年人也有可能通 过继承、捐赠、保险等方式获得巨额财产。同时,养父母也有权继承被收 养子女的遗产。这是因为,在法律关系确定后,养父母对被收养子女享有 父母的权力,对其子女享有与生父母相同的权利和义务。关于国内收养中 被收养儿童的权利,研究重点是被收养儿童继承养父母财产的权利和被收 养儿童受保护免受虐待的权利。在这方面,被收养子女享有与亲生子女相 同的权利。 第四章讨论了跨国收养种养父母的条件、被收养儿童的条件、同意收 养、收养程序、收养费用和收养效力。从世界社会环境的变化来看,各国 间合作越来越密切。柬埔寨对外开放经济,获得人道主义援助和组织,外 国人和投资者涌入柬埔寨工作和经商。在这种情况下,外国人提出收养柬 埔寨儿童的请求越来越多。柬埔寨王国政府负有保护儿童权利的艰巨责 任,政府审查了有关跨国收养的法律规定,并根据《跨国收养方面保护儿 童及合作的海牙公约》、《儿童权利公约》(柬埔寨于 1992 年成为缔约 国)和《柬埔寨王国宪法》(1993 年)制定了新的《跨国收养法》并于 2009 年颁布。该法规定,为了儿童的最大利益,在不可能将儿童安置在其 亲生家庭和国内收养家庭的情况下,跨国收养是最后选择,这反映了国内 收养是在家庭当中保护儿童的首要选择。 第五章解释了调整国内收养与跨国收养之间的法律关系以及柬埔寨针 对收养进行规定的动机。尽管《民法典》(2007 年)和《跨国收养法》 (2009 年)对收养进行了改革,但在国内收养和跨国收养方面仍存在一些 实践问题。这些问题通常涉及执法人员的执法行为、法律规定的空白,以 iv 及部分相关法律规定的缺失,特别是与国内收养和跨国收养之间关系相关 的问题。尤其是在柬埔寨有关收养的法律规定中,国内收养与跨国收养是 分开的。国内收养规定在《柬埔寨王国民法典》(2007 年),民法是基本 法(普通法)。而跨国收养却规定在《柬埔寨王国跨国收养法》(2009 年),该法是特别法。因此,根据立法架构,这两部法律(基本法和特别 法)的法律规定必须是相互联系、一致和对应的,包括实体法规定和程序 法规定。相比之下,如果特别法的实体规定和程序规定与基本法不一致, 在实践中会产生大量问题。这些问题应予以及时解决,以保护作为国家未 来发展人才资源的儿童。 第六章涉及柬埔寨收养问题的新趋势,重点关注代孕子女、同性伴侣 收养子女所面临的挑战,以及世界范围内的普遍趋势。当前,医疗技术突 飞猛进,生殖技术快速发展,医疗旅游方兴未艾,部分国家广泛承认同性 恋、双性恋和变性人享有的权利,人们有可能通过代孕生育、同性夫妇收 养子女等方式确定法律关系。在这方面,可能出现对儿童产生不利影响的 问题,例如: 无国籍儿童、贩卖儿童、对代孕出生儿童的剥削和其他形式 的虐待儿童、对代孕出生子女和同性伴侣收养子女的社会歧视,以及对这 些儿童权利的负面影响。这已成为全球共同关注的问题。目前,有些专家 已开始讨论遵循国际标准制定调整代孕行为的系列准则,这对规制代孕行 为,并使各国保持一致,具有必要性和重要性,特别是确定和保护妇女儿 童的权利。同样,如果法律允许同性伴侣合法缔结婚姻,那么“ 同性伴侣 收养”也就成了该国无法回避的问题,是否同性伴侣收养子女? 最后,为了帮助柬埔寨王国政府努力实现保护儿童权利和最大利益的 目标,并努力实现可持续发展的目标,本人选择了“柬埔寨收养制度”进 行研究。这一主题也与本人目前在柬埔寨司法部的工作紧密相关,即领导 v 和参与起草法律,促进柬埔寨的性别和儿童保护问题。此外,尽管有关该 主题的研究汗牛充栋,但其既没有全面分析相关法律内容,也没有对收养 相关法律规定的差距作出解释,包括明确和具体的建议,以便进行调整并 弥补与收养有关的法律规定空白。特别是,部分研究人员只关注收养的某 些方面,而没有涵盖柬埔寨收养相关法律规定的所有方面和内容。这可能 导致对解决柬埔寨收养问题,无法形成全面有效的解决方案。

学科:

国际法学

提交日期

2026-03-31

引用参考

CHAN SOTHEAVY. Research on Adoption in Cambodia[D]. 西南政法大学,2016.

全文附件授权许可

知识共享许可协议-署名

  • dc.title
  • Research on Adoption in Cambodia
  • dc.contributor.schoolno
  • WB201603010901
  • dc.contributor.author
  • CHAN SOTHEAVY
  • dc.contributor.affiliation
  • 国际法学院
  • dc.contributor.degree
  • 博士
  • dc.contributor.childdegree
  • 法学博士
  • dc.contributor.degreeConferringInstitution
  • 西南政法大学
  • dc.identifier.year
  • 2016
  • dc.contributor.advisor
  • 张晓君
  • dc.contributor.advisorAffiliation
  • 国际法学院
  • dc.language.iso
  • 中文
  • dc.subject
  • 柬埔寨王国;国内收养;跨国收养
  • dc.subject
  • Domestic Adoption;;Inter-Country Adoption; Adopted Child
  • dc.description.abstract
  • 本论文主题为柬埔寨的收养制度,旨在为柬埔寨王国政府努力保护和 推动包括收养儿童在内的儿童权利作出贡献,这一主题在柬埔寨王国政府 第六届立法会“长方形策略第四阶段”和《替代关爱政策》(2006 年)中 也有所涉及。本论文共分为六章,重点介绍柬埔寨王国有关收养的国家法 律规定,特别是《民法典》(2007 年)和《跨国收养法》(2009 年), 以及柬埔寨目前有关收养的实践,包括一些案例研究,以使本研究更加清 晰和全面。 第一章是总体目标,研究重点是收养的定义、柬埔寨收养历史的简 介、柬埔寨政治变迁和国家概况,以及柬埔寨收养法的发展。收养被认为 是一种复杂社会现象,因为儿童从一个家庭收养到另一个家庭,或从一个 国家收养到另一个国家,这与家庭紧密相关,会改变家庭生活,甚至家庭 成员所处的当地社会背景也会发生变化。根据柬埔寨历史,从 1863 年殖 民时代开始到 1993 年第一次民主选举,柬埔寨经历了包括内战在内的一 系列政治变革。这些变化几乎影响到柬埔寨社会的所有方面,包括柬埔寨 收养条例的变化和演变。如前所述,柬埔寨有关收养的规定首先出现在 《民法典》(1967 年),当时柬埔寨才从法国殖民地独立出来。此后,柬 埔寨在柬埔寨人民共和国政府时期制定了《婚姻家庭法》(1989 年),根 据该法,乡/分区委员会是决定收养的主管机构。到 1999 年,通过 1993 年第一次民主选举而成立的柬埔寨王国,开始制定新的《民法典》,该法 典于 2007 年通过。 第二章介绍了柬埔寨国内收养的类型,包括:完全收养和简单收养, ii 重点关注养父母的条件、被收养儿童的条件、同意收养、法院程序,以及 柬埔寨王国现行有效的《民法典》(2007 年)所规定的收养效力和收养登 记。在该法典中,收养分为两种:完全收养和简单收养。 完全收养会终止 被收养儿童与生父母的关系,但会产生养子女与养父母之间的关系。要完 全收养,被收养儿童必须未年满 8 周岁。 简单收养不会终止被收养子女与 生父母的关系, 但同时会产生养子女和养父母之间的关系。对于简单的 收养,被收养子女可以是未成年人,也可以是成年人,但其年龄不得超过 养父母年龄。民法典之所以将收养分为两种类型,是为了使每一个儿童都 能在家庭环境中成长,这是儿童成长和儿童福利的最佳选择;为了让所有 不幸的孩子生活在家庭而不是孤儿院;为了使养父母能够选择通过完全收 养或简单收养的方式作出收养决定。这也反映了尊重个人意愿原则的法律 精神。此外,根据新法典的法律规定,法院有权就收养作出决定。 第三章说明养父母的权利和义务、其权利和权力的中止和剥夺,以及 被收养子女的权利。在依法确定简单收养和完全收养的法律关系时,养子 女与养父母之间的权利和义务也随之确立。因此,为了确定和保护柬埔寨 人民的合法权益,并对法律进行更新,柬埔寨对先前法律规定进行修订, 并将新概念纳入柬埔寨王国《民法典》(2007 年)中,其中包括关于国内 收养中被收养儿童和养父母的权利和义务。此外,《宪法》(1993 年)是 柬埔寨王国的最高法律,规定了不论个人种族、信仰、宗教和政治倾向如 何,均承认其权利和义务。《宪法》规定,国家所有法律均应符合宪法规 定,不得与宪法相抵触。对于养父母在国内收养中的权利与义务,本论文 主要关注教育子女的权利与义务、财产管理与代理子女的权利与义务,以 及被收养子女的继承权。一般来说,教育可以分为家庭教育和社会教育, 前者如父母权力人(养父母)在家中对孩子的教育,后者即学校的基础教 iii 育。除了教育孩子的权利和义务外,养父母还有权和义务管理子女财产, 并在收养子女是未成年人的情况下,代表子女从事与子女财产有关的任何 行为。通常,被收养的未成年子女没有巨额财产。但未成年人也有可能通 过继承、捐赠、保险等方式获得巨额财产。同时,养父母也有权继承被收 养子女的遗产。这是因为,在法律关系确定后,养父母对被收养子女享有 父母的权力,对其子女享有与生父母相同的权利和义务。关于国内收养中 被收养儿童的权利,研究重点是被收养儿童继承养父母财产的权利和被收 养儿童受保护免受虐待的权利。在这方面,被收养子女享有与亲生子女相 同的权利。 第四章讨论了跨国收养种养父母的条件、被收养儿童的条件、同意收 养、收养程序、收养费用和收养效力。从世界社会环境的变化来看,各国 间合作越来越密切。柬埔寨对外开放经济,获得人道主义援助和组织,外 国人和投资者涌入柬埔寨工作和经商。在这种情况下,外国人提出收养柬 埔寨儿童的请求越来越多。柬埔寨王国政府负有保护儿童权利的艰巨责 任,政府审查了有关跨国收养的法律规定,并根据《跨国收养方面保护儿 童及合作的海牙公约》、《儿童权利公约》(柬埔寨于 1992 年成为缔约 国)和《柬埔寨王国宪法》(1993 年)制定了新的《跨国收养法》并于 2009 年颁布。该法规定,为了儿童的最大利益,在不可能将儿童安置在其 亲生家庭和国内收养家庭的情况下,跨国收养是最后选择,这反映了国内 收养是在家庭当中保护儿童的首要选择。 第五章解释了调整国内收养与跨国收养之间的法律关系以及柬埔寨针 对收养进行规定的动机。尽管《民法典》(2007 年)和《跨国收养法》 (2009 年)对收养进行了改革,但在国内收养和跨国收养方面仍存在一些 实践问题。这些问题通常涉及执法人员的执法行为、法律规定的空白,以 iv 及部分相关法律规定的缺失,特别是与国内收养和跨国收养之间关系相关 的问题。尤其是在柬埔寨有关收养的法律规定中,国内收养与跨国收养是 分开的。国内收养规定在《柬埔寨王国民法典》(2007 年),民法是基本 法(普通法)。而跨国收养却规定在《柬埔寨王国跨国收养法》(2009 年),该法是特别法。因此,根据立法架构,这两部法律(基本法和特别 法)的法律规定必须是相互联系、一致和对应的,包括实体法规定和程序 法规定。相比之下,如果特别法的实体规定和程序规定与基本法不一致, 在实践中会产生大量问题。这些问题应予以及时解决,以保护作为国家未 来发展人才资源的儿童。 第六章涉及柬埔寨收养问题的新趋势,重点关注代孕子女、同性伴侣 收养子女所面临的挑战,以及世界范围内的普遍趋势。当前,医疗技术突 飞猛进,生殖技术快速发展,医疗旅游方兴未艾,部分国家广泛承认同性 恋、双性恋和变性人享有的权利,人们有可能通过代孕生育、同性夫妇收 养子女等方式确定法律关系。在这方面,可能出现对儿童产生不利影响的 问题,例如: 无国籍儿童、贩卖儿童、对代孕出生儿童的剥削和其他形式 的虐待儿童、对代孕出生子女和同性伴侣收养子女的社会歧视,以及对这 些儿童权利的负面影响。这已成为全球共同关注的问题。目前,有些专家 已开始讨论遵循国际标准制定调整代孕行为的系列准则,这对规制代孕行 为,并使各国保持一致,具有必要性和重要性,特别是确定和保护妇女儿 童的权利。同样,如果法律允许同性伴侣合法缔结婚姻,那么“ 同性伴侣 收养”也就成了该国无法回避的问题,是否同性伴侣收养子女? 最后,为了帮助柬埔寨王国政府努力实现保护儿童权利和最大利益的 目标,并努力实现可持续发展的目标,本人选择了“柬埔寨收养制度”进 行研究。这一主题也与本人目前在柬埔寨司法部的工作紧密相关,即领导 v 和参与起草法律,促进柬埔寨的性别和儿童保护问题。此外,尽管有关该 主题的研究汗牛充栋,但其既没有全面分析相关法律内容,也没有对收养 相关法律规定的差距作出解释,包括明确和具体的建议,以便进行调整并 弥补与收养有关的法律规定空白。特别是,部分研究人员只关注收养的某 些方面,而没有涵盖柬埔寨收养相关法律规定的所有方面和内容。这可能 导致对解决柬埔寨收养问题,无法形成全面有效的解决方案。
  • dc.description.abstract
  • This dissertation studies ‘Adoption in Cambodia’. It contributes to the efforts of the Royal Government of Cambodia to protect and promote the rights of children, including adopted children, as set forth in the Rectangular Strategy Phase IV of the Sixth Legislature and the Alternative Care Policy 2006 of the Royal Government of Cambodia. This dissertation is divided into six chapters, focusing on the national legal provisions governing adoption, particularly the 2007 Civil Code of the Kingdom of Cambodia and the 2009 Inter-Country Adoption law, and current practice related to adoption in Cambodia including providing some case studies to make this research clear and comprehensive. The six Chapters of this dissertation encompass: Chapter 1: General Objective In this Chapter, the research highlights definition of adoption, a brief history of adoption in Cambodia, political change and country profile in Cambodia and development of the adoption laws. Adoption is considered a complex social phenomenon because it is closely interwoven into the family and lead to changes in family life and the local social context of family members, who may be moved from one family to another or from one country to another. Based on Cambodia’s history, Cambodia underwent a number of political changes, including civil war, between when the colonial era began in 1863 and the first democratic election in 1993. The changes have affected almost all aspects of Cambodian society, and have included changes to and evolution of the regulations concerning adoption in the country. As noted, the first regulations related to adoption in Cambodia were legal provisions stipulated in the 1967 Civil Code, when Cambodia became independent from French colonization. After that, when Cambodia was led by the government of the People’s Republic of Kampuchea, Cambodia had the Marriage and Family Law (1989). Under the Marriage and Family Law, the competent institution to decide on adoption was the commune/sangkat committee. In 1999, when Cambodia became the Kingdom of Cambodia, through the first vii democratic election in 1993, the country started preparing a new Civil Code. This Code was adopted in 2007. Chapter 2: Types of Domestic Adoption in Cambodia In this Chapter, the research illustrates adopting children within Cambodia which includes: full adoption and simple adoption, significantly focusing on conditions for adoptive parents, conditions for the adopted child, consent to adoption, court procedure, effects of adoption and registration of adoption which have been provided by the 2007 Civil Code of the Kingdom of Cambodia. This Code is currently being implemented. Based on legal provisions in this new Code, there are legal provisions that stipulate concerning domestic adoption. This adoption is divided into 2 (two) types: full adoption and simple adoption. Full adoption: leads to termination of the relationship between the adopted child and natural parents. However, it brings the rise of the relationship between the adopted child and adoptive parents. For full adoption, the adopted child must be a child below the age of 8 years. Simple adoption: it does not terminate the relationship between the adopted child and natural parents. At the same time, it creates a relationship between the adopted child and adoptive parents. For simple adoption, the adopted child can be a minor or an adult as long as the child is less age than adoptive parents. The reasons for the Civil Code dividing adoption into 2 (two) types are because to aim at providing every child to be grown up in family environment which is the best choice for child development and child welfare. It also aims at allowing all misfortune children to live in a family, instead of living in an orphanage. At the same time, this Code also aims at providing choices to adoptive parents to make a decision on adopting a child by means of full adoption or simple adoption. This reflects the aim of the law with respect for principle of intention of the individual. Moreover, based on the legal provisions in this new Code, the court is entitled to decide on adoption. viii Chapter 3: Rights and Duties of Adopted Child and Adoptive Parents in Domestic Adoption In this Chapter, the research illustrates rights and duties of adoptive parents, suspension and divestment of authority of parental power holders and rights of the adopted child. When legal relationship is determined following the law as a result of simple adoption and full adoption, rights and duties between the adopted child and the adoptive parents are also established. Therefore, to ensure and protect the legal rights and benefits of Cambodian people and to update the law, there have been reforms to many previous legal provisions, and many new concepts have been integrated into the 2007 Civil Code of the Kingdom of Cambodia in which it includes legal provisions concerning the rights and duties of adopted child and adoptive parents with regard to such domestic adoption. Also, the 1993 Constitution, which is the supreme law of the Kingdom of Cambodia, provides for the recognition of rights and duties regardless of race, belief, religion and political tendency. Based on the contents of the Constitution, all national laws shall be applicable according to the Constitution and cannot contradict the Constitution. Related to the rights and duties of adoptive parents for domestic adoption, this research focuses on the rights and duties to educate the child, the rights and duties in property management and representing the child and the rights to inherence from the adopted child. In general, education can be divided into family-based education, such as ‘disciplines’, which parental power holders (adoptive parents) can apply to a child in the house, and social education, which refers to basic education to be delivered at school. In addition to rights and duties to educate the child, the adoptive parents also have the rights and duties to manage the property of the child and represent the child in any act related to the property of the child in case the adopted child is a minor. Usually, an adopted child who is a minor does not own a great deal of property. However, there may be some minors who have received property through inheritance, donation or insurance, etc. ix At the same time, adoptive parents also have the rights to inherence from the adopted child. This is because, after the legal relationship is determined, the adoptive parents shall hold parental power over the adopted child and have the same rights and duties as natural parents have towards their natural child. Related to the rights of the adopted child for domestic adoption, the research focuses on the rights to succession of the adopted child from adoptive parents and the rights of the adopted child to be protected from abuse. In this regard, the adopted child has the same rights as a natural child. Chapter 4: Conditions, Court Procedure and Effect of Inter-country Adoption In this Chapter, this research indicates conditions for adoptive parents, conditions for the adopted child, consent to adoption, procedure for adoption, fees for adoption and effects of inter-country adoption. In terms of changes in social context in the world, cooperation between countries has become closer. The economy of Cambodia has opened itself up to globalization, which has led to inflows of humanitarian aid and organizations and foreigners and investors coming to Cambodia for work and business. In this climate, the number of requests to adopt Cambodian children by foreigners is on the rise. With high responsibility to protect the rights of children, the Royal Government of Cambodia has also paid attention to and reviewed the legal provisions concerning inter-country adoption and reformed the law by preparing a new law on Inter-Country Adoption in accordance with the Hague Convention on Protection of Children and Co-operation in Respect of Inter-Country Adoption, the Convention on the Rights of the Child which Cambodia became a state party in 1992 and the 1993 Constitution of the Kingdom of Cambodia. The law on Inter-country Adoption was adopted in 2009. Based on the content of this law, inter-country adoption shall be the last resort for the best interest of the children and when placing children within their birth family and domestic adoption are not possible. This reflects that domestic adoption is the primary choice for safeguarding a child within a family. x Chapter 5: Relationship between Inter-country Adoption and Domestic Adoption In this Chapter, the research focuses on the relationship between legal provisions governing domestic adoption and inter-country adoption and motivation in developing legal provisions on adoption in Cambodia. Despite legal reforms put in place with the new legal provisions of the 2007 Civil Code and the 2009 Inter-Country Adoption law, some issues remain in practice for domestic adoption and inter-country adoption. These issues usually relate to legal implementation by legal enforcement officers, gaps in the legal provisions and the absence of some related legal provisions, particularly the issues related to the relationship between domestic adoption and inter-country adoption. In particular, the legal provisions concerning adoption in Cambodia, there are separated laws between domestic adoption and inter-country adoption. In domestic adoption, provisions are contained within the 2007 Civil Code of the Kingdom of Cambodia, which is a fundamental law (general law). For inter-country adoption, the provisions governing this issue in Cambodia are stipulated in the 2009 ICA Law of the Kingdom of Cambodia, which is the legal provisions of special law. Therefore, following the legislative architecture the legal provisions of these two laws (fundamental law and special law) must be interconnected, consistent and corresponding including the relationship of the contents of substantive provisions and the contents of procedural provisions. In contrast, if the contents of substantive provisions and the contents of procedural provisions of the special law contain legal provisions that are not consistent with the legal provisions of fundamental law, many issues may arise during the practice. The issues shall be addressed immediately to protect children who are human resources for country development in the future. xi Chapter 6: New Trends in Adoption Issue in Cambodia In this Chapter, the research highlights: challenges faced by children born through surrogacy and children adopted by same-sex couples and universal trends. In current context, medical advances, the development of reproductive technology and the occurrence of medical tourism, which are emerging in all countries around the globe, as well as wider recognition of the rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people in some countries, have made possible legal relationship between parent(s) and child through surrogacy births and adoption by same-sex couples. In this regard, some issues may arise that risk negatively affecting children, such as: statelessness of children; child trafficking; child exploitation and other forms of child abuse against surrogate-born children; and social discrimination against surrogate-born children and children adopted by same-sex couples; as well as negative impacts on the rights of these children. These issues have become a common concern of the globe. Currently, experts from some countries have gathered to prepare a common principle following international standards to govern surrogacy which is necessary and important affairs to govern the practice of surrogacy and make it consistent in all countries. In particular, to ensure and protect the rights of children and women. Similarly, the topic ‘Adoption by same-sex couples’ is a topic in consideration and discussion of each country in case the law of any country allows legal marriage for same-sex couples. In this regard, the issue arises regarding a question whether adoption by same-sex couples shall be permitted or not? All the six Chapters, which have been illustrated through research in the topic ‘Adoption in Cambodia’, are significant in which each Chapter is related. So, any Chapter cannot be missed to research this topic. In conclusion, to contribute to the efforts of the Royal Government of Cambodia to achieve the goal of protecting the rights and best interests of children as well as its endeavors to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals, I have chosen the topic of ‘Adoption in Cambodia’ for my research. This topic is also very relevant to my current job working for the Ministry of Justice of Cambodia, where I lead and participate in drafting laws and promoting xii gender issues and child protection in Cambodia. Furthermore, even though there have been a number of studies on this topic in the past, these neither highlight and analyze the contents of the relevant laws comprehensively nor provide explanations on the gaps in legal provisions governing adoption, including clear and specific recommendations to follow in order to respond to the lack of any legal provisions related to adoption. In particular, most researchers focus on only one part of adoption, without covering all the aspects and content of all legal provisions concerning adoption in Cambodia. This could lead to a lack of comprehensive and effective solutions to the problems related to adoption in Cambodia.
  • dc.date.issued
  • 2026-03-31
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