唐代循吏的法律实践研究

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归属院系:

行政法学院

作者:

王蓉

导师:

龙大轩

导师单位:

行政法学院

学位:

博士

语种:

中文

关键词:

循吏;特征;礼法;法律实践;历史启示

摘要:

“循吏”是中国古代官吏中的一类群体,自司马迁在《史记》中单独为他们列传之后,作为古代帝国官员的典范,他们不断被追慕传颂。循吏们本着忠君爱民的宗旨,无论在什么岗位上皆能以身作则、尽忠职守,对历代王朝在政治、法律、经济、文化等方面的发展都作出了不可磨灭贡献。唐代,特别是唐中前期,政治环境清明、经济发展迅速,“礼法合一”的法律制度也正式形成并代表中华法系登上世界历史的舞台。在这种开明的政治环境和较为完备的法律制度背景下,唐代循吏的法律实践极具特色,对后世乃至到今天社会都具有较强的借鉴意义。但是由于正史篇幅所限,历代《循吏列传》中收录的循吏人数都较为“精简”,一些官吏因功绩卓越被单独列传、一些官吏却又因功绩不甚突出而未被收入《循吏列传》。唐代享国 289 年,两唐书中收录的循吏也仅仅只有 64 人,如果仅以这些人作为研究对象,无法清晰的勾勒出唐代循吏的“全貌”,也不能深入的对他们法律实践之特色进行分析。受不同时期政治环境等因素的影响,各个朝代的循吏在法律实践中呈现出不同的特征,根据明清以前《循吏列传》的收录“非止于城邑”的特点,笔者认为“循吏”的概念应有广义和狭义之分。广义的循吏指那些围绕着司马迁提出的“奉职循理、奉法循理”这个主要特征展开并在廉、能、勤方面较为突出的官吏,且无具体的官阶限定;狭义的循吏则是指历代正史《循吏列传》中收录的人物。因此,我们应在广义的“循吏”概念中对唐代循吏进行研究。笔者对历代循吏的主要事迹及特征进行了梳理,在此基础上,在两唐书和唐代墓志碑文中挖掘出除两唐书《循吏列传》(64 人)外的符合循吏特征并且有典型法律实践事迹的官员60 人(共计124 人),并对他们在唐代法律实践中的具体事迹进行了分析。除引言之外,本文总共分为六章。 第一章是循吏与唐代循吏。本章主要对循吏的含义及渊源进行了阐述,对历代循吏的特征进行了归纳总结。根据分析结果,笔者在更为宽泛的范围中对唐代循吏人数进行了统计,并对他们的基本情况和产生的时代背景进行了概括。唐代循吏众多得益于唐代科学的官吏选拔制度、先进的法律体系和宽松政治环境。第二章是唐代循吏的立法创制。立法是法律实践中的重要环节,本章围绕唐代法律 在制定、修改、解释方面的程序和分工展开论述,并研究循吏在其中发挥的作用。唐律作为中华法律的代表,被后世乃至东亚奉为圭臬,这些辉煌的成就与循吏在立法中作出的贡献密切相关。 第三章是唐代循吏的布政施教。在依法行政和兼顾情理的同时完成本职工作是循吏的显著特点。本章从分别对唐代循吏在中央、地方履行职责的情况进行了分析。唐代循吏皆能秉持廉洁的操守、以身作则,在执法中,他们对百姓仁爱包容,还常常法外施恩,对因事受牵连和复仇类案件主张轻罚,对盗贼作乱及地方黑恶势力多严惩不贷。他们爱民恤民,对内发展生产、为民兴利,对外能戡平叛乱、保境安民,在处置边疆问题及面对重大灾害时能统筹大局,他们宽严相济的执法方式,为唐代的经济发展和政治稳定做出了巨大贡献。 第四章是唐代循吏的审断纠弹。本章通过对大量判例进行分析、归类和整理,分析出唐代循吏在审断纠弹中的特点。唐代循吏在处理民间细故时,他们多采用调息止讼的方式,在侦查办案时,他们并没有受到侦察科技手段落后的限制,巧用谲术、善于精查,侦破了众多疑案、冤案。同时他们秉公执法、守正不阿,对强权干涉执法的案件坚守底线,对权贵违规犯法行为敢于纠举弹劾,弘扬正义的同时也很好的维护了社会秩序。第五章根据唐代循吏具体法律实践的事迹归纳总结出唐代循吏的法律实践特征及影响。唐代循吏和其他朝代相比最显著的特征为守正不阿、宽严有度,他们运用丰富的实践经验和超高的司法智慧最大程度的实现了法律的公平和正义,并大大推动了唐代法律“儒家化”的进程。当然,若严格按今天的正义观来看,唐代循吏法外行仁的做法违背了程序上的正义,但这也体现了古代司法中“情法两平”的价值追求和取向。第六章论述了唐代循吏法律实践对今天的借鉴和启示。习近平法治思想中指出我们要坚持依法治国和以德治国相结合。实践证明,近代以来我们学习西方将法治与德治相分离的治理方式不适合我国国情,唐代“礼法合一”的治理模式将其推向了当时的国际强国之列,我们可借鉴唐代循吏在法律实践中的经验与智慧,并应用在今天的法治建设中,从立法、司法、执法、守法等方面探寻出适合中国“德法合治”的路径。

学科:

法律史学

提交日期

2026-03-30

引用参考

王蓉. 唐代循吏的法律实践研究[D]. 西南政法大学,2022.

全文附件授权许可

知识共享许可协议-署名

  • dc.title
  • 唐代循吏的法律实践研究
  • dc.contributor.schoolno
  • B2019030102018
  • dc.contributor.author
  • 王蓉
  • dc.contributor.affiliation
  • 行政法学院
  • dc.contributor.degree
  • 博士
  • dc.contributor.childdegree
  • 法学博士
  • dc.contributor.degreeConferringInstitution
  • 西南政法大学
  • dc.identifier.year
  • 2022
  • dc.contributor.advisor
  • 龙大轩
  • dc.contributor.advisorAffiliation
  • 行政法学院
  • dc.language.iso
  • 中文
  • dc.subject
  • 循吏;特征;礼法;法律实践;历史启示
  • dc.subject
  • honest officials;features;Etiquette law;Legal practice;Historical enlightenment
  • dc.description.abstract
  • “循吏”是中国古代官吏中的一类群体,自司马迁在《史记》中单独为他们列传之后,作为古代帝国官员的典范,他们不断被追慕传颂。循吏们本着忠君爱民的宗旨,无论在什么岗位上皆能以身作则、尽忠职守,对历代王朝在政治、法律、经济、文化等方面的发展都作出了不可磨灭贡献。唐代,特别是唐中前期,政治环境清明、经济发展迅速,“礼法合一”的法律制度也正式形成并代表中华法系登上世界历史的舞台。在这种开明的政治环境和较为完备的法律制度背景下,唐代循吏的法律实践极具特色,对后世乃至到今天社会都具有较强的借鉴意义。但是由于正史篇幅所限,历代《循吏列传》中收录的循吏人数都较为“精简”,一些官吏因功绩卓越被单独列传、一些官吏却又因功绩不甚突出而未被收入《循吏列传》。唐代享国 289 年,两唐书中收录的循吏也仅仅只有 64 人,如果仅以这些人作为研究对象,无法清晰的勾勒出唐代循吏的“全貌”,也不能深入的对他们法律实践之特色进行分析。受不同时期政治环境等因素的影响,各个朝代的循吏在法律实践中呈现出不同的特征,根据明清以前《循吏列传》的收录“非止于城邑”的特点,笔者认为“循吏”的概念应有广义和狭义之分。广义的循吏指那些围绕着司马迁提出的“奉职循理、奉法循理”这个主要特征展开并在廉、能、勤方面较为突出的官吏,且无具体的官阶限定;狭义的循吏则是指历代正史《循吏列传》中收录的人物。因此,我们应在广义的“循吏”概念中对唐代循吏进行研究。笔者对历代循吏的主要事迹及特征进行了梳理,在此基础上,在两唐书和唐代墓志碑文中挖掘出除两唐书《循吏列传》(64 人)外的符合循吏特征并且有典型法律实践事迹的官员60 人(共计124 人),并对他们在唐代法律实践中的具体事迹进行了分析。除引言之外,本文总共分为六章。 第一章是循吏与唐代循吏。本章主要对循吏的含义及渊源进行了阐述,对历代循吏的特征进行了归纳总结。根据分析结果,笔者在更为宽泛的范围中对唐代循吏人数进行了统计,并对他们的基本情况和产生的时代背景进行了概括。唐代循吏众多得益于唐代科学的官吏选拔制度、先进的法律体系和宽松政治环境。第二章是唐代循吏的立法创制。立法是法律实践中的重要环节,本章围绕唐代法律 在制定、修改、解释方面的程序和分工展开论述,并研究循吏在其中发挥的作用。唐律作为中华法律的代表,被后世乃至东亚奉为圭臬,这些辉煌的成就与循吏在立法中作出的贡献密切相关。 第三章是唐代循吏的布政施教。在依法行政和兼顾情理的同时完成本职工作是循吏的显著特点。本章从分别对唐代循吏在中央、地方履行职责的情况进行了分析。唐代循吏皆能秉持廉洁的操守、以身作则,在执法中,他们对百姓仁爱包容,还常常法外施恩,对因事受牵连和复仇类案件主张轻罚,对盗贼作乱及地方黑恶势力多严惩不贷。他们爱民恤民,对内发展生产、为民兴利,对外能戡平叛乱、保境安民,在处置边疆问题及面对重大灾害时能统筹大局,他们宽严相济的执法方式,为唐代的经济发展和政治稳定做出了巨大贡献。 第四章是唐代循吏的审断纠弹。本章通过对大量判例进行分析、归类和整理,分析出唐代循吏在审断纠弹中的特点。唐代循吏在处理民间细故时,他们多采用调息止讼的方式,在侦查办案时,他们并没有受到侦察科技手段落后的限制,巧用谲术、善于精查,侦破了众多疑案、冤案。同时他们秉公执法、守正不阿,对强权干涉执法的案件坚守底线,对权贵违规犯法行为敢于纠举弹劾,弘扬正义的同时也很好的维护了社会秩序。第五章根据唐代循吏具体法律实践的事迹归纳总结出唐代循吏的法律实践特征及影响。唐代循吏和其他朝代相比最显著的特征为守正不阿、宽严有度,他们运用丰富的实践经验和超高的司法智慧最大程度的实现了法律的公平和正义,并大大推动了唐代法律“儒家化”的进程。当然,若严格按今天的正义观来看,唐代循吏法外行仁的做法违背了程序上的正义,但这也体现了古代司法中“情法两平”的价值追求和取向。第六章论述了唐代循吏法律实践对今天的借鉴和启示。习近平法治思想中指出我们要坚持依法治国和以德治国相结合。实践证明,近代以来我们学习西方将法治与德治相分离的治理方式不适合我国国情,唐代“礼法合一”的治理模式将其推向了当时的国际强国之列,我们可借鉴唐代循吏在法律实践中的经验与智慧,并应用在今天的法治建设中,从立法、司法、执法、守法等方面探寻出适合中国“德法合治”的路径。
  • dc.description.abstract
  • “The Honorable Officials” are a group of ancient Chinese officials. Since SimaQiancollected and wrote biographies for them in the Records of the Historian, they havebeenconstantly admired and praised as a model of ancient imperial officials. To be in line withthepurpose of loyalty to the monarch and the people, the officials set themselves a good exampleto others and devote themselves to their duties in any post, making indelible contributionstothe development of the politics, law, economy, culture and other aspects of the dynasties. Inthe Tang Dynasty, especially in the middle and early stages of the Tang Dynasty, the political environment was clear and the economy developed rapidly. The legal systemof “theintegration of etiquette and law” was also formally formed and appeared on the stage of worldhistory on behalf of the Chinese legal system. Under such an enlightened political environment and a relatively complete legal system, the legal practice of the officials intheTang Dynasty was very distinctive and had a strong reference significance for latergenerations and even today's society. However, due to the limited length of the official history, the number of officials included in the Biographies of the Honorable Officials was relatively“simplified”. Some officials were listed separately because of their outstanding achievements, while some officials were not recorded in the Biographies of the Honorable Officials becauseof their less outstanding achievements. In the Tang Dynasty which existed for 289 years, only64 honorable officials were included in the books of the two Tang Dynasties. If onlythesepeople were taken as the research object, it would be impossible to clearly outlinethe“panorama” of honorable officials in the Tang Dynasty, nor to deeply analyzethecharacteristics of their legal practice. Influenced by the political environment in different periods and other factors, the honorable officials in different dynasties showed different characteristics in the legal practice. According to the characteristics of “not only in the cities”included in Biographies of Honorable Officials before the Ming and Qing Dynasties, theauthor believes that the concept of “honorable officials” should be discussed in bothbroadand narrow sense. In a broad sense, the officials are those who follow the main principlesproposed by Sima Qian---“following the principles of duty and law” and are outstandinginhonesty, ability and diligence, on matter what official ranks they are on; In a narrowsense, thehonorable officials refer to the figures included in the official history of the past dynasties. The Biographies of the Honorable Officials. Therefore, the honorable officials in theTangDynasty should be studied in the broad sense of the concept of “honorable officials”. Theauthor combed the main deeds and characteristics of the officials in the past dynasties, andonthis basis, excavated 60 officials (124 in total) who conform to the characteristics of theofficials and have typical legal practice deeds in addition to the Biographies of the Officialsinthe Tang Dynasty (64 persons), and analyzed their specific deeds in the legal practice intheTang Dynasty. In addition to the introduction, this dissertation is divided into six chapters. The first chapter is about honorable officials and honorable officials in Tang Dynasty. This chapter mainly expounds the meaning and origin of honorable officials, and summarizesthe characteristics of honorable officials in previous dynasties. According to the analysisresults, the author counts the number of officials in the Tang Dynasty in a broader scope, andsummarizes their basic situation and the background of the times. Many officials in theTangDynasty benefited from the scientific official selection system, advanced legal systemandloose political environment. The second chapter is the legislative creation of the officials in the Tang Dynasty. Legislation is an important link in legal practice. This chapter focuses on the procedures anddivision of labor in the formulation, modification and interpretation of laws in theTangDynasty, and studies the role played by officials. As the representative of Chinese law, thelaws of the Tang Dynasty were regarded as the standard by later generations and evenEast Asia. These brilliant achievements were closely related to the contributions made byofficialsin legislation. The third chapter is about the administration and education of the officials in theTangDynasty. It is the remarkable characteristic of the officials to complete their owndutiesexercising administration in accordance with the law, meanwhile take humanityintoconsideration. This chapter analyzes the performance of duties of the officials in the central and local governments in the Tang Dynasty. In the Tang Dynasty, all officials were abletouphold integrity and set an example. In law enforcement, they were kind and tolerant tothepeople, and often extended kindness beyond the law. They advocated light punishment forcases involving being implicated and committing revenge, and more severe punishment forbandits and local evil forces. They loved the people and cared for the people, developedproduction for the people and prospered for the people. They were able to suppress therebellion and secure the border. They were able to balance the overall situation whendealingwith border issues and facing major disasters. Their law enforcement method of combiningleniency with severity made great contributions to the economic development and politicalstability of the Tang Dynasty The fourth chapter is the judgment and correction of the officials in the Tang Dynasty. Through analyzing, classifying and sorting out a large number of cases, this chapter analyzesthe characteristics of the officials in the Tang Dynasty in judging and rectifying bombs. IntheTang Dynasty, when dealing with civil details, the officials of the Tang Dynastymostlyadopted the method of adjusting interest to stop litigation. While investigating and handlingcases, they were not limited by the backward scientific and technological meansofreconnaissance. They skillfully used treacherous techniques and were good at careful investigation, and solved many suspicious and unjust cases. At the same time, they enforcedthe law impartially and faithfully, stuck to the bottom line in cases where overwhelmingpowers interfered in law enforcement, and dare to impeach the powers violated of thelaw. They promoted justice while maintaining social order. The fifth chapter summarizes the characteristics and influence of the legal practice of thehonorable officials in the Tang Dynasty according to their specific legal practices. Comparedwith other dynasties, the most prominent characteristics of the officials in the Tang Dynastywere upright, lenient and strict. They used rich practical experience and superbjudicial wisdom to maximize the fairness and justice of the law, and greatly promoted the processofthe “Confucian” of the law in the Tang Dynasty. Of course, if viewed strictly accordingtotoday's concept of justice, the practice of following the law and practicing benevolence intheTang Dynasty violated procedural justice, but it also reflected the value pursuit andorientation of “balance between emotion and law” in ancient justice. The sixth chapter discusses the reference and enlightenment of the legal practice of theofficials in the Tang Dynasty to today. Practice has proved that in modern times, thegovernance mode learned from the West to separate the rule of law fromthe rule of virtueisnot suitable for China's national conditions. The governance mode of “the unity of etiquetteand law” in the Tang Dynasty pushed it to the list of international powers at that time. Wecanlearn from the experience and wisdom of the officials in the legal practice of theTangDynasty, and apply it to today's rule of law construction to explore a path that is suitableforChina's “rule of virtue and law” from the aspects of legislation, justice, lawenforcement, andlaw-abiding.
  • dc.date.issued
  • 2026-03-30
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