银行在信用证业务中的法律地位研究

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归属院系：

行政法学院（纪检监察学院）

作者：

朱泽冰

导师：

唐青阳

导师单位：

行政法学院（纪检监察学院）

学位：

硕士

语种：

中文

关键词：

......;......;......

摘要：

我国各大商业银行普遍开展信用证业务，银行在信用证业务中的法律 地位显得十分重要，认真研究银行的法律地位，有助于有效预防金融风险， 促进国际贸易的发展。一般认为，银行的法律地位是指银行在因信用证业 务而产生的不同法律关系中具有不同的独立法律人格，以不同的当事人身 分参与到这些法律关系之中，享有不同的权利和负有不同的义务，承担不 同的法律责任和法律后果，从而具有不同的法律地位。 本文除前言外，共分为三个部分，约3万3千字。 第一部分“银行与信用证概述” ，简要阐述了信用证的概念及特征， 分析了银行在信用证的演变与《跟单信用证统一惯例》的变迁中的作用。 第二部分“银行在信用证结算中的法律地位”。文章认为，开证行是 指接受开证申请人的委托，为其开出信用证的银行。开证行一旦接受开证 申请书，对外开立信用证，在开证行与开证申请人之间形成了代理合同关 系，开证行处于代理人的法律地位。 开证行与受益人之间的关系是以信用证为依据的，信用证的种类不 同，开证行的法律地位也有所不同。如果开证行开出的可撤销信用证，开 证行与受益人不存在对双方有约束力的合同关系，而开证行的法律地位处 于不确定状态。如果开证行开出的不可撤销信用证，该信用证一旦送达受 益人，开证行与受益人之间就成立了对双方有约束力的合同关系。 开证行往往在信用证中指定一家异地银行为信用证项下汇票上的付 款人或是付款信用证下执行付款的银行，这就是付款行，它是开证行的付 款代理人。开证行与付款行之间权利、义务及其相应的法律地位是由双方 订立的代理合同内容决定的，开证行具有被代理人的法律地位，而付款行 具有代理人的法律地位。 实践中，开证行往往指定一家与它有帐户关系，在货币所在国即第三 国的银行充当偿付行，偿付行根据它与开证行签订的偿付协议办理支付， 其权利、义务由偿付行与开证行订立的委托代理合同内容来确定。开证行 具有委托人的法律地位，而偿付行具有受托人的法律地位。 通知行是开证行选定的出口地的一家行，通常同时作为保兑行或者议 付行或者其它中间银行，但是它作为通知行扮演了独立的角色，与保兑行、 或议付行有所不同。开证行具有委托人的法律地位，通知行具有受托人的 法律地位。 保兑行是经开证行的授权或请求，在信用证上加具保兑的银行。保兑 行的法律地位不同于民法意义上的担保人，依照 UCP500 的规定，保兑行 直接向受益人承担独立的第一性的付款责任，其性质是与开证行的付款责 任完全相同。 议付信用证是指受益人开立汇票(即期或远期)，并附单据，将跟单 汇票交给信用证规定的议付行或(在信用证允许时)交给任何银行，从而 获得货款。依照《跟单信用证统一惯例》(UCP500)规定，议付包括三个 要素：一是从事议付的银行必须是经开证授权进行议付的银行。二是按照 信用证规定审核受益人提交的单据和汇票。三是必须支付价款以换取受益 人提交的汇票和单据。依照 UCP500 的规定，议付行有审核单据、支付对 价、通知的义务，同时享有向开证行索偿、向受益人追偿、UCP500规定的 免责权利。 第三部分“银行在信用证融资中的法律地位”。文章指出，信用证贸 易融资的方式主要有打包放款、出口押汇和进口押汇。打包放款又称信用 证抵押贷款，是出口方银行在出口商提供货运单据之前，凭其提供的进口 方银行开立的正本信用证作抵押，向其发放贷款的融资行为。银行具有民 法上的贷款人和抵押权人的法律地位。 出口押汇、进口押汇是国内商业银行已经普遍开展的国际贸易 融资业务。信用证项下出口押汇、进口押汇的概念，我国法律、法 规没有明确规定，UCP500也未提及，但是国内各商业银行的解释和 规定是不同的。国内大多数银行和法院主张出口押汇是出口商(受 益人)以信用证及其项下的单据作为抵押向押汇行的借贷行为，出 口押汇与议付有明显的区别。押汇行通常兼议付行或通知行的地位， 但有自己的独特法律地位，处于贷款方的地位。进口押汇关系通常 是进口商与押汇银行之间的关系，是一种设置担保的融资法律关系， 进口押汇是针对进口事项所发生的一种专项借贷行为。其中，押汇 银行就是信用证的开证行，但作为押汇银行的权利、义务是由进口 商与押汇银行在进口押汇协议中约定的。

学科：

经济法学

提交日期：

2026-01-15

引用参考：

朱泽冰. 银行在信用证业务中的法律地位研究[D]. 西南政法大学,2006.

全文附件授权许可：

知识共享许可协议-署名

  • dc.title
  • 银行在信用证业务中的法律地位研究
  • dc.contributor.schoolno
  • 2025tj526
  • dc.contributor.author
  • 朱泽冰
  • dc.contributor.affiliation
  • 行政法学院（纪检监察学院）
  • dc.contributor.degree
  • 硕士
  • dc.contributor.childdegree
  • 法律硕士
  • dc.contributor.degreeConferringInstitution
  • 西南政法大学
  • dc.identifier.year
  • 2006
  • dc.contributor.advisor
  • 唐青阳
  • dc.contributor.advisorAffiliation
  • 行政法学院（纪检监察学院）
  • dc.language.iso
  • 中文
  • dc.subject
  • ......;......;......
  • dc.subject
  • Bank;Legal Statues;Letter of Credit
  • dc.description.abstract
  • 我国各大商业银行普遍开展信用证业务，银行在信用证业务中的法律 地位显得十分重要，认真研究银行的法律地位，有助于有效预防金融风险， 促进国际贸易的发展。一般认为，银行的法律地位是指银行在因信用证业 务而产生的不同法律关系中具有不同的独立法律人格，以不同的当事人身 分参与到这些法律关系之中，享有不同的权利和负有不同的义务，承担不 同的法律责任和法律后果，从而具有不同的法律地位。 本文除前言外，共分为三个部分，约3万3千字。 第一部分“银行与信用证概述” ，简要阐述了信用证的概念及特征， 分析了银行在信用证的演变与《跟单信用证统一惯例》的变迁中的作用。 第二部分“银行在信用证结算中的法律地位”。文章认为，开证行是 指接受开证申请人的委托，为其开出信用证的银行。开证行一旦接受开证 申请书，对外开立信用证，在开证行与开证申请人之间形成了代理合同关 系，开证行处于代理人的法律地位。 开证行与受益人之间的关系是以信用证为依据的，信用证的种类不 同，开证行的法律地位也有所不同。如果开证行开出的可撤销信用证，开 证行与受益人不存在对双方有约束力的合同关系，而开证行的法律地位处 于不确定状态。如果开证行开出的不可撤销信用证，该信用证一旦送达受 益人，开证行与受益人之间就成立了对双方有约束力的合同关系。 开证行往往在信用证中指定一家异地银行为信用证项下汇票上的付 款人或是付款信用证下执行付款的银行，这就是付款行，它是开证行的付 款代理人。开证行与付款行之间权利、义务及其相应的法律地位是由双方 订立的代理合同内容决定的，开证行具有被代理人的法律地位，而付款行 具有代理人的法律地位。 实践中，开证行往往指定一家与它有帐户关系，在货币所在国即第三 国的银行充当偿付行，偿付行根据它与开证行签订的偿付协议办理支付， 其权利、义务由偿付行与开证行订立的委托代理合同内容来确定。开证行 具有委托人的法律地位，而偿付行具有受托人的法律地位。 通知行是开证行选定的出口地的一家行，通常同时作为保兑行或者议 付行或者其它中间银行，但是它作为通知行扮演了独立的角色，与保兑行、 或议付行有所不同。开证行具有委托人的法律地位，通知行具有受托人的 法律地位。 保兑行是经开证行的授权或请求，在信用证上加具保兑的银行。保兑 行的法律地位不同于民法意义上的担保人，依照 UCP500 的规定，保兑行 直接向受益人承担独立的第一性的付款责任，其性质是与开证行的付款责 任完全相同。 议付信用证是指受益人开立汇票(即期或远期)，并附单据，将跟单 汇票交给信用证规定的议付行或(在信用证允许时)交给任何银行，从而 获得货款。依照《跟单信用证统一惯例》(UCP500)规定，议付包括三个 要素：一是从事议付的银行必须是经开证授权进行议付的银行。二是按照 信用证规定审核受益人提交的单据和汇票。三是必须支付价款以换取受益 人提交的汇票和单据。依照 UCP500 的规定，议付行有审核单据、支付对 价、通知的义务，同时享有向开证行索偿、向受益人追偿、UCP500规定的 免责权利。 第三部分“银行在信用证融资中的法律地位”。文章指出，信用证贸 易融资的方式主要有打包放款、出口押汇和进口押汇。打包放款又称信用 证抵押贷款，是出口方银行在出口商提供货运单据之前，凭其提供的进口 方银行开立的正本信用证作抵押，向其发放贷款的融资行为。银行具有民 法上的贷款人和抵押权人的法律地位。 出口押汇、进口押汇是国内商业银行已经普遍开展的国际贸易 融资业务。信用证项下出口押汇、进口押汇的概念，我国法律、法 规没有明确规定，UCP500也未提及，但是国内各商业银行的解释和 规定是不同的。国内大多数银行和法院主张出口押汇是出口商(受 益人)以信用证及其项下的单据作为抵押向押汇行的借贷行为，出 口押汇与议付有明显的区别。押汇行通常兼议付行或通知行的地位， 但有自己的独特法律地位，处于贷款方的地位。进口押汇关系通常 是进口商与押汇银行之间的关系，是一种设置担保的融资法律关系， 进口押汇是针对进口事项所发生的一种专项借贷行为。其中，押汇 银行就是信用证的开证行，但作为押汇银行的权利、义务是由进口 商与押汇银行在进口押汇协议中约定的。
  • dc.description.abstract
  • The service of letter of credit has been widely developed in each of the big commercial banks in our country, thus, the legal status of banks appear to be extremely important in letter of credit service. To study the legal status of banks earnestly helps to prevent the financial risk effectively and to promote the international trade. Generally speaking, the legal status of banks refers to the different legal status produced by the different independent legal personalities of banks in the different legal relationships in the process of the participation of the different parties in these different legal relationships within different litigant identities, enjoying different rights and bearing different duties, bearing different legal liabilities and different legal sequels. This article, altogether divides into three parts, approximately 33,000 words in total besides the foreword. The first part" the bank and the letter of credit outline", briefly elaborated the concept and the characteristic of the letter of credit and analyzed the evolution of banks in the service of the letter of credit and the function of banks durning the vicissitude of" the Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits". The second part" the legal status of banks in the settlement of accounts in the letter of credit". The article believed that, once the issuing bank has accepted the application for letter of credit and opened the letter of credit, the legal relationship of agency agreement has been established between the issuing bank and the accountee, with opened the card applicant to form the agency agreement relations, issuing bank was in the legal status of agent. The relationship between the issuing bank and the beneficiary was based by the letter of credit, the issuing bank plays a different legal status within the different types of the letter of credit. For the revocable letter of credit, there is no binding contract legal relationships between the issuing bank and the beneficiary and the legal status of the issuing bank was at the indefinite condition. For the irrevocable letter of credit, the binding contract relationship was formed between the issuing bank and the beneficiary once the delivery of the letter of credit to the beneficiary. The general practice of the issuing bank is to appoint another bank in some other districts - the paying bank , as the agent of the issuing bank , to be the payer of the draft under the letter of credit or pay the money under the payment letter of credit. The rights, obligations and legal status between the issuing bank and the paying bank was determined by the content of their agent agreement concluded by both parties. In practice, the issuing bank often appoint the bank with the account relationships and in the territory of the currency- the third country as the reimburse bank. The rights, obligations between the the reimburse bank and the issuing bank was determined by the agent agreement concluded by both parties. The reimburse bank transact the payment based on the reimbursement agreement. The issuing bank was in the legal statues of the consigner and the reimbursement bank was in the legal statues of assignee. The advising bank is a bank designated by the issuing bank in the export place, usually it act as the confirming bank or negotination bank or other intermediary banks, However, it plays a independent role as the advising bank which is different from the confirming bank or the negotination bank. The issuing bank was in the legal statues of the consigner and the advising bank was in the legal statues of assignee. The confirming bank is the bank confirms on the letter of credit under the authorization or the request of the issuing bank. The legal status of the confirming bank is different with the guarantor in concept of the civil law. According to the UCP500 stipulation, the confirming bank directly undertakes the independent first payment responsibility to the beneficiary. The payment liabilities is within the same character of the issuing bank. The negotiable letter of credit refers to the opening of the draft( sight or period) and the attachment of documents by the beneficiary and the delivery of the documentary bill to the paying bank under the letter of credit or any bank(on the condition of the permission based on the letter of credit). According to the UCP500 stipulation, the payment include three elements: First, the paying bank must be the bank authorized to conduct the payment by the issuing bank. Second, the audit of the delivered documents and drafts under the letter of credit. Third, the payment of the price barter for the documents and drafts delivered by the beneficiary. According to the UCP500 stipulation, the negotiation bank bears the duty of documents auditing, price paying and the noticing, simultaneously enjoys to the issuing bank the rights to claim damages, to the beneficiary the rights to additional compensation, the UCP500 stipulation the rights to exempt the responsibilities. The third part" the legal status of bank in letter of credit financing". The article pointed out that the means of letter of credit financing include the packing loans, the export documentary bill of exchange bought and the import documentary bill of exchange bought. The packing loans , also refered as the mortgage loan of the letter of credit, means the financing activity of the export banks to grant credits on the condition of the mortgage of the original letter of credit opened by the import bank before the providation of the freight documents by the exporter. The bank was in the legal statues of lender and mortgage holder of the civil law. The export documentary bill of exchange bought and the import documentary bill of exchange bought is a international trade financing service commonly practiced among the domestic commercial banks. The concept of the export documentary bill of exchange bought and the import documentary bill of exchange bought under the letter of credit was not specifically stipulated in the laws or regulations, neither do the UCP500, however, the domestic commercial banks owns varies interpretation and stipulation. The majority of banks and courts believed that the export documentary bill of exchange bought refers to the debit and credit activity on the mortgage of the letter of credit and the documents under of the exporter(beneficiary) to the documentary bill of exchange bought bank which holds significant difference to the negotiation. The documentary bill of exchange bought bank was in the statues of accommodator and owns its unique legal statues although it commonly acts as the negotiation bank and the advising bank. The import documentary bill of exchange bought relationship refers to the relationship between the importer and the documentary bill of exchange bought bank and was a financing legal relationship with mortgages. The import documentary bill of exchange bought refers to the specific debit and orbit activities specifically to the import proceeding. The documentary bill of exchange bought bank is the issuing bank of the credit thereinto, however, its rights and obligations of the documentary bill of the exchange bought bank was stipulated in the import documentary bill of exchange bought agreement concluded by the importer and the import documentary bill of exchange bought bank.
  • dc.date.issued
  • 2026-01-15
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