学生伤害事故中学校的责任

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作者:

荆新峰

导师:

孙鹏

导师单位:

民商法学院(知识产权学院)

学位:

硕士

语种:

中文

关键词:

学生伤害事故;监护责任;归责原则;学校过错

摘要:

学校是儿童、青少年最集中的地方,基于学校工作的性质和未成年学 生的个性特征,学生伤害事故不可避免。关于学生伤害事故的处理,至今 没有一部专门法律予以规范,仅有的规定原则性强,可操作性差,因此, 在许多关键问题上,比如学生伤害事故中学校承担责任的基础、学校责任 的归责原则、学校过错的认定标准等,学术界众说纷纭,实务界见仁见智。 司法实践中,同一类型的案件处理尺度不一,结果相差悬殊,影响了法制 的统一和法律的尊严,使人们对司法的公平、公正产生质疑。学校为了避 免陷入麻烦,采取了诸如禁止组织春游、减少社会实践活动、拆除具有危 险性的体育设施等许多所谓消除隐患的措施,这些显然与现代教育理念背 道而驰,影响了素质教育的发展。鉴于此,研究学生伤害事故的相关理论 问题,理清人们思想上存在的一些模糊认识,划清学校方面应负的法律责 任,合理合法的处理学生伤害事故,做到既维护学生及其家长的合法权益, 又为学校履行教育教学职责保驾护航,将具有非常重要的理论价值和现实 意义,同时,也可为将来学生伤害事故立法提供些许的借鉴。 本文共三万三千余字,除引言和结语外,分为四个部分。文章首先界 定了学生伤害事故的概念,对学生伤害事故进行了分类,然后分析了学校 承担学生伤害事故责任的基础,即学校与学生之间的法律关系,接着用比 较分析的方法研究了学校承担责任的归责原则,最后探讨了如何认定学校 责任的问题。 第一部分——学生伤害事故概述。学生伤害事故概念中的学生主要是 指未成年学生及儿童,事故的范围限于学校实施的教育教学活动或者学校 组织的校外活动以及在学校负有管理责任的校舍、场地、其他教育教学设 施、生活设施内发生的伤害,伤害的种类包括学生本人的人身伤害以及学 生造成他人的人身伤害。从不同的角度、按不同的标准可以对事故进行不 同的分类。 第二部分——学校与学生的法律关系。关于学校与学生的法律关系, 目前有两种代表性的观点,一种是监护关系论,另一种是教育管理保护关 系论。无论从监护人的设立、监护职责和学校职责的关系,还是监护的本 质看,学校都不是未成年学生的监护人,学生入校也并不意味着监护责任 就自动转移给学校。学生和学校之间要么不存在委托监护合同,要么合同 1 对责任的承担没有约定,即便合同约定责任由学校承担,这种责任也是合 同责任而非监护责任,故学校和学生之间不存在须学校承担监护责任的监 护关系。相反,学校依法对学生负有进行安全教育、通过约束指道进行管 理、保障其安全健康成长的职责,即学校和学生之间存在着教育、管理和 保护关系,并且这种关系得到了立法的确认。 第三部分——学校责任的归责原则。比较分析各国(地区)立法发现, 在学生伤害事故适用的归责原则上,既有过错推定责任原则,又有过错责 任原则。根据学生伤害事故的特点、学校教育的性质,结合我国的现实情 况,学生伤害事故中认定学校责任不宜适用无过错责任原则和公平责任原 则,而应适用过错责任原则。这有利于公平保护各方当事人的合法权益, 对学校的各项工作起到正确的引导作用,同时也得到了相关司法解释的肯 定和支持。过错责任原则的适用并不排斥过错推定责任原则。基于无民事 行为能力人认知和表达上的缺陷,涉及未满10周岁的未成年人的学生伤 害事故,认定学校过错宜采用过错推定原则。 第四部分——学校责任的认定。学校承担学生伤害事故责任需具备三 个条件:学生受到或造成他人人身伤害且该伤害与学校的教育教学活动有 关联,学校行为与损害事实有因果关系,学校主观上存在过错。其中对学 校过错的判断是认定学校责任的关键,实践中也是家长与学校争执不下, 学者之间争论不休,对司法判决争议不断的原因,因此需要有一个相对客 观的标准来对学校过错加以判断。学校的管理职责就是这样一个标准。学 校违反了其对学生的管理职责,就是未尽适当的注意义务,也就存在过错, 需要承担侵权损害赔偿责任。借鉴国外有关学校管理职责的法律规定及实 践经验,我国学校的职责应该是有关法律、行政法规、规章、操作规程等 所规定的学校对学生的教育管理保护义务以及学校工作人员应具备的职 业道德、行为规范。此外,还要注意学校的免责和减轻责任事由,以实现 对双方利益的公平保护。

学科:

民商法学

提交日期

2026-01-14

引用参考

荆新峰. 学生伤害事故中学校的责任[D]. 西南政法大学,2008.

全文附件授权许可

知识共享许可协议-署名

  • dc.title
  • 学生伤害事故中学校的责任
  • dc.contributor.schoolno
  • 2005375
  • dc.contributor.author
  • 荆新峰
  • dc.contributor.affiliation
  • 民商法学院(知识产权学院)
  • dc.contributor.degree
  • 硕士
  • dc.contributor.childdegree
  • 法律硕士
  • dc.contributor.degreeConferringInstitution
  • 西南政法大学
  • dc.identifier.year
  • 2008
  • dc.contributor.advisor
  • 孙鹏
  • dc.contributor.advisorAffiliation
  • 民商法学院(知识产权学院)
  • dc.language.iso
  • 中文
  • dc.subject
  • 学生伤害事故;监护责任;归责原则;学校过错
  • dc.subject
  • student's injury accident, ;the responsibility of guardianship,; principle of judging liability,; school's fault
  • dc.description.abstract
  • 学校是儿童、青少年最集中的地方,基于学校工作的性质和未成年学 生的个性特征,学生伤害事故不可避免。关于学生伤害事故的处理,至今 没有一部专门法律予以规范,仅有的规定原则性强,可操作性差,因此, 在许多关键问题上,比如学生伤害事故中学校承担责任的基础、学校责任 的归责原则、学校过错的认定标准等,学术界众说纷纭,实务界见仁见智。 司法实践中,同一类型的案件处理尺度不一,结果相差悬殊,影响了法制 的统一和法律的尊严,使人们对司法的公平、公正产生质疑。学校为了避 免陷入麻烦,采取了诸如禁止组织春游、减少社会实践活动、拆除具有危 险性的体育设施等许多所谓消除隐患的措施,这些显然与现代教育理念背 道而驰,影响了素质教育的发展。鉴于此,研究学生伤害事故的相关理论 问题,理清人们思想上存在的一些模糊认识,划清学校方面应负的法律责 任,合理合法的处理学生伤害事故,做到既维护学生及其家长的合法权益, 又为学校履行教育教学职责保驾护航,将具有非常重要的理论价值和现实 意义,同时,也可为将来学生伤害事故立法提供些许的借鉴。 本文共三万三千余字,除引言和结语外,分为四个部分。文章首先界 定了学生伤害事故的概念,对学生伤害事故进行了分类,然后分析了学校 承担学生伤害事故责任的基础,即学校与学生之间的法律关系,接着用比 较分析的方法研究了学校承担责任的归责原则,最后探讨了如何认定学校 责任的问题。 第一部分——学生伤害事故概述。学生伤害事故概念中的学生主要是 指未成年学生及儿童,事故的范围限于学校实施的教育教学活动或者学校 组织的校外活动以及在学校负有管理责任的校舍、场地、其他教育教学设 施、生活设施内发生的伤害,伤害的种类包括学生本人的人身伤害以及学 生造成他人的人身伤害。从不同的角度、按不同的标准可以对事故进行不 同的分类。 第二部分——学校与学生的法律关系。关于学校与学生的法律关系, 目前有两种代表性的观点,一种是监护关系论,另一种是教育管理保护关 系论。无论从监护人的设立、监护职责和学校职责的关系,还是监护的本 质看,学校都不是未成年学生的监护人,学生入校也并不意味着监护责任 就自动转移给学校。学生和学校之间要么不存在委托监护合同,要么合同 1 对责任的承担没有约定,即便合同约定责任由学校承担,这种责任也是合 同责任而非监护责任,故学校和学生之间不存在须学校承担监护责任的监 护关系。相反,学校依法对学生负有进行安全教育、通过约束指道进行管 理、保障其安全健康成长的职责,即学校和学生之间存在着教育、管理和 保护关系,并且这种关系得到了立法的确认。 第三部分——学校责任的归责原则。比较分析各国(地区)立法发现, 在学生伤害事故适用的归责原则上,既有过错推定责任原则,又有过错责 任原则。根据学生伤害事故的特点、学校教育的性质,结合我国的现实情 况,学生伤害事故中认定学校责任不宜适用无过错责任原则和公平责任原 则,而应适用过错责任原则。这有利于公平保护各方当事人的合法权益, 对学校的各项工作起到正确的引导作用,同时也得到了相关司法解释的肯 定和支持。过错责任原则的适用并不排斥过错推定责任原则。基于无民事 行为能力人认知和表达上的缺陷,涉及未满10周岁的未成年人的学生伤 害事故,认定学校过错宜采用过错推定原则。 第四部分——学校责任的认定。学校承担学生伤害事故责任需具备三 个条件:学生受到或造成他人人身伤害且该伤害与学校的教育教学活动有 关联,学校行为与损害事实有因果关系,学校主观上存在过错。其中对学 校过错的判断是认定学校责任的关键,实践中也是家长与学校争执不下, 学者之间争论不休,对司法判决争议不断的原因,因此需要有一个相对客 观的标准来对学校过错加以判断。学校的管理职责就是这样一个标准。学 校违反了其对学生的管理职责,就是未尽适当的注意义务,也就存在过错, 需要承担侵权损害赔偿责任。借鉴国外有关学校管理职责的法律规定及实 践经验,我国学校的职责应该是有关法律、行政法规、规章、操作规程等 所规定的学校对学生的教育管理保护义务以及学校工作人员应具备的职 业道德、行为规范。此外,还要注意学校的免责和减轻责任事由,以实现 对双方利益的公平保护。
  • dc.description.abstract
  • School is the most populated place of children and teenagers. Due to the characteristics of school work and minor students' personality, student's injury accident is difficult to be avoided. But to this day there is no law which particularly deals with the student's injury accident. The only available regulation has but some abstract principles with poor practical operation. In many key issues such as the basis on which school should assume responsibility in the students' injury accident, the imputable principle of school responsibility, the standards of school fault, and so on, there's a wide spectrum of opinions in academic circles so is it in the judicial practical areas. In the actual judicial practice, the measurement to deal with the same type case has different standards accordingly, so the result can range widely. This will influence the judicial uniformity and the dignity of the legal system, and makes people question the justice and fairness of the judicial system. In order not to get into trouble, schools take some measures to eliminate the activities that have potential dangers. For example, some schools forbid the students from going hiking, reduce students' social practice activity, and pull down the sports facilities that may have some dangerous possibilities. All of these apparently contradict to the modern educational philosophy. And of course it affects the promotion of quality education. Based on the above observations, a research on the theory about student's injury accident becomes necessary, which tries to clear the confused ideas, make a clear demarcation of the schools' legal liability, and better to deal with student' s injury accident legitimately. In doing this, it can safeguard the students and their parents lawful rights and interests, and also protect the performance of the schools' educational duties. Not only does it provide great theoretical value and practical significance, but also can be used for future reference for new legislature in this respect. This thesis has a total of thirty-three thousand words and is divided into four parts besides the introduction and conclusion. First, the thesis defines the conception of students' injury accident and classifies it into some categories. It then analyses the basis of liability that school should assume in the students' injury accident. In other words, it is the legal relationship between school and students. Next, the thesis dissects the criterion of liability. Finally, the paper studies how to affirm the schools' responsibility. The first part is about the general overview of students' injury accident. Students here are mainly referred to those minor students and children. The consequences of an accident limits to the teaching activity in school or the activity that school organizes out of school, as well as those that happens in the school building and some places or other educational related teaching and living facilities for which school should be responsible. The injury kind includes students' personal injury and other injuries caused by students. From different angles and different standards, we can classify different accidents. The second part is about the legal relationship between school and student. Today there are two kinds of representational opinions. One is the custodial relationship; the other is the education, management and protection relationship. No matter from how the custodian is decided or from the duties of custodianship and school responsibility, even from the essence of custodianship, schools are not the minor students' custodians. At the same time, it also doesn't mean that the liability of guardian will transfer to school automatically when students go to school. There doesn't exist an entrusted guardian contract between school and student, or the contract doesn't engage who assume the liability. Even if the contract promises that school assume the responsibility, this responsibility will not guardian responsibility but contract one. For this reason, it doesn't exist the guardian relationship between school and students that school must assume the responsibility. On the contrast, school is responsible for carrying out safety education and conducting management under restriction and instruction, so as to ensure students' healthy growth. That's to say, the educational, administrative and protective relationship exists between school and students and this relationship has been confirmed legislatively. The third part is about the imputable principle of school responsibility. Through contrast and analysis of many national legislatures, we find there is 2 not only doctrine of presumption but also fault liability principle. When the actor faults subjectively, the doctrine of presumption will take it as constitutive requirements. In essence, it is still the fault liability principle. In terms of the characteristics of students' injury accident and school education nature, it should not commonly use no-fault liability principle and equitable responsibility in students' injury accident when we determine the school responsibility. Fault liability principle will be better if adopted. This is favorable for protecting the legal rights and interests of all parties. Meanwhile it guides all kinds of school work correctly, get affirmation and support from its relevant judicial explanation. The application of fault liability principle doesn't repel the doctrine of presumption. Based on the defect in cognition and expression of the students' incapability in civil acts it commonly adopts the doctrine of presumption when the minor students under 10 years old are involved in the students' injury accident. The fourth part is about how to determine the school's responsibility. Three conditions must be present if school assumes the responsibility. First, students suffer personal injury or make others suffer injury. What's more, the injury must be related to school education teaching activity. Second, what school does and injury facts have the cause-and-effect relationship. Third, school' s faults are subjective. How to judge school's fault is the key issue. In practice, student's parents argue with school ceaselessly and scholars argue over it nonstop. At the same time, it is also the reason for judicial decision controversy. Therefore there must be a relatively objective standard which can judge the schools' fault. The school's management duty is just the standard. If school isolates the duty, it means that school doesn't fulfill the duty of care, namely, school affirms existence fault and is responsible for compensation due to the liability for damage. The foreign laws and regulations with regard to schools' management duty and practical experience are used for reference. In terms of reference, the duty of our school should be the regulations which the relevant laws and administrative rules set and the supervisory protection obligations that school enforce, as well as the professional ethics and behavioral norms school staffs should be equipped with. Moreover, we should 3 pay attention to exempt and lower the responsibility from school to fairly safeguard two parties' interests.
  • dc.date.issued
  • 2026-01-14
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