商业银行房地产抵押法律风险研究

传播影响力
本库下载频次:
本库浏览频次:
CNKI下载频次:0

作者:

朱宏春

导师:

沈萍

导师单位:

经济法学院(生态法学院)

学位:

硕士

语种:

中文

关键词:

商业银行;房地产抵押;法律风险

摘要:

银行业是一个充满高风险的金融行业。在商业银行的经营活动中,各 种不确定的风险困扰着商业银行的发展,《有效银行监管的核心原则》(即 《巴塞尔协议》)及有关金融理论将商业银行所面临的风险分为信用风险、 操作风险、利率风险、汇率风险、法律风险、能力风险、道德风险等。因 此,我国《商业银行法》第4 条规定:商业银行以安全性、流动性、效益 性为经营原则,实行自主经营。自担风险,自负盈亏,自我约束。可见, 商业银行把安全性原则确定为商业银行经营的首要原则,最大限度地控制 风险并获取收益成为商业银行所追求的终极目标。基于控制风险、获取收 益的需要,我国《商业银行法》第36 条明确规定, “商业银行在从事贷款 业务时,借款人应提供担保。”而在借款人提供的诸多担保方式中,最普遍 采用担保方式就是房地产抵押。 房地产抵押制度作为一种精巧的债的担保制度,对实现债权,便利融 资起到了很大作用,并对现代商业银行化解经营中的风险起到了至关重要 的作用。但事实上,商业银行所面临的交易环境的复杂性、多变性及现行 法律制度和法律环境的变化,导致房地产抵押制度本身并不能完全防范和 化解商业银行所面临的各种风险。鉴于本文是一篇法学论文,笔者虽然在 文中使用了《巴塞尔协议》中法律风险这一概念,但并不是要对商业银行 所面临的各种风险进行综合性的分析,而在于分析理论和实践中房地产抵 押制度存在的各种法律风险样态,探寻防范和化解这些风险的法律措施, 并对司法实践中我国房地产抵押法律制度所出现的一些有争议的问题进行 初步的论述。 本文共分四个部分,第一部分是房地产抵押的理论构建及实证分析,该 部分从三个方面进行了分析,分别是:一、房地产抵押的历史源流和理论 基础;二、房地产抵押担保在商业银行信贷业务中的地位和作用;三、商 业银行房地产抵押担保的分类及适用的业务种类。需要说明的是,虽然我 国《担保法》第34条和第36条分别规定了“抵押人依法承包并经发包方 同意抵押的荒山、荒沟、荒丘、荒滩等荒地的土地使用权”和“以乡(镇)、 村企业的厂房等建筑物抵押的,其占用范围内的土地使用权同时抵押”两 种房地产抵押方式,但在实践中商业银行基于控制风险的需要已很少采用 以上两种抵押担保方式,所以本文未对上述两类抵押担保方式进行论述。 第二部分是房地产抵押法律风险的样态。这一部分是从十个方面对商 业银行在房地产抵押中所面临的法律风险进行论述,包括:一、建筑工程 款优先权的行使对商业银行的法律风险;二、购房人消费者权利的行使对 商业银行的法律风险;三、租赁权的行使对商业银行的法律风险;四、税 款、工资、劳动保险费优先权的行使对商业银行的法律风险;五、房地分 别抵押对商业银行的法律风险;六、房地产抵押登记的瑕疵对商业银行的 法律风险;七、商业银行在国有土地使用权抵押中的法律风险;八、商业 银行在按揭抵押担保中的法律风险;九、商业银行在最高额房地产抵押中 的法律风险;十、房地产抵押权的实现对商业银行的法律风险。笔者花如 此大的篇幅论述上述十类法律风险,不仅是为了分析法律风险本身,而是 为了进一步对我国现行房地产抵押法律制度中存在的争议和分歧进行探 讨,并力图寻求解决的方案。 第三部分是房地产抵押法律风险防范。这一部分从三个层面系统地论 述了商业银行房地产抵押法律风险的防范:第一层面是房地产抵押法律风 险防范—银行内部管理层次,包括四点内容:(一)加强贷前的论证评估、 合理确定抵押房地产实现的净值;(二)加强对抵押房地产瑕疵的调查,选 择适于变现的抵押房地产;(三)加强抵押房地产的贷后管理;(四)抵押 物权属的尽职调查;(五)借款人欠税情况的尽职调查;第二层面是房地产 抵押法律风险防范—外部法律制度建构层次,包括六点内容:(一)建立完 备的商品房预告登记制度;(二)建立房地产登记的联网查询制度、增进购 房人的消费经验;(三)建立房地产登记机关的赔偿机制;(四)统一抵押 登记机关,解决房地分别抵押的法律风险;(五)建立完备的租赁权强制备 案登记制度,规制恶意租赁行为;(六)设立建筑工程款优先权的登记备案 制度;第三层面是房地产抵押法律风险防范—金融手段创新层次,包括: (一)信贷资产证券化;(二)房地产抵押中的保险;(三)债务人法定代 表人无限责任的承诺及专业担保公司提供补充担保。笔者在这一部分的论 述是围绕防范化解商业银行的房地产抵押各类风险这一目标而展开,其根 本目的是为了实现商业银行安全性这一经营目标。 第四部分是结论,该部分的主要内容是商业银行必须从自身经营出发, 高度重视商业银行房地产抵押中的法律风险,以应对金融全球化的挑战。 常言道:“徒法不足以自行”。笔者认为,仅靠有限的法律规范并不能 完全解决现实中所存在的各种法律问题,社会关系的复杂性与法律规范的 有限性始终是一对不可调和的矛盾,任何精微奥妙的法学理论都不能完全 解决现实生活中存在的所有法律问题,法律必须不断适应社会关系的变化。 由于笔者才疏学浅,理论功底有限,本文中难免存在许多错误和遗漏,在 法学理论的理解和把握上也肯定存在诸多偏差,笔者恳请各位导师及学界 同仁不吝赐教。同时,笔者也将继续不懈地努力学习法律知识,提高自身 的学识和水平,继续对法学理论进行更深入地探索和研究。

学科:

民商法学

提交日期

2026-01-14

引用参考

朱宏春. 商业银行房地产抵押法律风险研究[D]. 西南政法大学,2006.

全文附件授权许可

知识共享许可协议-署名

  • dc.title
  • 商业银行房地产抵押法律风险研究
  • dc.contributor.schoolno
  • 2025tj514
  • dc.contributor.author
  • 朱宏春
  • dc.contributor.affiliation
  • 经济法学院(生态法学院)
  • dc.contributor.degree
  • 硕士
  • dc.contributor.childdegree
  • 法学硕士
  • dc.contributor.degreeConferringInstitution
  • 西南政法大学
  • dc.identifier.year
  • 2006
  • dc.contributor.advisor
  • 沈萍
  • dc.contributor.advisorAffiliation
  • 经济法学院(生态法学院)
  • dc.language.iso
  • 中文
  • dc.subject
  • 商业银行;房地产抵押;法律风险
  • dc.subject
  • Commercial banks;Real estate mortgage;Legal risk
  • dc.description.abstract
  • 银行业是一个充满高风险的金融行业。在商业银行的经营活动中,各 种不确定的风险困扰着商业银行的发展,《有效银行监管的核心原则》(即 《巴塞尔协议》)及有关金融理论将商业银行所面临的风险分为信用风险、 操作风险、利率风险、汇率风险、法律风险、能力风险、道德风险等。因 此,我国《商业银行法》第4 条规定:商业银行以安全性、流动性、效益 性为经营原则,实行自主经营。自担风险,自负盈亏,自我约束。可见, 商业银行把安全性原则确定为商业银行经营的首要原则,最大限度地控制 风险并获取收益成为商业银行所追求的终极目标。基于控制风险、获取收 益的需要,我国《商业银行法》第36 条明确规定, “商业银行在从事贷款 业务时,借款人应提供担保。”而在借款人提供的诸多担保方式中,最普遍 采用担保方式就是房地产抵押。 房地产抵押制度作为一种精巧的债的担保制度,对实现债权,便利融 资起到了很大作用,并对现代商业银行化解经营中的风险起到了至关重要 的作用。但事实上,商业银行所面临的交易环境的复杂性、多变性及现行 法律制度和法律环境的变化,导致房地产抵押制度本身并不能完全防范和 化解商业银行所面临的各种风险。鉴于本文是一篇法学论文,笔者虽然在 文中使用了《巴塞尔协议》中法律风险这一概念,但并不是要对商业银行 所面临的各种风险进行综合性的分析,而在于分析理论和实践中房地产抵 押制度存在的各种法律风险样态,探寻防范和化解这些风险的法律措施, 并对司法实践中我国房地产抵押法律制度所出现的一些有争议的问题进行 初步的论述。 本文共分四个部分,第一部分是房地产抵押的理论构建及实证分析,该 部分从三个方面进行了分析,分别是:一、房地产抵押的历史源流和理论 基础;二、房地产抵押担保在商业银行信贷业务中的地位和作用;三、商 业银行房地产抵押担保的分类及适用的业务种类。需要说明的是,虽然我 国《担保法》第34条和第36条分别规定了“抵押人依法承包并经发包方 同意抵押的荒山、荒沟、荒丘、荒滩等荒地的土地使用权”和“以乡(镇)、 村企业的厂房等建筑物抵押的,其占用范围内的土地使用权同时抵押”两 种房地产抵押方式,但在实践中商业银行基于控制风险的需要已很少采用 以上两种抵押担保方式,所以本文未对上述两类抵押担保方式进行论述。 第二部分是房地产抵押法律风险的样态。这一部分是从十个方面对商 业银行在房地产抵押中所面临的法律风险进行论述,包括:一、建筑工程 款优先权的行使对商业银行的法律风险;二、购房人消费者权利的行使对 商业银行的法律风险;三、租赁权的行使对商业银行的法律风险;四、税 款、工资、劳动保险费优先权的行使对商业银行的法律风险;五、房地分 别抵押对商业银行的法律风险;六、房地产抵押登记的瑕疵对商业银行的 法律风险;七、商业银行在国有土地使用权抵押中的法律风险;八、商业 银行在按揭抵押担保中的法律风险;九、商业银行在最高额房地产抵押中 的法律风险;十、房地产抵押权的实现对商业银行的法律风险。笔者花如 此大的篇幅论述上述十类法律风险,不仅是为了分析法律风险本身,而是 为了进一步对我国现行房地产抵押法律制度中存在的争议和分歧进行探 讨,并力图寻求解决的方案。 第三部分是房地产抵押法律风险防范。这一部分从三个层面系统地论 述了商业银行房地产抵押法律风险的防范:第一层面是房地产抵押法律风 险防范—银行内部管理层次,包括四点内容:(一)加强贷前的论证评估、 合理确定抵押房地产实现的净值;(二)加强对抵押房地产瑕疵的调查,选 择适于变现的抵押房地产;(三)加强抵押房地产的贷后管理;(四)抵押 物权属的尽职调查;(五)借款人欠税情况的尽职调查;第二层面是房地产 抵押法律风险防范—外部法律制度建构层次,包括六点内容:(一)建立完 备的商品房预告登记制度;(二)建立房地产登记的联网查询制度、增进购 房人的消费经验;(三)建立房地产登记机关的赔偿机制;(四)统一抵押 登记机关,解决房地分别抵押的法律风险;(五)建立完备的租赁权强制备 案登记制度,规制恶意租赁行为;(六)设立建筑工程款优先权的登记备案 制度;第三层面是房地产抵押法律风险防范—金融手段创新层次,包括: (一)信贷资产证券化;(二)房地产抵押中的保险;(三)债务人法定代 表人无限责任的承诺及专业担保公司提供补充担保。笔者在这一部分的论 述是围绕防范化解商业银行的房地产抵押各类风险这一目标而展开,其根 本目的是为了实现商业银行安全性这一经营目标。 第四部分是结论,该部分的主要内容是商业银行必须从自身经营出发, 高度重视商业银行房地产抵押中的法律风险,以应对金融全球化的挑战。 常言道:“徒法不足以自行”。笔者认为,仅靠有限的法律规范并不能 完全解决现实中所存在的各种法律问题,社会关系的复杂性与法律规范的 有限性始终是一对不可调和的矛盾,任何精微奥妙的法学理论都不能完全 解决现实生活中存在的所有法律问题,法律必须不断适应社会关系的变化。 由于笔者才疏学浅,理论功底有限,本文中难免存在许多错误和遗漏,在 法学理论的理解和把握上也肯定存在诸多偏差,笔者恳请各位导师及学界 同仁不吝赐教。同时,笔者也将继续不懈地努力学习法律知识,提高自身 的学识和水平,继续对法学理论进行更深入地探索和研究。
  • dc.description.abstract
  • Bank industry is a high-risking financial industry. In its management, the commercial bank is embarrassed by all kinds of indefinite risks. According to the Core Principles for Effective Banking Supervision, what is Basle Core Principles, the risks which commercial banks confront can be classified into many groups, such as credit risk, operation risk, interest rate risk, exchange rate risk, legal risk, ability risk, morality risk, etc. Therefore, the article 4 of The Law of the People' s Republic of China on Commercial Banks defines that commercial banks, working on the principle of safety, efficiency, and fluid, should develop by itself. That means commercial banks should pay full autonomy and responsibility to their own risks, profits and losses, and activities. It is thus clear that commercial banks regard the principle of safety as the basic principle of its management, and set its ultimate goal of controlling risks and making profits at all costs. To realize these two goals, the article 36 of The Law of the People's Republic of China on Commercial Banks defines a borrower should provide guarantee for commercial loans. Among all guarantees a borrow can provide, the real estate mortgage is the most popular one. Being an exquisite guarantee of debt system, the real estate mortgage not only helps a lot in realizing creditor's rights and providing convience to loan money, but also plays a significant role in managing the risks modern commercial banks face. However, on account of the complex and changeful business environment and the change of current law system and its environment, the real estate mortgage can't defend and manage these risks entirely. Although this is a thesis about the law, by taking the concept of legal risk from Basle Core Principles, I don't mean to analyse all risks of commercial banks, but to analyze various forms of risks of the real estate mortgage in theory and in practice, to explore the laws of defending and managing these risks, and to expound and settle some real estate mortgage questions at issue in judicature practice. There are four parts in this thesis. The first part is mainly about theory foundation of the real estate mortgage and some positive analysis. In this part, three points are mentioned---the first one is the historical origin of the real estate mortgage and its theory foundation; the second one, its status and effect in credit business of commercial banks; the third one, the classification of the real estate mortgage and its corresponding business. There is one thing must be explained, notwithstanding the article 34 and article 36 of The Law of the People' s Republic of China defines two forms of real estate mortgage - --"Land use rights of barren hills, ravines, shoals and other wastelands the mortgagor legally contracted, with the approval of the party that issued the contract" and"when buildings of the ownership and village enterprises are mortgaged, the associated land use rights shall also be mortgaged at the same time"---I don't discuss these two forms in this thesis, for commercial banks, considering the risks control, nowadays rarely apply these two into practice. The second part aims to classify the forms of legal risk in the real estate mortgage. There are ten legal risks analyzed. They are the risk of performing the priority of money paid for construction of projects, the risk of performing a house buyer's rights, the risk of performing lease rights, the risk of priority of tax, salary and labor insurance cost, the risk of building and land separately mortgaged, the risk of faulty real estate mortgage registration, the risks of use rights of state-owned lands, the risk of mortgage, the risk of maximum real estate mortgage, the risk of realization of real estate mortgage rights. I cover many pages on these ten risks not only to analyze them but to discuss the existing disputes about them in our country's real estate mortgage system and to figure out solutions to them. The third part explains how to defend and eliminate legal risks in the real estate mortgage in commercial banks. Three levels are listed systematically to answer this question. The first level, namely the Precaution and Elimination of Legal Risks in Real Estate Mortgage and the Interior Management of Banks Level, involves five aspects. First, commercial banks should evaluate and make sure of the net value of mortgaged real estate properly before supply loan; Second, commercial banks should investigate flaws of mortgaged real estate widely and choose the cash-available one; Third, commercial banks should manage the mortgaged real estate well after its loan; Fourth, commercial banks should be convinced of ownership of mortgage; Fifth, commercial banks should fulfill it's duty to investigate the tax being in arrears of a borrower; The second level, the Precaution and Elimination of Legal Risks in Real Estate Loan Mortgage and Relative Legal Systems Level, runs on establishing six relative legal systems--- the system of precaution registration, the system of internet inquiry of real estate registration, the system of compensation of real estate registration institution, the system of unifying the mortgage institution of registration to solve the problem of separate mortgage of land and house, the system of coercive lease registration completely to avoid malicious lease, the system of enregistering the priority of money paid for project construction. The third level, the Precaution and Elimination of Legal risks in Real Estate Mortgage and Initial Financial Means Level, provides three new ways---securitization of credit assets, insurance in the real estate mortgage and a promise of unlimited liability given by a borrower's representative or a supplementary guarantee supplied by professional guarantee corporations. Discoursing upon how to defend and eliminate risks of law in the real estate loan mortgage, I intend to fulfill the goal of safe management of commercial banks. The fourth part draws a conclusion to evoke commercial banks' high attention to the legal risks of the real estate mortgage, thus to suit financial globalization. As it has been said, "The law can't settle all problems." I believe that limited legal provisions can't solve all legal problems in reality, and there will be a forever controversy between the complicate human relations in society and limited legal provisions. Theory of law can't deal with everything; laws have to be adjusted to always changing human relations in society. There may be some small faults and misunderstandings in this thesis, and I thank supervisors very much for giving me some instructions. I will try my best to study knowledge of law and improve myself in this field.
  • dc.date.issued
  • 2026-01-14
回到顶部