新公共管理视野下的我国警察组织结构改革

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归属院系:

刑事侦查学院

作者:

何英

导师:

但彦铮

导师单位:

刑事侦查学院

学位:

硕士

语种:

中文

关键词:

新公共管理;扁平化结构;警察组织结构;改革

摘要:

当前各国掀起了新公共管理运动,减少政府组织层次,缩小行政高层与基层的沟通距离,改自上而下的集权式决策方式为自下而上的参与式决策方式。在国内,新一轮政府机构“大部制”1改革的大幕已经拉开了,它大大减少了政府部门之间职能的交叉,改“九龙治水”为“一龙管水”,转变政府职能,优化组织结构,降低行政成本,有利于提高行政效率。这些都对警察组织结构改革产生了深远影响:传统警察组织的层次关系因此进行了大幅度的调整,下方权力(尤其是决策权力)到基层行政机关和人员,分权使得复杂的组织模式层次减少。而学术界的基本观点是建立扁平化的警察组织结构。本文作者正是在这样的社会背景下,从新公共管理的视角来探讨我国警察组织结构改革。 本文分为四个部分。 第一部分:新公共管理理论。本部分主要是介绍新公共管理中关于组织结构哲学的基本理论。首先,分析传统官僚制组织结构的弊端。其次,对新公共管理理论下的新型组织结构一扁平化组织结构进行介绍。这里主要从扁平化组织的优点和本质来说明与官僚制组织结构的区别。再次,对各国警察组织结构改革趋势进行把握。美国、英国等西方国家都有关于警察组织结构改革的经验,主要是实现警察组织结构的扁平化,优化警察组织结构和组织分权与集权的融合。一方面各国警察组织结构发生改变,原来传统的高耸的尖型棱锥体组织结构实现了扁平化的转变,警务信息传递更为迅速和流畅,高层与基层直接对话,便于高层管理者及时了解情况,有利于高级管理者与下层管理者组成较大的集体,决策时群策群力,快速有效解决问题。另一方面,各国的警察机关结构大同小异,原来甲的警察组织结构,现在乙国也有了,或是有了类似的东西。各国警察机关之间的协调、合作逐步增加,有形成跨国、跨地区警察联邦(联盟)的趋势,如欧洲共同体的警务合作式的警察机关结构就是典型。这一趋势对我国警察组织结构改革有所启示;了解、分析各国察组织机构的优劣,深入我国警察机构内部,充分调研,形成对本国现有警察机关结构的缺陷以及改革的看法,从而建立适合本国国情的警察机关结构模式。 第二部分:我国警察组织结构形成与改革。本部分主要是对我国警察组织结构的历史沿革、现状以及改革中遇到的阻力和困境进行分析和总结。首先,介绍学术界对组织结构的多种定义。在此基础上,提出自己对警察组织结构的概念的理解。其次,从横向和纵向结构对对我国现行警察组织结构体制进行分析。再次,回顾我国警察组织结构改革历程,并从中总结当前组织结构存在的问题。我国警察组织结构经过了四次大的机构改革,经过四次大的机构改革后,我国警察组织结构虽然有一定的优化,但是始终没有走出三个误区:机构改革中职能的“膨胀失调-紧缩-再膨胀失调-再紧缩调整”的误区、机构“精简-膨胀-再精简-再膨胀”的误区、机构改革中警力的“下沉-上浮-再下沉-再上浮”的误区、机构改革中权力“下放一上收一再下放一再上收”的误区。而这一结构与警务活动的矛盾日益突出,主要存在如下的问题:我国警察组织结构层次较多,导致管理成本较高,并影响了警务信息决策的速度和质量;警察组织机构内部分工过细,职权不明,机构臃肿,协调困难;警察组织结构的机械性和僵化性;权力配置上,以集权为主,导致警务人员积极性和主动性降低;组织机构设置的人治。最后,对当前改革遇到的阻力及困境进行分析。警察组织结构改革面临着从警察组织层面、警察人员个体层面、警察群体以及警察组织结构改革本身的阻力。 第三部分:新公共管理下的我国警察组织结构改革。本部分是本文的核心部分。当前警察组织机构改革面临着困境,而且工作上也存在弊端,而新公共管理理论为现代警务改革提供了一种理论模式和经验,其对现代警察组织结构改革有很大的启示:吸收新公共管理理论的组织结构哲学,改原来金字塔型结构模式为扁平化的结构模式,扩大管理幅度,缩减管理层次,删减大量原先为了信息的传递和组织协调而设的中间管理层次,从而实现管理层次少、管理费用低、管理跨度大、信息沟通时间少,最终实现警务效益最大化和警力资源的优化配置。首先,以建立服务型警察组织为目标,重新定位警察职能。建立服务型警察组织,降低警察调控的限度,建立“有限警察”。其次,根据精干高效的原则,以实现扁平化与柔性化管理为目标,进行警察组织流程再造。一是通过减少组织层次,变三级为两级,使得指挥链减小。将过去城市公安机构的公安局、公安分局和公安派出所的三级管理,变为两级管理,取消中间环节,把派出所做强做大,最大限度地将警力下沉,解决机关膨胀‘腰粗’问题,实现警务效能的最大化。二是合并职能交叉或相近的部门和警种,实现警种集约化。三是推进“电子警务”,实行流程再造。再次,垂直授权强基层,分权管理强部门。新公共管理主张政府组织结构应进一步扁平化,倡导分权。实行分权,一是要实现警务管理主体的多元化,二是发挥社会中介组织的作用,实现警民共治,三是精简机关和警力下沉相结合,充实基层一线警力,赋予基层派出所更多的主动权。 2第四部分:构建扁平化的警察组织结构的注意事项。本部分主要是对构建扁平化警察组织结构的局限进行分析。扁平化组织结构也有它自身的局限:警务环境的稳定性与任务的常规性,警察机构应当选择适当的层次高度、集权程度、专业化水平;职能层级的合理梯次,扁平化结构适用于职能层级太多,如果各地方警察组织结构不存在这些情况,也就没有必要盲目实行扁平化了;确定分权与集权的适度平衡点,扁平化结构中的分权方法中,必须在集权和分权之间寻找一个平衡点;扁平化结构与组织所处的发展阶段密切相关。世界上不存在最先进的组织结构理念,只有最适合各国警察组织自身发展的结构,所以警察机关在进行组织结构的设计和改革过程中,要充分考虑适合中国国情,充分考虑影响警察组织结构类型和组织方法的因素。

学科:

警察科学

提交日期

2026-01-12

引用参考

何英. 新公共管理视野下的我国警察组织结构改革[D]. 西南政法大学,2009.

全文附件授权许可

知识共享许可协议-署名

  • dc.title
  • 新公共管理视野下的我国警察组织结构改革
  • dc.contributor.schoolno
  • 20060301220402
  • dc.contributor.author
  • 何英
  • dc.contributor.affiliation
  • 刑事侦查学院
  • dc.contributor.degree
  • 硕士
  • dc.contributor.childdegree
  • 法学硕士
  • dc.contributor.degreeConferringInstitution
  • 西南政法大学
  • dc.identifier.year
  • 2009
  • dc.contributor.advisor
  • 但彦铮
  • dc.contributor.advisorAffiliation
  • 刑事侦查学院
  • dc.language.iso
  • 中文
  • dc.subject
  • 新公共管理;扁平化结构;警察组织结构;改革
  • dc.subject
  • New public management;Police organizational structure;Decentralization;Reform
  • dc.description.abstract
  • 当前各国掀起了新公共管理运动,减少政府组织层次,缩小行政高层与基层的沟通距离,改自上而下的集权式决策方式为自下而上的参与式决策方式。在国内,新一轮政府机构“大部制”1改革的大幕已经拉开了,它大大减少了政府部门之间职能的交叉,改“九龙治水”为“一龙管水”,转变政府职能,优化组织结构,降低行政成本,有利于提高行政效率。这些都对警察组织结构改革产生了深远影响:传统警察组织的层次关系因此进行了大幅度的调整,下方权力(尤其是决策权力)到基层行政机关和人员,分权使得复杂的组织模式层次减少。而学术界的基本观点是建立扁平化的警察组织结构。本文作者正是在这样的社会背景下,从新公共管理的视角来探讨我国警察组织结构改革。 本文分为四个部分。 第一部分:新公共管理理论。本部分主要是介绍新公共管理中关于组织结构哲学的基本理论。首先,分析传统官僚制组织结构的弊端。其次,对新公共管理理论下的新型组织结构一扁平化组织结构进行介绍。这里主要从扁平化组织的优点和本质来说明与官僚制组织结构的区别。再次,对各国警察组织结构改革趋势进行把握。美国、英国等西方国家都有关于警察组织结构改革的经验,主要是实现警察组织结构的扁平化,优化警察组织结构和组织分权与集权的融合。一方面各国警察组织结构发生改变,原来传统的高耸的尖型棱锥体组织结构实现了扁平化的转变,警务信息传递更为迅速和流畅,高层与基层直接对话,便于高层管理者及时了解情况,有利于高级管理者与下层管理者组成较大的集体,决策时群策群力,快速有效解决问题。另一方面,各国的警察机关结构大同小异,原来甲的警察组织结构,现在乙国也有了,或是有了类似的东西。各国警察机关之间的协调、合作逐步增加,有形成跨国、跨地区警察联邦(联盟)的趋势,如欧洲共同体的警务合作式的警察机关结构就是典型。这一趋势对我国警察组织结构改革有所启示;了解、分析各国察组织机构的优劣,深入我国警察机构内部,充分调研,形成对本国现有警察机关结构的缺陷以及改革的看法,从而建立适合本国国情的警察机关结构模式。 第二部分:我国警察组织结构形成与改革。本部分主要是对我国警察组织结构的历史沿革、现状以及改革中遇到的阻力和困境进行分析和总结。首先,介绍学术界对组织结构的多种定义。在此基础上,提出自己对警察组织结构的概念的理解。其次,从横向和纵向结构对对我国现行警察组织结构体制进行分析。再次,回顾我国警察组织结构改革历程,并从中总结当前组织结构存在的问题。我国警察组织结构经过了四次大的机构改革,经过四次大的机构改革后,我国警察组织结构虽然有一定的优化,但是始终没有走出三个误区:机构改革中职能的“膨胀失调-紧缩-再膨胀失调-再紧缩调整”的误区、机构“精简-膨胀-再精简-再膨胀”的误区、机构改革中警力的“下沉-上浮-再下沉-再上浮”的误区、机构改革中权力“下放一上收一再下放一再上收”的误区。而这一结构与警务活动的矛盾日益突出,主要存在如下的问题:我国警察组织结构层次较多,导致管理成本较高,并影响了警务信息决策的速度和质量;警察组织机构内部分工过细,职权不明,机构臃肿,协调困难;警察组织结构的机械性和僵化性;权力配置上,以集权为主,导致警务人员积极性和主动性降低;组织机构设置的人治。最后,对当前改革遇到的阻力及困境进行分析。警察组织结构改革面临着从警察组织层面、警察人员个体层面、警察群体以及警察组织结构改革本身的阻力。 第三部分:新公共管理下的我国警察组织结构改革。本部分是本文的核心部分。当前警察组织机构改革面临着困境,而且工作上也存在弊端,而新公共管理理论为现代警务改革提供了一种理论模式和经验,其对现代警察组织结构改革有很大的启示:吸收新公共管理理论的组织结构哲学,改原来金字塔型结构模式为扁平化的结构模式,扩大管理幅度,缩减管理层次,删减大量原先为了信息的传递和组织协调而设的中间管理层次,从而实现管理层次少、管理费用低、管理跨度大、信息沟通时间少,最终实现警务效益最大化和警力资源的优化配置。首先,以建立服务型警察组织为目标,重新定位警察职能。建立服务型警察组织,降低警察调控的限度,建立“有限警察”。其次,根据精干高效的原则,以实现扁平化与柔性化管理为目标,进行警察组织流程再造。一是通过减少组织层次,变三级为两级,使得指挥链减小。将过去城市公安机构的公安局、公安分局和公安派出所的三级管理,变为两级管理,取消中间环节,把派出所做强做大,最大限度地将警力下沉,解决机关膨胀‘腰粗’问题,实现警务效能的最大化。二是合并职能交叉或相近的部门和警种,实现警种集约化。三是推进“电子警务”,实行流程再造。再次,垂直授权强基层,分权管理强部门。新公共管理主张政府组织结构应进一步扁平化,倡导分权。实行分权,一是要实现警务管理主体的多元化,二是发挥社会中介组织的作用,实现警民共治,三是精简机关和警力下沉相结合,充实基层一线警力,赋予基层派出所更多的主动权。 2第四部分:构建扁平化的警察组织结构的注意事项。本部分主要是对构建扁平化警察组织结构的局限进行分析。扁平化组织结构也有它自身的局限:警务环境的稳定性与任务的常规性,警察机构应当选择适当的层次高度、集权程度、专业化水平;职能层级的合理梯次,扁平化结构适用于职能层级太多,如果各地方警察组织结构不存在这些情况,也就没有必要盲目实行扁平化了;确定分权与集权的适度平衡点,扁平化结构中的分权方法中,必须在集权和分权之间寻找一个平衡点;扁平化结构与组织所处的发展阶段密切相关。世界上不存在最先进的组织结构理念,只有最适合各国警察组织自身发展的结构,所以警察机关在进行组织结构的设计和改革过程中,要充分考虑适合中国国情,充分考虑影响警察组织结构类型和组织方法的因素。
  • dc.description.abstract
  • Nowadays, States set off new public management exercise, reduce the level of governmental organizations, narrow communication distance between high-level administration and the grass-roots, change the top-down centralized decision-making approach to bottom-up participatory decision-making. In China, the big screen of a new roundof government agencies reform" Most of the system" has been opened, it greatly reduces the functions cross between government departments, changes the" nine dragons flood" as" one dragon water", transformates government functions and optimizes the organizational structure, reduces administrative costs, and it is beneficial to improve administrative efficiency. These have had a far-reaching impact on the reform of police organizational structure: the traditional relationship between the level of police organizations has been conducted a huge adjustment, below the power (especially the decision-making powers) to thegrassroots level executive and staff, the separation of powers reduce the level of complex organizational model. The basic opinion of the academia is to set up a flat organizational structure. It is in this social context that the author of this article explores the reform of our country's police organizational structure from perspective of the new public management. This article is divided into four parts. Part I: new public management theory. This section is mainly introducing the basic theory of new public management philosophy regarding the organizational structure. First of all, the author anglicizes the disadvantages of the organizational structure of the traditional bureaucratic system. Second, the author introduces the new organizational structure under the new public management theory--a flat organizational structure. Third, grasp the trends of the organizational structure reform of national police. There is experiences about police organizational structure reform in the United States, Britain and other Western countries, mainly about the implementation of the flat police organizational structure, optimizing the organizational structure of police organizations and integration of decentralization and centralization of organizational power. For one hand, States police organizational structure hasbeen changed, Original traditional tall pyramid tip body type organizational structure achieve changes to a flat type, transmission of police information becomes more rapid and smooth, high-level direct dialogue with the grassroots, it is facilitate for high-level managers to keepabreast of the situation, and it is beneficial to composite larger collective with senior managers and lower managers, make decision together, and solve the problem quickly andefficiently. For the other hand, Countries, more or less, have the same structure of police authorities, for example, the original A police organizational structure, now also made to State B, or with something like that. The coordination and cooperation in different countries' police authorities are gradually increased, there is a trend of the formation of transnational, trans-regional Police Federation (Union), such as the European Community co-operativestructure is a typical police department. This trend has enlightenment to our country's police organizational structure reform: understanding and analysis of advantages and disadvantages about countries' police organizational structure, in-depth the interior of our country's police organizational structure, with full investigation, they will form their own views of the defects and the reform about existing police structure, then, they will set up a police organizational structure which is suited to their national conditions. Part II The formation and reform of our country's police organizational structure. This section is mainly analysis and summary of the history and status of police organizational structure, and resistance and difficulties in the reform of police organizational structure. First of all, the introduction a wide range of definitions of the organizational structure among the academic community. On this basis, put forward its own understanding of the concept of police organizational structure. Secondly, they will analysis the system of our country's police organizational structure from the horizontal and vertical structure. Again, recalling the process of our country's police organizational structure reform, and summarizing problems of currentorganizational structure. Our country's police organizational structure has been experiencedfour largest institutional reforms. After the four largest institutional reform, although there have a certain degree of optimization of our country's police organizational structure, they never out of three errors: the errors of" expansion disorders - austerity - and then expansion disorders - re-tightening adjustment" the functions in institutional reform; the errors of " streamlining - expansion-further streamlining-re-expansion" institutions; the errors of" tosink - up - re-sink - re-float" the police force in institutional reform; the errors of" decentralization-on land-and then decentralization - and then close up" the power in theinstitutional reform. But the contradiction between this structure and policing activity increasingly prominent, The main questions existed are as follows: There are more levels of our country's police organizational structure, leading to higher management costs and having 2impact on the speed and quality of police information decision-making; internal division ofthe police organization meticulous, terms unknown, bloated bodies, coordination difficult; the mechanical rigidity of police organizational structure; configuration on power, centralization of power in the main causes police officers to reduce the enthusiasm and initiative; the rule of man of organizational settings. Finally, analysis resistance and difficulties the current reforms have met. The reform of police organizational structure are faced resistance from the police organizational level, individual level of police officers, police groups, as well as the police organizational structure itself. Part III: The reform of police organizational structure in our country since New Public Management. This section is the core of this article. The current reform of the police organizations is facing difficulties, and there are also drawbacks of work. However, as a modern police reform the new public management theory provides a theoretical model andexperience, it also has a lot of inspiration to the reform of modern police organizational structure: absorb philosophy of the new public management theory and organizational structure, change the original pyramid structure model to flat model, expand the management margins, reduce the management levels, delete a large number of in-between organizationswhich were set up to coordinate and deliver information between the managements, in order to achieve less management level, low-cost management, management of long-span, andless time to communicate, finally realize and maximize the benefits of optimizing theallocation of police resources. First of all, set up a service-oriented police organizations as the goal, reposit police functions. Set up service-oriented police organizations, reduce the limits of police regulation, set up" limited police. " Secondly, in accordance with the principles ofefficient, to achieve the objective of a flat and flexible management, it is important have a process re engineering for police organizations. First, by reducing the organizational level, three levels has been changed to two, command chain become shorter. Change the three levels of management(city public security authority, Public Security Bureau, public security station) into a two-tier management, put an end to in-between organizations so the police station can grow in size and strength, then the maximum police force will be delegated to local government and ' Rough waist ' problems can be solved , finally realize the maximumperformance of the police. Second, combine merged functions or similar cross-departmentand police, police implementation intensified. Three, promote the" electronic police", implement process reengineering. Third, vertical authorize make strong grass-roots, 3decentralized management make department strong. New public management advocates thatthe government should further flat organizational structure, and same to the separation of powers. For he separation of powers, we should first realize the diversification of the main police management, social intermediary organizations can also play a role of policegovernance. At last, the combination of streamline and police force locally enrich grassroots frontline police, give the grass-roots police station more initiative. Part IV: attention of constructing a flat police organizational structure. This section is mainly analysis limitations on the construction of a flat police organizational structure. Flat organizational structure also has its own limitations: the stability of police environment and routine of mission, police agencies should select the appropriate level height, the degree of centralization, specialization level; the reasonable echelon of functions level, flat structure is applicable to so many function levels, if the local police organizational structure does not exist these circumstances, there was no need to blindly implement the flat; to determine an appropriate point of balance between decentralization and centralization of power, among the approach of decentralization in flat structure, they must find a balance between centralization and decentralization; flat organizational structure is closely related to the stage of development. The world does not exist the most advanced concepts of organizational structure,only exists the structure which is the most suitable for the self-development of one country's police organizational structure, so in the design and the reform process of organizational structure, the police authority should give full consideration to fit China's national situation and give full consideration to the factors which have impact on the type of police organizational structure and organizational methods. Keywords: ; ;
  • dc.date.issued
  • 2026-01-12
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