试论马克思自然观及其传承与效应

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归属院系:

马克思主义学院

作者:

宋清爽

导师:

李春茹

导师单位:

马克思主义学院

学位:

硕士

语种:

中文

关键词:

马克思;自然观;传承

摘要:

关于人与自然关系的讨论是一个永远都不过时的话题。在人类改造自然的过程中由于没能处理好与自然之间的关系,自然界对人类予以报复,生态危机接踵而至,而且该危机超越了社会形态及地域的限制成为全球性的问题。生态危机的出现促使人们重新思考这一严峻社会现实,并开始对哲学经典著作进行重新解读从中寻找问题的根源。为了有效解决生态危机,学者们纷纷对自然观哲学思想进行研究从中寻找解决问题的良策。目前,我国处于经济发展的繁荣时期,社会各项建设在有条不紊地进行。然而,在经济腾飞的同时我国的生态危机问题已相当严重,资源短缺、环境恶化及生态破坏已经成为制约我国经济可持续发展的瓶颈。因此,针对我国具体的生态现状,对马克思自然观进行研究,将对我们解决生态恶化问题具有重要的指导借鉴意义。 第一部分对马克思前的自然观,即原始狩猎时期、农业文明时期、中世纪时期、文艺复兴时期和工业革命时期的自然观思想进行梳理。第一个阶段,原始狩猎时期的自然观。在当时社会生产力发展水平较低的阶段,人处于自然界的支配之下,对自然界是一种完全依赖的状态。这一阶段人类的自然观是完全依附于“自然”神的,以自然为中心,人类对自然崇拜以及依附程度很高。第二个阶段,农业文明时期的自然观。随着生产力的发展和科学技术的进步,早期哲学家改变了看待自然的角度,开始从自然界本身来认知它,把自然界看做是可认知的对象。自然本性的探索作为这一时期哲学关注的核心问题。第三个阶段,中世纪时期的自然观。进入中世纪,基督教文化在西方社会逐渐兴起并在政治、法律、文化等领域占据统治地位。该时期自然观思想主张人与自然分离,把人与自然万物都看做是上帝创造的,否定了自然万物的物质性。第四阶段,文艺复兴时期的自然观。在这一时期,由于生产力水平得到大幅度提高,机械制造业开始诞生,并得以推广应用,从而逐步形成了机械主义自然观。该自然观把自然万物看做是毫无意识的物质组成的由外力推动其运动,因此,按照机械论的思路人对自然界的统治和利用是完全合乎理性的。第五阶段,工业革命时期的自然观。人类社会进入19 世纪之后,工业革命成果加速了科学技术进步,人类在物理科学和生命科学方面都取得了巨大突破,在科学进步的催化下,辩证自然观逐渐形成。它认为自然界经历了一个从无机到有机,从原生物发展到有机物的过程,且自然万物是在内外力共同作用下而不断变化和发展的。 第二部分对马克思自然观进行评介。在总结前人经验的基础上,马克思形成了其自然观思想,提出了自然具有客观性和先在性、人作为自然存在物、实践是人与自然之间关系的纽带、实践是生态危机根源以及通过社会形态变革的方式来实现人与自然和谐等自然观思想。在价值取向选择方面,马克思坚持了“生态中心主义”理念。马克思所提出自然观理念是一场重大的哲学变革,他的自然观思想更具实践性、历史性、唯物性和一元性等特征。 第三部分对马克思自然观的发展进行评介。马克思自然观的发展表现为西方马克思主义的诞生。柯尔施和卢卡奇的哲学主张是西方生态学马克思主义的萌芽。之后,以施密特、霍克海默、阿多尔诺、马尔库塞、弗洛姆等为代表的法兰克福学派重新评介了马克思主义自然观,并全面发展了西方马克思主义自然观。西方马克思主义自然观对自然的概念、自然的地位、自然的历史性、人与自然关系以及自然与社会的关系等问题进行重新解读。与此同时,西方马克思主义学者对资本主义制度、两个矛盾、技术理性和异化消费等因素与生态危机的关系进行了深入剖析之后,提出了较为系统的生态危机理论体系。该自然观思想所提出的自然的社会中介和社会的自然中介、生态危机本质是社会危机等哲学观点,对生态危机的多视角剖析,以及解决生态危机出路探寻方面取得了巨大成就。但是,其基于西方社会的自然观思想定位、对自然辩证法的否认、牺牲经济来换取环保的主张等方面存在严重的局限性。 第四部分阐述了马克思自然观的当代哲学效应。当代严峻的生态危机,需要马克思自然观来提供理论指导,这就决定了其在当代具有重要的哲学价值。马克思自然观所坚持的“生态中心”的价值观、“和谐理念”的社会观、 “生态理念”的文明观和“可持续”的发展观对于我国产业结构调整,生产方式转型和消费模式变革都具有指导意义。

学科:

马克思主义哲学

提交日期

2026-01-05

引用参考

宋清爽. 试论马克思自然观及其传承与效应[D]. 西南政法大学,2011.

全文附件授权许可

知识共享许可协议-署名

  • dc.title
  • 试论马克思自然观及其传承与效应
  • dc.contributor.schoolno
  • 20080101010002
  • dc.contributor.author
  • 宋清爽
  • dc.contributor.affiliation
  • 马克思主义学院
  • dc.contributor.degree
  • 硕士
  • dc.contributor.childdegree
  • 哲学硕士
  • dc.contributor.degreeConferringInstitution
  • 西南政法大学
  • dc.identifier.year
  • 2011
  • dc.contributor.advisor
  • 李春茹
  • dc.contributor.advisorAffiliation
  • 马克思主义学院
  • dc.language.iso
  • 中文
  • dc.subject
  • 马克思;自然观;传承
  • dc.subject
  • Marx; Natural Opinion;Inheritance
  • dc.description.abstract
  • 关于人与自然关系的讨论是一个永远都不过时的话题。在人类改造自然的过程中由于没能处理好与自然之间的关系,自然界对人类予以报复,生态危机接踵而至,而且该危机超越了社会形态及地域的限制成为全球性的问题。生态危机的出现促使人们重新思考这一严峻社会现实,并开始对哲学经典著作进行重新解读从中寻找问题的根源。为了有效解决生态危机,学者们纷纷对自然观哲学思想进行研究从中寻找解决问题的良策。目前,我国处于经济发展的繁荣时期,社会各项建设在有条不紊地进行。然而,在经济腾飞的同时我国的生态危机问题已相当严重,资源短缺、环境恶化及生态破坏已经成为制约我国经济可持续发展的瓶颈。因此,针对我国具体的生态现状,对马克思自然观进行研究,将对我们解决生态恶化问题具有重要的指导借鉴意义。 第一部分对马克思前的自然观,即原始狩猎时期、农业文明时期、中世纪时期、文艺复兴时期和工业革命时期的自然观思想进行梳理。第一个阶段,原始狩猎时期的自然观。在当时社会生产力发展水平较低的阶段,人处于自然界的支配之下,对自然界是一种完全依赖的状态。这一阶段人类的自然观是完全依附于“自然”神的,以自然为中心,人类对自然崇拜以及依附程度很高。第二个阶段,农业文明时期的自然观。随着生产力的发展和科学技术的进步,早期哲学家改变了看待自然的角度,开始从自然界本身来认知它,把自然界看做是可认知的对象。自然本性的探索作为这一时期哲学关注的核心问题。第三个阶段,中世纪时期的自然观。进入中世纪,基督教文化在西方社会逐渐兴起并在政治、法律、文化等领域占据统治地位。该时期自然观思想主张人与自然分离,把人与自然万物都看做是上帝创造的,否定了自然万物的物质性。第四阶段,文艺复兴时期的自然观。在这一时期,由于生产力水平得到大幅度提高,机械制造业开始诞生,并得以推广应用,从而逐步形成了机械主义自然观。该自然观把自然万物看做是毫无意识的物质组成的由外力推动其运动,因此,按照机械论的思路人对自然界的统治和利用是完全合乎理性的。第五阶段,工业革命时期的自然观。人类社会进入19 世纪之后,工业革命成果加速了科学技术进步,人类在物理科学和生命科学方面都取得了巨大突破,在科学进步的催化下,辩证自然观逐渐形成。它认为自然界经历了一个从无机到有机,从原生物发展到有机物的过程,且自然万物是在内外力共同作用下而不断变化和发展的。 第二部分对马克思自然观进行评介。在总结前人经验的基础上,马克思形成了其自然观思想,提出了自然具有客观性和先在性、人作为自然存在物、实践是人与自然之间关系的纽带、实践是生态危机根源以及通过社会形态变革的方式来实现人与自然和谐等自然观思想。在价值取向选择方面,马克思坚持了“生态中心主义”理念。马克思所提出自然观理念是一场重大的哲学变革,他的自然观思想更具实践性、历史性、唯物性和一元性等特征。 第三部分对马克思自然观的发展进行评介。马克思自然观的发展表现为西方马克思主义的诞生。柯尔施和卢卡奇的哲学主张是西方生态学马克思主义的萌芽。之后,以施密特、霍克海默、阿多尔诺、马尔库塞、弗洛姆等为代表的法兰克福学派重新评介了马克思主义自然观,并全面发展了西方马克思主义自然观。西方马克思主义自然观对自然的概念、自然的地位、自然的历史性、人与自然关系以及自然与社会的关系等问题进行重新解读。与此同时,西方马克思主义学者对资本主义制度、两个矛盾、技术理性和异化消费等因素与生态危机的关系进行了深入剖析之后,提出了较为系统的生态危机理论体系。该自然观思想所提出的自然的社会中介和社会的自然中介、生态危机本质是社会危机等哲学观点,对生态危机的多视角剖析,以及解决生态危机出路探寻方面取得了巨大成就。但是,其基于西方社会的自然观思想定位、对自然辩证法的否认、牺牲经济来换取环保的主张等方面存在严重的局限性。 第四部分阐述了马克思自然观的当代哲学效应。当代严峻的生态危机,需要马克思自然观来提供理论指导,这就决定了其在当代具有重要的哲学价值。马克思自然观所坚持的“生态中心”的价值观、“和谐理念”的社会观、 “生态理念”的文明观和“可持续”的发展观对于我国产业结构调整,生产方式转型和消费模式变革都具有指导意义。
  • dc.description.abstract
  • The relationship between human being and nature is an everlasting topic. Due to this relationship resolved not very well during the process of utilization of nature, ecological crisis which beyond the social formation and national boundaries has occurred frequently and became a global problem. The occurrence of ecological crisis made human beings toreconsider reasons of this problem. In order to address this ecological crisis effectively, scholars start to make research about philosophic opinion of nature and try to find the solution. Contemporary, economy has been developing fast in china and all the constructions ofour society are in good condition. However, serious ecological crisis like shortage of resources, environmental deterioration and ecological destruction existed in our society havehinder the sustainable development of our economy. Hence, making some researches aboutMarx's ecological view is essential for our ecological development. The first part of essay talks about the views of nature, occurred before Marx, mainly in phases of Forbidding Hunting Time, Agricultural Civilization, Middle Age, Revival of Letters and Industrial Revolution. The first period is Forbidding Hunting Time when Human beings totally controlled by nature. This is because the level of the productive forces is very low. Hence, the level of admiring nature, regarded as the core of global, is very high and human beings entirely depend on nature. The second period is Agricultural Civilization when human beings began to understand phenomena of nature and believed that nature can be recognized by them. The reason was that the level of the productive forces developed fast. During this time, intrinsic quality of nature was becomes the research object of philosophers. The third period is Middle Age when Christian culture began to emerge and is gradually to occupied a dominant position in areas including politics, legal and culture. During this phase, the human beings and nature are divided by our concept. Meanwhile, physical heritages were seen as made by god. As a result, the corporality of physical heritages was denied. The fourth period is the Revival of Letters during which mechanical materialism view of nature was gradually formed. The reason is that machine-building industry was born and popularized as a result of the level of the productive forces developed tremendously. The view of nature, during this time, seen all the physical heritages were consisted of unconscious materials and their 1dynamic strength were come from external. Hence, according this train of thought, the nature controlled by human beings is reasonable. The fifth period is the Industrial Revolution during which dialectic view of nature was born. This because human beings made great improvement in areas, like physical science and life sciences, as a result of Industrial Revolution after 19th century. The dialectic view of nature believed that nature experienced a process from inorganic to organic. Meanwhile, international force and external force made nature changed anddeveloped. The second part makes some commentaries about Marx's view of nature. The main viewpoints of Mars are that objectivity and priority of nature, human are Natural beings, practice is a connection between human beings and nature, practice is the root of ecological crisis as well as maintain nature and human beings harmonious through the way of change social formation. Moreover, Marx insisted the opinion of eco-centrism. What's more, Marx insisted presented the viewpoint that the idea of natural concept is an important philosophical revolution. In short, Marx's view of nature has some obvious character like practice quality, historic quality and monistic quality. The third part mainly discusses the development of Marx's view of nature. Marx's view of nature development mean the born of Western Marxism' s view of nature. Korsch and Lukacs were the two important exploiter of the Western Marxism' s view of nature. After them , Frankfurt school including numerous excellent scholars likeSchmidt , Horkheimer , Adorno, Marcuse and Flom reevaluate Marx's view of nature and integrated development ofWestern Marxism' s view of nature. Western Marxism began to re-interpretation the concept of nature, position of nature, nature's historic quality as well as the relation between human beings and nature. Meanwhile, Western Marxism presents systemic ecological theories which analyze the relation between capitalist system and ecological crisis, the relation between two contradictions and ecological crisis, the relation between technical rationality and ecological crisis as well as the relation between consumption dissimilation and ecological crisis. Western Marxism' s scholars made great progress like their present the opinions regarding nature is an agent of society, society is an agent of nature, the essence of ecological crisis. Besides, they analyzed ecological crisis form various perspectives as well as they present some waysresolving ecological crisis. Nevertheless, the natural views of Western Marxism indeed has some limitations like their research perspective mainly focus on western countries, deny of natural dialectics as well as maintain the environment at the cost of economic development. 2The forth part discuss the contemporary philosophy effect of Marx's natural review. Because of current ecological situation is very bad and need some useful philosophicaltheories to guide practice, hence Marx's natural review have important philosophy effect to our society. Marx's natural review insisted some useful viewpoints like concept ofEco-centric, concept of harmony and concept of concept of sustainable. The above conceptscan guide the reformatory practice of industrial structure, methods of production as well as consumption pattern.
  • dc.date.issued
  • 2026-01-05
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