关于“涉黑”犯罪一些问题的思考

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归属院系:

法学院

作者:

褚琰

导师:

朱建华

导师单位:

法学院

学位:

硕士

语种:

中文

关键词:

黑社会性质犯罪;问题;思考

摘要:

“黑社会”一词,英文的表述为 under-world society,直译为“地下 社会”,主要指从事赌博、卖淫、贩毒、走私、抢劫、绑架、暗杀等违法 犯罪活动的社会集团。“黑”既包括不公开的、地下的、秘密或隐藏的属 性,还包括违反法律和道义、违背公序良俗、对抗现行司法秩序的属性, 即黑社会组织是指以牟取暴利为目的、长期共同从事大规模的有组织的犯 罪活动,具有一般社会的组织形式与运行方式的反社会体系。 随着社会经济的发展、生产力水平的提高,黑恶势力有了生存的空间, 并在一些地方迅猛发展、扩散,1997 年修改刑法的时候,王汉斌在《关 于〈中华人民共和国刑法(修订草案)〉的说明》中提出,“在中国,明显 的、典型的黑社会犯罪还没有出现,但带有黑社会性质的犯罪集团已经出 现,横行乡里、称霸一方,为非作歹,欺压、残害居民的有组织犯罪时有 出现”。由此可以看出,真正意义上的黑社会犯罪组织我国现在还没有, 但带有黑社会性质的犯罪组织已经开始有了。于是在 97 刑法中增设了相 关规定,定位为“黑社会性质组织”,可以说这是带有中国特色的法律概 念,它是指以暴力、威胁或者其他手段,有组织的进行违法犯罪活动,称 霸一方,为非作恶,欺压、残害群众,严重破坏经济、社会生活秩序的非 法组织。2000 年《最高人民法院关于审理黑社会性质组织犯罪的案件具 体应用法律若干问题的解释》规定了黑社会性质的组织一般应当具备的特 征,第一,组织结构比较紧密,人数较多,有比较明确的组织者、领导者, 骨干成员基本固定,有较为严密的组织纪律;第二,通过违法犯罪活动或 者其他手段获取经济利益,具有一定的经济实力;第三,通过贿赂、威胁 等手段,引诱、逼迫国家工作人员参加黑社会性质组织活动,或者为其提 供非法保护;第四,在一定区域或者行业范围内,以暴力、威胁、滋扰等 手段,大肆进行敲诈勒索、欺行霸市、聚众斗殴、寻衅滋事、故意伤害等 违法犯罪活动,严重破坏经济、社会生活秩序。 2002 年,全国人大常委会又进行了立法解释,规定黑社会性质的组 织应当同时具备四个特征:第一,形成较稳定的犯罪组织,人数较多,有 明确的组织者、领导者,骨干成员基本固定;第二,有组织的通过违法犯 罪活动或者其他手段获取经济利益,具有一定的经济实力,以支持该组织 的活动;第三,以暴力、威胁或者其他手段,有组织的多次进行违法犯罪活动,为非作恶,欺压、残害群众;第四,通过实施违法犯罪活动,或者 利用国家工作人员的包庇或者纵容,称霸一方,在一定区域或者行业内, 形成非法控制或者重大影响,严重破坏经济、社会生活秩序。 然而,在理论界、实务界对此还颇多争议时,我国的社会形势却表明 目前我国黑恶势力的发展不容乐观,出现四种趋势:一是涉黑组织社会危 害不断加剧,隐蔽性增强,黑恶势力滋生发展周期越来越短,犯罪手段普 遍“软暴力化”;二是黑恶势力经济实力快速扩张;三是黑恶势力向政治 领域渗透能量日益增强,拉拢腐蚀党政干部的范围进一步扩大;四是黑恶 势力出现整合、联合苗头。 特别是今年在某省发生的一恶劣事件给各部门敲响了警钟,以该事件 为参照分析其发生的深刻原因,综合起来有几个方面的因素:有政府打击 不力如主要领导重视不够,缺乏危机、忧患意识;官僚作风严重,处事不 公;只注重发展经济,不注重疏导、解决社会矛盾,甚至与民争利;基层 组织建设薄弱,社会控制能力差,给黑恶势力有机可乘;一些职能部门的 负责人或者工作人员的渎职、腐败给黑恶势力的发展、坐大提供了“有力 保障”; 对社会弱势群体的关爱、重视不够,忽视他们的合法利益和诉求, 引起大量的上访甚至群体性事件,而政府通常采取的是高压政策,造成政 府与群众关系紧张、对立,增加了社会不稳定的因素。也有政法部门对刑 事法律的规定认识不一致以及没有充分意识到黑恶势力的危害性,使得一 些涉黑案件的行为人的犯罪行为通常是作为个案处理;执法环境差、关系 网复杂。也有深刻的经济、文化、教育、心理等多种因素。但是有黑恶势 力的参与,导致该事件的发生,却是不争的事实。此次事件提醒我们:只 要当地有黑恶势力存在,哪怕只是一个起因简单的事件,也容易被黑恶势 力插手其中、煽动利用,以此向政府挑衅,造成不可挽回的影响。 黑社会性质犯罪作为一种极其严重的犯罪现象,已经引起包括我国在 内的世界各国的高度重视。打击这类犯罪已经成为当务之急。意大利、美 国、日本等国家已经有了一定的经验,因为在我国还尚未形成真正意义上 的“黑社会”,而只是带有“黑社会性质犯罪”,因此对于黑社会性质犯罪 的对策,我国刑法学界一般的观点是:在思想上要提高认识,转变观念, 尤其是地方各级党政领导要高度重视打击黑社会性质的犯罪工作,并要做 好打持久战的准备;在社会主义精神建设上要贯彻法制精神,从根本上荡 涤不良社会风气,提倡树立正确的交友观;在基层组织建设上,要增强政权对社会的控制力;各级政法机关要加大打击力度,依靠群众,开展全民 反黑工作,营造全社会打黑氛围;在具体措施上,强调加强社区控制,建 立专门的反黑机构和队伍,建立信息网络,完善证人保护制度,拓宽收集 反黑证据的渠道,加强与境外的警务协作,使黑社会性质犯罪无机可乘; 在打击方法上要坚持“打早、打小”的方针作到除恶务尽,斩草除根;在 刑事处罚上,针对黑社会性质犯罪疯狂追求经济利益的特点,应在经济上 对黑社会性质犯罪予以严惩,同时要提高服刑人员和劳教人员的教育改造 质量,做好刑释解教人员的安置帮教工作,减少重新犯罪。真正做到全社 会齐心协力打好这一场反黑的人民战争。 据调查,我国在很多地方都出现了黑恶势力,而且相当一部分已经趋 于发展成熟,现在也打掉不少。这些黑恶势力带有很强的反社会性和公开 暴力性,直接危及党的执政基础,严重影响国家的长治久安和人民群众的 安居乐业,是阻碍经济建设和社会发展的一大“毒瘤”,为了适应打击的 需要,我们必须采取相应措施,加大打击力度,杜绝黑恶势力的产生、发 展、坐大。笔者以为应在以下方面加强:政府和各职能部门方面要树立科 学的发展观、稳定观,树立正确的政绩观和务真求实的民本观,把构建和 谐社会落到实处。主要领导要重视,充分认识打黑除恶斗争的重要性、紧 迫性、长期性、艰巨性、复杂性,增强忧患意识和处事的预见性。重视、 健全基层组织建设,提高队伍素质,充分发挥基层组织的战斗堡垒作用, 不让黑恶势力有机可乘。政府政务要公开,加大宣传力度,保证信息公开、 畅通,自觉接受群众、媒体的监督。不断完善社会福利、保障体系,打击 黑恶势力的经济基础,铲除其赖以生存的土壤。加强反腐败和廉正建设, 净化社会环境,减少消极刺激源,消除犯罪诱因,加强犯罪心理矫正工作。 政法机关形成合力。加强学校教育,完善相关法律等。

学科:

刑法学

提交日期

2025-12-03

引用参考

褚琰. 关于“涉黑”犯罪一些问题的思考[D]. 西南政法大学,2008.

全文附件授权许可

知识共享许可协议-署名

  • dc.title
  • 关于“涉黑”犯罪一些问题的思考
  • dc.contributor.schoolno
  • 2005401
  • dc.contributor.author
  • 褚琰
  • dc.contributor.affiliation
  • 法学院
  • dc.contributor.degree
  • 硕士
  • dc.contributor.childdegree
  • 法律硕士
  • dc.contributor.degreeConferringInstitution
  • 西南政法大学
  • dc.identifier.year
  • 2008
  • dc.contributor.advisor
  • 朱建华
  • dc.contributor.advisorAffiliation
  • 法学院
  • dc.language.iso
  • 中文
  • dc.subject
  • 黑社会性质犯罪;问题;思考
  • dc.subject
  • crimes with under-world society nature;issue;ponder
  • dc.description.abstract
  • “黑社会”一词,英文的表述为 under-world society,直译为“地下 社会”,主要指从事赌博、卖淫、贩毒、走私、抢劫、绑架、暗杀等违法 犯罪活动的社会集团。“黑”既包括不公开的、地下的、秘密或隐藏的属 性,还包括违反法律和道义、违背公序良俗、对抗现行司法秩序的属性, 即黑社会组织是指以牟取暴利为目的、长期共同从事大规模的有组织的犯 罪活动,具有一般社会的组织形式与运行方式的反社会体系。 随着社会经济的发展、生产力水平的提高,黑恶势力有了生存的空间, 并在一些地方迅猛发展、扩散,1997 年修改刑法的时候,王汉斌在《关 于〈中华人民共和国刑法(修订草案)〉的说明》中提出,“在中国,明显 的、典型的黑社会犯罪还没有出现,但带有黑社会性质的犯罪集团已经出 现,横行乡里、称霸一方,为非作歹,欺压、残害居民的有组织犯罪时有 出现”。由此可以看出,真正意义上的黑社会犯罪组织我国现在还没有, 但带有黑社会性质的犯罪组织已经开始有了。于是在 97 刑法中增设了相 关规定,定位为“黑社会性质组织”,可以说这是带有中国特色的法律概 念,它是指以暴力、威胁或者其他手段,有组织的进行违法犯罪活动,称 霸一方,为非作恶,欺压、残害群众,严重破坏经济、社会生活秩序的非 法组织。2000 年《最高人民法院关于审理黑社会性质组织犯罪的案件具 体应用法律若干问题的解释》规定了黑社会性质的组织一般应当具备的特 征,第一,组织结构比较紧密,人数较多,有比较明确的组织者、领导者, 骨干成员基本固定,有较为严密的组织纪律;第二,通过违法犯罪活动或 者其他手段获取经济利益,具有一定的经济实力;第三,通过贿赂、威胁 等手段,引诱、逼迫国家工作人员参加黑社会性质组织活动,或者为其提 供非法保护;第四,在一定区域或者行业范围内,以暴力、威胁、滋扰等 手段,大肆进行敲诈勒索、欺行霸市、聚众斗殴、寻衅滋事、故意伤害等 违法犯罪活动,严重破坏经济、社会生活秩序。 2002 年,全国人大常委会又进行了立法解释,规定黑社会性质的组 织应当同时具备四个特征:第一,形成较稳定的犯罪组织,人数较多,有 明确的组织者、领导者,骨干成员基本固定;第二,有组织的通过违法犯 罪活动或者其他手段获取经济利益,具有一定的经济实力,以支持该组织 的活动;第三,以暴力、威胁或者其他手段,有组织的多次进行违法犯罪活动,为非作恶,欺压、残害群众;第四,通过实施违法犯罪活动,或者 利用国家工作人员的包庇或者纵容,称霸一方,在一定区域或者行业内, 形成非法控制或者重大影响,严重破坏经济、社会生活秩序。 然而,在理论界、实务界对此还颇多争议时,我国的社会形势却表明 目前我国黑恶势力的发展不容乐观,出现四种趋势:一是涉黑组织社会危 害不断加剧,隐蔽性增强,黑恶势力滋生发展周期越来越短,犯罪手段普 遍“软暴力化”;二是黑恶势力经济实力快速扩张;三是黑恶势力向政治 领域渗透能量日益增强,拉拢腐蚀党政干部的范围进一步扩大;四是黑恶 势力出现整合、联合苗头。 特别是今年在某省发生的一恶劣事件给各部门敲响了警钟,以该事件 为参照分析其发生的深刻原因,综合起来有几个方面的因素:有政府打击 不力如主要领导重视不够,缺乏危机、忧患意识;官僚作风严重,处事不 公;只注重发展经济,不注重疏导、解决社会矛盾,甚至与民争利;基层 组织建设薄弱,社会控制能力差,给黑恶势力有机可乘;一些职能部门的 负责人或者工作人员的渎职、腐败给黑恶势力的发展、坐大提供了“有力 保障”; 对社会弱势群体的关爱、重视不够,忽视他们的合法利益和诉求, 引起大量的上访甚至群体性事件,而政府通常采取的是高压政策,造成政 府与群众关系紧张、对立,增加了社会不稳定的因素。也有政法部门对刑 事法律的规定认识不一致以及没有充分意识到黑恶势力的危害性,使得一 些涉黑案件的行为人的犯罪行为通常是作为个案处理;执法环境差、关系 网复杂。也有深刻的经济、文化、教育、心理等多种因素。但是有黑恶势 力的参与,导致该事件的发生,却是不争的事实。此次事件提醒我们:只 要当地有黑恶势力存在,哪怕只是一个起因简单的事件,也容易被黑恶势 力插手其中、煽动利用,以此向政府挑衅,造成不可挽回的影响。 黑社会性质犯罪作为一种极其严重的犯罪现象,已经引起包括我国在 内的世界各国的高度重视。打击这类犯罪已经成为当务之急。意大利、美 国、日本等国家已经有了一定的经验,因为在我国还尚未形成真正意义上 的“黑社会”,而只是带有“黑社会性质犯罪”,因此对于黑社会性质犯罪 的对策,我国刑法学界一般的观点是:在思想上要提高认识,转变观念, 尤其是地方各级党政领导要高度重视打击黑社会性质的犯罪工作,并要做 好打持久战的准备;在社会主义精神建设上要贯彻法制精神,从根本上荡 涤不良社会风气,提倡树立正确的交友观;在基层组织建设上,要增强政权对社会的控制力;各级政法机关要加大打击力度,依靠群众,开展全民 反黑工作,营造全社会打黑氛围;在具体措施上,强调加强社区控制,建 立专门的反黑机构和队伍,建立信息网络,完善证人保护制度,拓宽收集 反黑证据的渠道,加强与境外的警务协作,使黑社会性质犯罪无机可乘; 在打击方法上要坚持“打早、打小”的方针作到除恶务尽,斩草除根;在 刑事处罚上,针对黑社会性质犯罪疯狂追求经济利益的特点,应在经济上 对黑社会性质犯罪予以严惩,同时要提高服刑人员和劳教人员的教育改造 质量,做好刑释解教人员的安置帮教工作,减少重新犯罪。真正做到全社 会齐心协力打好这一场反黑的人民战争。 据调查,我国在很多地方都出现了黑恶势力,而且相当一部分已经趋 于发展成熟,现在也打掉不少。这些黑恶势力带有很强的反社会性和公开 暴力性,直接危及党的执政基础,严重影响国家的长治久安和人民群众的 安居乐业,是阻碍经济建设和社会发展的一大“毒瘤”,为了适应打击的 需要,我们必须采取相应措施,加大打击力度,杜绝黑恶势力的产生、发 展、坐大。笔者以为应在以下方面加强:政府和各职能部门方面要树立科 学的发展观、稳定观,树立正确的政绩观和务真求实的民本观,把构建和 谐社会落到实处。主要领导要重视,充分认识打黑除恶斗争的重要性、紧 迫性、长期性、艰巨性、复杂性,增强忧患意识和处事的预见性。重视、 健全基层组织建设,提高队伍素质,充分发挥基层组织的战斗堡垒作用, 不让黑恶势力有机可乘。政府政务要公开,加大宣传力度,保证信息公开、 畅通,自觉接受群众、媒体的监督。不断完善社会福利、保障体系,打击 黑恶势力的经济基础,铲除其赖以生存的土壤。加强反腐败和廉正建设, 净化社会环境,减少消极刺激源,消除犯罪诱因,加强犯罪心理矫正工作。 政法机关形成合力。加强学校教育,完善相关法律等。
  • dc.description.abstract
  • The term of "underworld society" mainly refers to the social groups which engaged in gambling, prostitution, drug trafficking, smuggling, robbery, kidnapping, assassinations and other illegal or criminal activities. “Underworld” not only means its secret or concealed properties, but the properties in violation of legality, morality, public order, good customs, and the existing judicial order. Therefore, underworld society may be defined as an anti-social system with organization and operation forms of a normal society, and engaged in various long-term organized crimes in the pursuit of profits. The development of social economy and the improvement of productivity have provided many evil forces with chances to emerge and even develop in some areas. When the Criminal Law was amended in 1997, in the “Explanation for the Criminal Law of P.R.C (Amendment Bill)”, Wang Hanbin noted that “ In China, although the obvious and typical under-world crimes have not yet appeared, some criminal organizations with the nature of under-world society have emerged and spread occasionally, riding roughshod over the people and committing many kinds of crimes.” Since the real under-world society doesn’t exist in China, a legal term with Chinese character, namely, “criminal organizations with the under-world nature” was supplemented in the 1997 Criminal Law as illegal organizations which commit illegal or criminal activities by means of violence, threats or other ways, riding roughshod over the masses and seriously undermining the order of economic and social life. In 2000, "The Explanation by the Supreme People's Court on Hearing on the Cases Relating to the Criminal Organizations with the Under-world Nature” stipulated that such kind of organization shall have the features as follows: 1. having relatively close organizational structure, numerous members, relatively fixed organizers, leaders or leading members, and disciplines; 2. making economic profits by means of criminal activities or other illegal ways and having good economic strength. 3. inveigling or forcing the national staff members to participate in their activities or providing illegal protection; 4. within a certain region orindustry, engaged in illegal or criminal activities, which seriously undermine economic and social order, such as extortion, dominating the market, assembling a crowd to fight, disturbing social order by means of violence, threats, nuisance and other ways, or cause intentional injuries. In 2002, the NPC Standing Committee also conducted a legislative interpretation to stipulate the four characteristics of the criminal organizations with the under-world nature: Firstly, relatively stable criminal organization has formed, and the organization shall has numerous members and definite organizers, leaders or relatively fixed leading members; Secondly, make economic profits by means of criminal activities or other illegal ways and has the economic strength to finance the activities of the organization . Thirdly, repeatedly commit organized illegal or criminal activities by means of violence, threats or other ways, ride roughshod over the masses; Fourthly, by committing criminal activities or taking the advantage of the covering up provided by the members of state administration, develop illegal control or a significant impact within a certain region or industry, and thus seriously damage the economic and social order. However, although people in theoretical and practical circles are disputing about this issue, we can’t feel optimistic about the growing evil forces in China's society. Four tendencies appear as follows: Firstly, the harms brought by the criminal organizations with under-world nature are getting more serious and these organizations are more concealed and growing rapidly. The criminal methods have the feature of “soft violence”; Secondly, the economic power of these organizations is also expanding. Thirdly, they are powerful enough to infiltrate into the political territory and corrupt more party and government cadres. Fourthly, there’s a sign that different evil forces are integrating or cooperating. This year, the shocking incident in Guizhou is a particularly warning to many departments. By deeply analyzing, we have found out some profound reasons which have increased the unstable factors of society and provide more chances for the development of the : criminal organizations with under-world nature: ineffective crackdown by the government, serious bureaucracy, unfairadministration, partially emphasizing on the economic development while ignoring the settlement of social conflicts, weak construction of the grass-roots organizations, poor control of the society, misconduct or corruption of the responsible staff or state administration people, government’s ignorance of the masses’ interests, especially the weak group, the judicial departments’ insufficient understanding of the criminal law and failure in dealing with the cases involving these criminal organizations, poor law enforcement conditions, complicated interpersonal relationships. Additionally, there’re reasons relating to economy, culture, education and psychology. However, it is an indisputable fact that the evil forces’ participation initiates the incident. Crimes committed by the criminal organizations with under-world nature are such serious phenomena that all countries in the world have attached great importance to and regarded it an urgent matter to fight against them. Italy, the United States, Japan and other countries are experienced. In China, only criminal organizations with under-world nature exist, but the real under-world societies haven’t formed. Therefore, China’s criminal law scholars hold the general viewpoint that we must deepen our understanding, change attitudes, and the local government leaders at all levels should attach great importance to crackdown on these crimes, preparing for long-lasting fighting. The socialist spiritual construction should adhere to the rule of law, purify the social morals, and develop proper consciousness of friendship. In order to enhance social control, the grass-roots organizations should be reinforced and the law enforcement and judicial organs at all levels should step up efforts to crack down these criminal organizations. The concrete measures include relying on the masses, emphasizing community control, establishing special institutions and troops, building information network; perfecting the protection system for the witness, broaden the channel of evidence collection, and develop the international police cooperation. The crackdown on the criminals should be conducted from the roots and the criminal punishment should be severe, taking into consideration the criminal organizations’ crazy pursuit of financial interests. Also, we must improve the educational quality for persons undergoing reeducation-through-labor and persons released, so as to reducethe crimes. According to the investigation, evil forces have appeared in many places of China. Although many of them have been rooted out, some have come to maturity. These evil forces have seriously hindered our China's economic development and the establishment of “harmonious society”. In order to meet the need of crackdown, we must take corresponding measures, reinforce the attack dynamics, and prevent the evil forces from emerging and developing. The author of the thesis holds that it’s necessary to attach more importance to the following aspects: The government and various functional departments must have the scientific views on social development and stability, right views on political achievements and the idea of “people first”, striving for the realization of harmonious society. The main leaders should value the importance, difficulty, complexity of fighting against the evil forces, improve the sense of hardship and predictability. Moreover, we should make efforts to reinforce the construction of basic-level organization, improve the quality of troops, fully play the basic-level organization's role, and leave no loopholes to the evil forces. We should also give publicity to the government administration, increase the propaganda dynamics, guarantee the openness of information, willingly accept the surveillance from the media and masses, complete the safeguarding system of social welfare, destroy the economic basis of the evil forces, eradicate the soil yields evil forces, strengthen the counter-corruption , purify the social environment, and reduce the negative stimulant source, eliminate the cause of crime, improve the psychological correction for criminals, promote the joint efforts among politico-legal organs, strengthen the school education, and perfect related law, etc.
  • dc.date.issued
  • 2025-12-03
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