信用证欺诈例外原则适用研究

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归属院系:

国际法学院

作者:

卢健如

导师:

杨旭

导师单位:

国际法学院

学位:

硕士

语种:

中文

关键词:

信用证欺诈;欺诈例外原则;实质性欺诈;欺诈例外原则适用

摘要:

信用证被誉为“国际贸易的生命线”。由此可见,信用证在当今国际贸易中的重要地位。信用证以银行信用取代了买方的商业信用,遵循一套源于国际商业习惯的独特而精致的运作机制,这基于信用证的独立抽象性原则。但不法商人也正是利用了信用证独立抽象性原则的固有缺陷,使用伪造单据或者变造单据等手段取得银行付款进行信用证欺诈。近些年来,随着我国对外贸易的迅猛发展,针对我国的信用证欺诈不断增加,我国成为信用证欺诈的主要受害国之一。但目前国内相关立法及司法实践并不完全成熟,因此有必要对信用证欺诈例外原则进行研究。 文章分成五部分,从信用证欺诈概述入手,以实证方法为主,以比较分析、案例分析为辅,借鉴美国的相关立法及判例,以最高人民法院 2006 年 1 月 1 日开始实施的《关于审理信用证纠纷案件若干问题的规定》(下称《规定》)为切入点,对信用证欺诈例外原则的适用进行了研究。 第一部分是信用证欺诈的概述。首先介绍信用证欺诈的概念,由于各国对欺诈的定义不同,学界对此也没有共识,本文通过对信用证欺诈是否包括了基础交易的欺诈、信用证交易当事人以外的第三人所实施的欺诈行为能否认定为信用证欺诈、信用证中的“软条款”是否属于信用证欺诈的范畴等问题的厘清,得出信用证欺诈的概念。接着介绍信用证欺诈的表现形式,从欺诈对象分类包括:对开证申请人的欺诈、对开证行的欺诈及对受益人的欺诈;从形式分类包括:虚假单据欺诈及基础合同欺诈。然后分析信用证欺诈产生的原因在于信用证传统原则的固有缺陷,包括信用证独立抽象性原则的缺陷及信用证机制在责任分配设计上的缺陷。最后介绍信用证欺诈的救济——信用证欺诈例外原则。先以美国初期 Higgins 案说明信用证欺诈例外原则的萌芽,然后具体分析 Sztejn v.J.Henry Schroder Banking Corporation 一案,说明该案例的巨大影响,是信用证欺诈例外原则的系统论述的里程碑,指出该案例的两大突破及确立了信用证欺诈例外原则适用的三个要素。 第二部分是信用证欺诈例外原则的法律分析。先论述信用证欺诈例外与信用证独立抽象性的关系,欺诈例外原则不破坏信用证独立抽象性原则是由于其对信用证独立抽象性原则是一种调整和限制、是辨证的否定,说 2 明欺诈例外原则没有动摇信用证传统原则作为信用证法律制度的基石,而是弥补了信用证传统原则的缺陷。然后从诚实信用原则、公平原则、公共秩序保留原则三大方面阐明了信用证欺诈例外原则的理论基础,进一步说明了欺诈例外原则不破坏独立抽象性原则,得出结论是信用证欺诈例外原则不仅有理论基础,且与国际贸易惯例并不冲突,因此可以作为打击信用证欺诈的有力武器。 第三部分是英美关于信用证欺诈例外的司法实践。先分析英美国内法对信用证欺诈例外适用条件,包括:要求存在事实上的欺诈、确定欺诈的程度、欺诈人有主观故意、时间条件、要求开证申请人承担欺诈的举证责任、向有管辖权的法院申请。然后论述信用证欺诈例外原则的排除适用,排除适用的原因:保证信用证的流通性、保护善意的参与信用证交易的第三人、保持信用证的独立性;排除适用的情形:善意第三人的排除适用及第三人为欺诈情形下善意受益人的排除适用。最后论述信用证欺诈例外原则的救济途径,包括对银行拒付权争议的分析及法院禁令适用的具体规定,结论是不应赋予银行拒付权,法院禁令是主要的救济途径。法院禁令的适用条件:有信用证欺诈事实存在、有颁布禁令的必要性即存在不可挽回的损失、法院不得主动启用“欺诈例外”、颁布禁令不损害善意第三人的合法权益。 第四部分是信用证欺诈例外原则在我国的司法实践。以《规定》出台作为界限,分析了《规定》出台前我国关于信用证欺诈例外的立法状况及适用该原则存在的问题,主要存在对信用证欺诈的认定标准不明确、颁发禁令的标准不高、主体不一致、程序不完备及对善意第三人的保护不足等问题。再分析《规定》出台对我国关于信用证欺诈例外原则适用的影响,归纳出《规定》的进步及突破点,包括:对欺诈表现形式的规定基本符合国际惯例且进行了列举加概括的方式、突出了对善意第三人的保护、申请人范围的有关规定更为具体、法院审理范围上突破至基础交易。最后指出《规定》的五个不足,分别是:未明确受益人提交内容虚假的单据的虚假程度、向法院申请中止支付款项的条件过低、对受益人知悉单据存在欺诈或者本身参与了欺诈未作出规定、未规定银行在合理期限内的拒付义务、第八条的兜底条款增加了不确定性。 第五部分是完善我国信用证欺诈立法和司法的若干建议。《规定》是我国目前在信用证领域最权威、最与国际接轨、也最具操作性的审理案件 3 的依据,对于我国信用证纠纷案件的审理有重大的指导意义,但《规定》仍然存在法律效力不高及本身规定内容不完备等问题。本文借鉴美国UCC5 的相关规定,结合《规定》内容的进步及突破之处,从我国司法实践的需要出发,提出对信用证欺诈例外原则适用的七个建议,以弥补《规定》内容的不足之处。建议包括:明确以实质性欺诈作为认定欺诈的标准、加强对善意第三人的保护、明确法院禁令的主体及标准、明确银行在宽限期内的拒付义务、建立防范信用证欺诈的第三人辅助机制、培养专家型法官及提高法院的司法水平、制定统一标准及寻求国际合作。

学科:

国际法学

提交日期

2025-12-03

引用参考

卢健如. 信用证欺诈例外原则适用研究[D]. 西南政法大学,2008.

全文附件授权许可

知识共享许可协议-署名

  • dc.title
  • 信用证欺诈例外原则适用研究
  • dc.contributor.schoolno
  • 2025tj104
  • dc.contributor.author
  • 卢健如
  • dc.contributor.affiliation
  • 国际法学院
  • dc.contributor.degree
  • 硕士
  • dc.contributor.childdegree
  • 法律硕士
  • dc.contributor.degreeConferringInstitution
  • 西南政法大学
  • dc.identifier.year
  • 2008
  • dc.contributor.advisor
  • 杨旭
  • dc.contributor.advisorAffiliation
  • 国际法学院
  • dc.language.iso
  • 中文
  • dc.subject
  • 信用证欺诈;欺诈例外原则;实质性欺诈;欺诈例外原则适用
  • dc.subject
  • The Fraud of the Credit;The Principle of Fraud Exception;Essential Fraud; The application of the Principle of Fraud Exception
  • dc.description.abstract
  • 信用证被誉为“国际贸易的生命线”。由此可见,信用证在当今国际贸易中的重要地位。信用证以银行信用取代了买方的商业信用,遵循一套源于国际商业习惯的独特而精致的运作机制,这基于信用证的独立抽象性原则。但不法商人也正是利用了信用证独立抽象性原则的固有缺陷,使用伪造单据或者变造单据等手段取得银行付款进行信用证欺诈。近些年来,随着我国对外贸易的迅猛发展,针对我国的信用证欺诈不断增加,我国成为信用证欺诈的主要受害国之一。但目前国内相关立法及司法实践并不完全成熟,因此有必要对信用证欺诈例外原则进行研究。 文章分成五部分,从信用证欺诈概述入手,以实证方法为主,以比较分析、案例分析为辅,借鉴美国的相关立法及判例,以最高人民法院 2006 年 1 月 1 日开始实施的《关于审理信用证纠纷案件若干问题的规定》(下称《规定》)为切入点,对信用证欺诈例外原则的适用进行了研究。 第一部分是信用证欺诈的概述。首先介绍信用证欺诈的概念,由于各国对欺诈的定义不同,学界对此也没有共识,本文通过对信用证欺诈是否包括了基础交易的欺诈、信用证交易当事人以外的第三人所实施的欺诈行为能否认定为信用证欺诈、信用证中的“软条款”是否属于信用证欺诈的范畴等问题的厘清,得出信用证欺诈的概念。接着介绍信用证欺诈的表现形式,从欺诈对象分类包括:对开证申请人的欺诈、对开证行的欺诈及对受益人的欺诈;从形式分类包括:虚假单据欺诈及基础合同欺诈。然后分析信用证欺诈产生的原因在于信用证传统原则的固有缺陷,包括信用证独立抽象性原则的缺陷及信用证机制在责任分配设计上的缺陷。最后介绍信用证欺诈的救济——信用证欺诈例外原则。先以美国初期 Higgins 案说明信用证欺诈例外原则的萌芽,然后具体分析 Sztejn v.J.Henry Schroder Banking Corporation 一案,说明该案例的巨大影响,是信用证欺诈例外原则的系统论述的里程碑,指出该案例的两大突破及确立了信用证欺诈例外原则适用的三个要素。 第二部分是信用证欺诈例外原则的法律分析。先论述信用证欺诈例外与信用证独立抽象性的关系,欺诈例外原则不破坏信用证独立抽象性原则是由于其对信用证独立抽象性原则是一种调整和限制、是辨证的否定,说 2 明欺诈例外原则没有动摇信用证传统原则作为信用证法律制度的基石,而是弥补了信用证传统原则的缺陷。然后从诚实信用原则、公平原则、公共秩序保留原则三大方面阐明了信用证欺诈例外原则的理论基础,进一步说明了欺诈例外原则不破坏独立抽象性原则,得出结论是信用证欺诈例外原则不仅有理论基础,且与国际贸易惯例并不冲突,因此可以作为打击信用证欺诈的有力武器。 第三部分是英美关于信用证欺诈例外的司法实践。先分析英美国内法对信用证欺诈例外适用条件,包括:要求存在事实上的欺诈、确定欺诈的程度、欺诈人有主观故意、时间条件、要求开证申请人承担欺诈的举证责任、向有管辖权的法院申请。然后论述信用证欺诈例外原则的排除适用,排除适用的原因:保证信用证的流通性、保护善意的参与信用证交易的第三人、保持信用证的独立性;排除适用的情形:善意第三人的排除适用及第三人为欺诈情形下善意受益人的排除适用。最后论述信用证欺诈例外原则的救济途径,包括对银行拒付权争议的分析及法院禁令适用的具体规定,结论是不应赋予银行拒付权,法院禁令是主要的救济途径。法院禁令的适用条件:有信用证欺诈事实存在、有颁布禁令的必要性即存在不可挽回的损失、法院不得主动启用“欺诈例外”、颁布禁令不损害善意第三人的合法权益。 第四部分是信用证欺诈例外原则在我国的司法实践。以《规定》出台作为界限,分析了《规定》出台前我国关于信用证欺诈例外的立法状况及适用该原则存在的问题,主要存在对信用证欺诈的认定标准不明确、颁发禁令的标准不高、主体不一致、程序不完备及对善意第三人的保护不足等问题。再分析《规定》出台对我国关于信用证欺诈例外原则适用的影响,归纳出《规定》的进步及突破点,包括:对欺诈表现形式的规定基本符合国际惯例且进行了列举加概括的方式、突出了对善意第三人的保护、申请人范围的有关规定更为具体、法院审理范围上突破至基础交易。最后指出《规定》的五个不足,分别是:未明确受益人提交内容虚假的单据的虚假程度、向法院申请中止支付款项的条件过低、对受益人知悉单据存在欺诈或者本身参与了欺诈未作出规定、未规定银行在合理期限内的拒付义务、第八条的兜底条款增加了不确定性。 第五部分是完善我国信用证欺诈立法和司法的若干建议。《规定》是我国目前在信用证领域最权威、最与国际接轨、也最具操作性的审理案件 3 的依据,对于我国信用证纠纷案件的审理有重大的指导意义,但《规定》仍然存在法律效力不高及本身规定内容不完备等问题。本文借鉴美国UCC5 的相关规定,结合《规定》内容的进步及突破之处,从我国司法实践的需要出发,提出对信用证欺诈例外原则适用的七个建议,以弥补《规定》内容的不足之处。建议包括:明确以实质性欺诈作为认定欺诈的标准、加强对善意第三人的保护、明确法院禁令的主体及标准、明确银行在宽限期内的拒付义务、建立防范信用证欺诈的第三人辅助机制、培养专家型法官及提高法院的司法水平、制定统一标准及寻求国际合作。
  • dc.description.abstract
  • The letter of credit (L/C)is considered as the lifeline of the international trade, which shows the importance of the L/C in the current international business. Based on its principle of independent and abstract, L/C takes the place of commercial credit by the bank's credit and follows an operational mechanism deriving from international business practice. However, illegal traders take advantage of the inborn defects of the principle of independent and abstract to make use of counterfeited or transformed document so as to get the payment of the bank. The fraud of the L/C weakens peoples’confidence in L/C. In recent years, the fraud of the L/C grows hotter with the swift development of international trade. China is one of the main victims while neither of the relevant legislation nor judicial practice is mature, and it is necessary to carry on a research into the principle of fraud exception. This paper is divided into five parts. Starting from summary of the L/C and the fraud of the L/C, focusing on the empirical methods and supplemented by cases and comparative analysis aid, this paper studies the application of the principle of fraud exception by commencing from Regulation on Several Problems in L/C Cases put in practice from Jan 1, 2006. The first part is the summary of L/C .The author discusses the concept of L/C at first. Since there is no uniform definition of and agreement about L/C, this dissertation gets the definition of the fraud of the L/C after analysis of the disputes that whether the fraud of the L/C includes the fraud of basic trade and whether the soft terms are fraud of the L/C, and then introduces the forms of the fraud of the L/C. Based on the objective of fraud, it includes fraud of issue applicant, fraud of issue bank and fraud of beneficiary; based on form of fraud, it includes fraud of counterfeited document and fraud of basic contract. Then the author analyses the reasons that the fraud of the L/C results from the inborn defects of the L/C and discusses in detail the principle of independent and abstract of the L/C, the principle of the document trade and the limitations of the liability assignment. At last, the author introduces remedies for the fraud of the L/C. The principle of fraud of L/C exception originated from the case of 2 Higgins, this part analyzed the case Sztejn v.J.Schoroder Banking Corporation which influences a lot and is the milestone of systematic discussion of the principle of fraud exception. The author points out that the two breakthroughs of the case set up three requirements of application of the principle of fraud of L/C exception. The second part is the legal analysis of the principle of fraud exception. First, the author discusses the dialectical relationship between fraud of L/C exception and independence and abstractiveness of the L/C. The principle of fraud exception is an adjustment and restriction to the principle of independent and abstract instead of destroying it. The principle of fraud exception makes up the defects of the traditional principles of the L/C while shaking the footstone of the L/C legal system. This part sets forth the jurisprudence base of the principle from the principle of good and faith, the principle of justice, principle of reservation of public order to draw a conclusion that the principle of fraud exception has theoretical base and does not conflict with the current international business convention so that this principle can be a powerful weapon to strike down the fraud of the L/C. The third part discourses on judicial practice of the principle of fraud exception in Britain and United States. This part first analyzes the requirements of application regulated by the two countries, which includes the fact of fraud, requirement of time, burden of proof carried by issue applicant and application to the dominating court. Then this part discussed the situations of excluding application which reasons for guaranteeing the negotiation of the L/C, protecting the third party of good will in the business and keeping the independence of the L/C. It includes excluding application of third party of good will and excluding application of third party of good will beneficiary. At last, this author discusses the remedies for the principle of fraud exception which includes analysis of the dispute of the bank’s right of dishonoring a check and the specific regulation of the application of the court’s issuing injunction and draws a conclusion that the bank should not be granted the right to dishonoring a check while court’s issuing injunction should be the main remedy. The application of the court’s injunction should be satisfied by the 3 fact of fraud of the L/C, the necessity of issuing a conjunction, no initiative startup of fraud exception and no damage to licit interest of third party of good will. The fourth part discourses on judicial practice of the principle of fraud exception in our country. The Regulation on Several Problems in L/C Cases is a dividing line. Before the regulation came into effect, the problems of the legislation of the fraud of L/C exception includes ambiguous standard of cognizance, low requirement of issuing conjunction and inconsistent subjective and incomplete procedure and insufficient protect to third party of good will. The regulation inserts influence on the principle of fraud exception. This author generalizes the improvement and breakthrough of the regulation which includes that the regulation about the form of the fraud is more consistent with international custom, gives prominence to the protection to the third party of good will, the provision of the range of the applicant is more detailed and the range of the trial is broadened to basic business. Finally, the author points out five shortcomings of the regulation,i.e., the standard of the counterfeited document submit by the beneficiary is not clear, the requirement for applying for pausing payment is not strict, there is no provision about the beneficiary involving the fraud or informed with the fraud, and there is blank of provision about the refusal of payment by the bank in reasonable time limit, and the article 8 revealing the details increases the uncertainness. Part five is some suggestions about improving the legislation and judicial practice of the anti-fraud of the L/C in our country. The regulation is the most authoritative, approaching the world and most practical rules of cases trial in the field of L/C, and it is significant to guide settling down the cases of L/C. However, it does not have high ranked legal effects and its provisions are not complete. Starting from the need of our judicial practice, using the provisions of UCC5 for reference and combing the improvement and breakthroughs of the regulation, this dissertation puts forward seven pieces of advice about the principle of fraud exception to make up the defects of the regulation. The suggestions composes of clarifying the essential fraud as the standard for confirming the fraud, enhancing the protection to third party of good will, 4 specifying the subjective and standard of court conjunction and refusal to payment by the bank in extending time, set up the assistant system by the third party to strike down the fraud of the L/C, cultivating professional judges and improving the judicial ability of the court,making up uniform standard and seeking for international cooperation.
  • dc.date.issued
  • 2025-12-03
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