论消费者与经营者利益平衡法律制度的完善-《消费者权益保护法》

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作者:

吉星宇

导师:

岳彩申

导师单位:

经济法学院(生态法学院)

学位:

硕士

语种:

中文

关键词:

纵向失衡;横向失衡;行为控制;结构均衡;实质公平;社会本位

摘要:

现实中消费者与经营者利益失衡是当代社会的一个重要问题,如何解 决这一矛盾是各国所肩负的具有时代特征的历史使命,更是理论研究中的 热点问题。本论文即力图在分析消费者与经营者利益失衡的基础上,结合 各国的立法经验,针对我国消费者与经营者利益平衡法律制度的缺陷,特 别是《消费者权益保护法》存在的问题,提出整体上修改的新思路。本论 文正文包括四个部分: 第一部分主要分析了消费者与经营者利益失衡的表现和原因。首先, 利益失衡与否取决于平衡标准的确定,因此界定“利益”、“平衡”的概念是 前提;同时由于是描述和分析事实部分,主要是从经济学的角度来定义这 两个概念,因为经济学语言客观性相对较强,价值判断因素较少。其次, 在明确基本概念的基础上,指出消费者与经营者利益失衡存在纵向失衡和 横向失衡。“纵向失衡”是消费者与经营者之间的利益失衡,并且存在于三 个层面:一是微观个体层面的消费者与经营者利益失衡,因经营者的违约 和侵权行为而发生;二是中观层面经营者集团与消费者群体之间的利益失 衡,因经营者集团的集体行为而发生;三是宏观层面消费者与经营者利益 结构性失衡,这种失衡是因社会经济结构及变化而引起;同时这三个层面 的失衡并非一致的,存在个体与整体层面之间的合成谬误,典型的如转嫁 和外部性问题。“横向失衡”指纵向的消费者与经营者利益失衡的程度存在 差异,因不同的地域、行业和经营者利益失衡的程度也是不同的。最后, 分析了消费者与经营者利益失衡的危害性后果,指出失衡将损害消费者福 利、破坏经济秩序、影响市场效率和加剧社会群体之间的对立和矛盾。 第二部分主要从消费者与经营者利益平衡的法律目标、静态的法律功 能和动态的过程(主要是立法中的利益平衡)三个方面对当今世界法治发 达国家的立法进行考察和分析。首先,由于法律判断中的价值因素,法律 视野中的利益平衡与事实判断中的利益平衡并非是一致的,因此首要的问 题就是明确法律所要追求的消费者与经营者利益平衡目标即“平衡点”的内 涵,因为平衡必须是有度的,此部分通过分析法律视野中的“利益”、“平衡” 2 的概念以及消费者与经营者利益平衡在民法和现代消费者保护法中的变 迁,指出法律视野中的两者利益平衡目标具有融合多元价值冲突和兼顾多 方利益特点,其内涵是实质公平与社会本位。其次,从静态法律功能的角 度对世界各国的相关立法进行考察,指出消费者与经营者利益平衡目标的 实现有赖于法律的以行为控制为中心的利益保护功能和以结构均衡为中 心的利益分配功能,前者主要针对于现实中个体之间利益和集团与群体之 间失衡问题,侧重于对微观行为限制和控制来对消费者进行特别保护;而 后者主要针对整体上的结构性失衡问题,侧重于通过对宏观结构的调整来 实现利益在消费者与经营者之间的合理分配。最后,从动态利益平衡的角 度,特别是立法过程中,对消费者与经营者进行利益交换的重要性、国外 的做法进行分析。 第三部分结合前文的分析研究指出我国在消费者与经营者利益平衡 法律制度的缺陷,特别是《消费者权益保护法》存在的问题。首先,指出 在现行立法体系中《消费者权益保护法》的基本法属性缺乏,从而导致在 消费者与经营者利益平衡方面的立法缺乏系统性,结构松散。其次,现行 《消费者权益保护法》在平衡的目标上所追求的是一种不完全的实质公 平,缺乏社会本位理念。再次,在利益平衡的功能上,《消费者权益保护 法》的平衡模式是机械、单一和刚性的“跷板模式”,集中表现在利益保护 功能的不足和利益分配功能的欠缺。最后,从动态的平衡看,《消费者权 益保护法》未经立法中的利益充分交换,缺乏法治化所要求的博弈过程, 使其未获得消费者与经营者利益主体的认可,造成《消费者权益保护法》 的实施效果比较差。 第四部分结合第一部分的事实分析、第二部分的比较研究和第三部分 的评价提出《消费者权益保护法》修改的新思路。首先,在立法体系中应 明确《消费者权益保护法》基本法地位,发挥其统领作用,同时立法应当 层次化,形成以《消费者权益保护法》为基本法,内部以单行法或特别法 为主体、以效力层次相对较低的法规、条例、规章为辅助的体系,外部与 多法律部门进行配合。其次,未来《消费者权益保护法》应明确完全实质 公平的价值追求,以社会本位为其立法的起点依据和终极归宿。再次,在 3 静态法律功能上,《消费者权益保护法》的修改应完善以行为控制为中心 利益保护功能,积极扩展以结构均衡为中心的利益分配功能,从而形成灵 活、多样、刚柔相济的“杠杆平衡”模式。最后,在动态的立法利益交换中, 针对消费者与经营者的特殊性既要防止消费者的绝对多数性导致的立法 民粹主义,又要警惕利益集团对立法的影响。

学科:

经济法学

提交日期

2025-12-02

引用参考

吉星宇. 论消费者与经营者利益平衡法律制度的完善-《消费者权益保护法》[D]. 西南政法大学,2007.

全文附件授权许可

知识共享许可协议-署名

  • dc.title
  • 论消费者与经营者利益平衡法律制度的完善-《消费者权益保护法》
  • dc.contributor.schoolno
  • 20050301070553
  • dc.contributor.author
  • 吉星宇
  • dc.contributor.affiliation
  • 经济法学院(生态法学院)
  • dc.contributor.degree
  • 硕士
  • dc.contributor.childdegree
  • 法学硕士
  • dc.contributor.degreeConferringInstitution
  • 西南政法大学
  • dc.identifier.year
  • 2007
  • dc.contributor.advisor
  • 岳彩申
  • dc.contributor.advisorAffiliation
  • 经济法学院(生态法学院)
  • dc.language.iso
  • 中文
  • dc.subject
  • 纵向失衡 ;横向失衡;行为控制;结构均衡 ;实质公平;社会本位
  • dc.subject
  • Longitudinal out-of-balance;Horizontal out-of-balance;Controlling behavior ;Modulating structure;Essential fair;Social standard
  • dc.description.abstract
  • 现实中消费者与经营者利益失衡是当代社会的一个重要问题,如何解 决这一矛盾是各国所肩负的具有时代特征的历史使命,更是理论研究中的 热点问题。本论文即力图在分析消费者与经营者利益失衡的基础上,结合 各国的立法经验,针对我国消费者与经营者利益平衡法律制度的缺陷,特 别是《消费者权益保护法》存在的问题,提出整体上修改的新思路。本论 文正文包括四个部分: 第一部分主要分析了消费者与经营者利益失衡的表现和原因。首先, 利益失衡与否取决于平衡标准的确定,因此界定“利益”、“平衡”的概念是 前提;同时由于是描述和分析事实部分,主要是从经济学的角度来定义这 两个概念,因为经济学语言客观性相对较强,价值判断因素较少。其次, 在明确基本概念的基础上,指出消费者与经营者利益失衡存在纵向失衡和 横向失衡。“纵向失衡”是消费者与经营者之间的利益失衡,并且存在于三 个层面:一是微观个体层面的消费者与经营者利益失衡,因经营者的违约 和侵权行为而发生;二是中观层面经营者集团与消费者群体之间的利益失 衡,因经营者集团的集体行为而发生;三是宏观层面消费者与经营者利益 结构性失衡,这种失衡是因社会经济结构及变化而引起;同时这三个层面 的失衡并非一致的,存在个体与整体层面之间的合成谬误,典型的如转嫁 和外部性问题。“横向失衡”指纵向的消费者与经营者利益失衡的程度存在 差异,因不同的地域、行业和经营者利益失衡的程度也是不同的。最后, 分析了消费者与经营者利益失衡的危害性后果,指出失衡将损害消费者福 利、破坏经济秩序、影响市场效率和加剧社会群体之间的对立和矛盾。 第二部分主要从消费者与经营者利益平衡的法律目标、静态的法律功 能和动态的过程(主要是立法中的利益平衡)三个方面对当今世界法治发 达国家的立法进行考察和分析。首先,由于法律判断中的价值因素,法律 视野中的利益平衡与事实判断中的利益平衡并非是一致的,因此首要的问 题就是明确法律所要追求的消费者与经营者利益平衡目标即“平衡点”的内 涵,因为平衡必须是有度的,此部分通过分析法律视野中的“利益”、“平衡” 2 的概念以及消费者与经营者利益平衡在民法和现代消费者保护法中的变 迁,指出法律视野中的两者利益平衡目标具有融合多元价值冲突和兼顾多 方利益特点,其内涵是实质公平与社会本位。其次,从静态法律功能的角 度对世界各国的相关立法进行考察,指出消费者与经营者利益平衡目标的 实现有赖于法律的以行为控制为中心的利益保护功能和以结构均衡为中 心的利益分配功能,前者主要针对于现实中个体之间利益和集团与群体之 间失衡问题,侧重于对微观行为限制和控制来对消费者进行特别保护;而 后者主要针对整体上的结构性失衡问题,侧重于通过对宏观结构的调整来 实现利益在消费者与经营者之间的合理分配。最后,从动态利益平衡的角 度,特别是立法过程中,对消费者与经营者进行利益交换的重要性、国外 的做法进行分析。 第三部分结合前文的分析研究指出我国在消费者与经营者利益平衡 法律制度的缺陷,特别是《消费者权益保护法》存在的问题。首先,指出 在现行立法体系中《消费者权益保护法》的基本法属性缺乏,从而导致在 消费者与经营者利益平衡方面的立法缺乏系统性,结构松散。其次,现行 《消费者权益保护法》在平衡的目标上所追求的是一种不完全的实质公 平,缺乏社会本位理念。再次,在利益平衡的功能上,《消费者权益保护 法》的平衡模式是机械、单一和刚性的“跷板模式”,集中表现在利益保护 功能的不足和利益分配功能的欠缺。最后,从动态的平衡看,《消费者权 益保护法》未经立法中的利益充分交换,缺乏法治化所要求的博弈过程, 使其未获得消费者与经营者利益主体的认可,造成《消费者权益保护法》 的实施效果比较差。 第四部分结合第一部分的事实分析、第二部分的比较研究和第三部分 的评价提出《消费者权益保护法》修改的新思路。首先,在立法体系中应 明确《消费者权益保护法》基本法地位,发挥其统领作用,同时立法应当 层次化,形成以《消费者权益保护法》为基本法,内部以单行法或特别法 为主体、以效力层次相对较低的法规、条例、规章为辅助的体系,外部与 多法律部门进行配合。其次,未来《消费者权益保护法》应明确完全实质 公平的价值追求,以社会本位为其立法的起点依据和终极归宿。再次,在 3 静态法律功能上,《消费者权益保护法》的修改应完善以行为控制为中心 利益保护功能,积极扩展以结构均衡为中心的利益分配功能,从而形成灵 活、多样、刚柔相济的“杠杆平衡”模式。最后,在动态的立法利益交换中, 针对消费者与经营者的特殊性既要防止消费者的绝对多数性导致的立法 民粹主义,又要警惕利益集团对立法的影响。
  • dc.description.abstract
  • It is an important problem in the contemporary society that the interests of consumers and business operators in reality are out-of-balance. How to solve this contradiction is the historical mission that various countries have to accomplish, and is also a focus in the theoretical research. This thesis tries to offer the new thinking of amending “Law for the Protection of Consumers’ Rights and Interests of P.R.C. ” on the basis of analyzing the performance of out-of balance of the interests between consumers and business operators, combining the legislative experience of various countries, aiming at the defect of the legal system of our country, especially the existing law. This thesis includes four parts: Part one mainly analyses the performance of out-of-balance of interests between consumers and business operators and the reasons for it. First of all, the balance of interests or not will depend on the establishment of criteria, so it is the prerequisite to define the concept of “interest” and balance; Because of needing for describing and analyzing the fact part at the same time, this part mainly defines these two concepts in terms of economics, because the economics language objectivity is relatively strong, there are less value judgment factors. Secondly, this part point out that there are two kind of out-of-balance including longitudinal and horizontal out-of-balance. Longitudinal out-of-balance exists on three aspects: First, out-of-balance of the interests between consumer and business operator in the micro individual aspect, which happens because of the operators’ breaking a contract and tort in the micro individual aspect. Second, out-of-balance of the interests between the interest group of business operators and the colony of consumers, which results from collective behavior of the interest group of business operators. Third, the interests between consumers and business operators are out-of-balance in the macroscopical aspect because of the changing of the social structure of economic. And the out-of-balance in there aspects are not consistent because of the existing of the prisoners’ dilemma just like the problem of passed and externality. Horizontal out-of-balance is that the intensity of out-of-balance is changing with the region, trade and operator. Finally, this part points out the out-of-balance will damage consumer's welfare, 2 destroy the economic order, influence the efficiency of market and aggravate antithesis and contradiction among social groups. Part two mainly analyses and investigates the legislation of the developed country governed by law in our times from legal goal, static legal function and dynamic course of equilibrating interests between consumers and business operators. First of all, the judgment of balance or not in law is different from the fact because of its value judgment factors, so the primary mission is to define the legal goal of balance of interests between consumers and business operators. This part points out that the legal goal including equilibrating the conflict between values and giving attention to both consumers and business operators on the basis of analyzing the concept of “interest” and “balance” in the legal field and the changing of legal goal from civil law to modern law for protection of consumers’ rights, its essence includes essential fair and social standard. Secondly, this part points out that achieving the goal of balance between consumers and business operators depends on the function of protecting interest which takes behavior controlling as the center and the function of distributing interest which takes modulating structure as the emphasis on the basis of investigating the relevant legislation of the countries all over the world. The former is directed primarily to the out-of-balance among the interest group and colony, which lays particular emphasis on to especially protect consumers from micro behavioral; And the latter is directed primarily to the out-of-balance of structural on the whole, which lays particular emphasis on to realize the rational distribution between consumers and operators by adjustment of macrostructure. Finally, from the angle of dynamic balance, especially in the legislative course, this part carries on the importance of the interests exchange and foreign method. Part three combines the analysis and research of preceding paragraphs and points out the defect of the legal system of equilibrating interests between consumers and business operators in our country, especially the existing problem of “Law for the Protection of Consumers’ Rights and Interests”. First of all, this part points out that the attribute of basic law of “Law for the Protection of Consumers’ Rights and Interests” is scarce in the current legislative system, which causes legislation of lacking systematism, being loosely organized. 3 Secondly, the balance goal of current “Law for the Protection of Consumers’ Rights and Interests” is a kind of incomplete essential fair, lacking the idea of social standard. Moreover, the mode of balance of the current law is a stark, single and rigid mode of teeterboard balance which embody a concentrated expression of the deficiency that the function of protect and the function of distribution are deficient. Finally, on the view of dynamic equilibrium, the interests of consumers and business operators has not been fully exchanged in legislating, which results in that it is not approved by consumers and business operators, and causes the bad effect. Part four puts forward the new thinking of revising “Law for the Protection of Consumers’ Rights and Interests” by combining the fact of the first part, comparative studying of the second part and evaluating of the third part. First of all, legislation should confirm the basic law position of “Law for the Protection of Consumers’ Rights and Interests” in the legislative system, legislation should be layered to regard “Law for the Protection of Consumers’ Rights and Interests” as basic law, the rules of relatively lower levels, the single file laws or special laws serve for the goal of basic law. Secondly, “Law for the Protection of Consumers’ Rights and Interests” should nails down its complete essential fair value and regards social standard as its legislation’s starting point and ultimate goal. Again, “Law for the Protection of Consumers’ Rights and Interests” should perfect its function of protection and ream its function of distribution. Finally, in dynamic legislation we should prevent the legislative populism results from absolute majority of consumers, and also watch out for the influence of interest group.
  • dc.date.issued
  • 2025-12-02
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