我国小额信贷法律制度的完善

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作者:

曾锋

导师:

岳彩申

导师单位:

经济法学院(生态法学院)

学位:

硕士

语种:

中文

关键词:

小额信贷;小额信贷主体;小额信贷法律制度

摘要:

专向低收入阶层和微小企业提供金融服务的小额信贷起源于美国,正 式产生于孟加拉国,已经被证明是一种有效的扶贫和金融发展的手段,它 不仅可以解决正规金融机构长期以来没有解决的为中低收入人群和缺乏 资金的中小企业提供有效的信贷服务的问题,从而促进贫困地区经济发展 以及帮助贫困人口脱贫,同时也可以实现小额信贷机构自身的可持续发 展。在我国,小额信贷主要由商业银行、政策性银行和数量众多的非政府 组织进行经营,在金融创新和构建和谐社会中有着重要的作用,近年来我 国政府高度重视并大力发展小额信贷业,相继出台了关于小额信贷试点的 指导意见和发展小额信贷的各种政策要求。但由于不论指导意见和政策要 求,都存在强制效力不够、不稳定的问题,而且对小额信贷的界定也不够 明确,存在明显的法律制度缺陷,使得小额信贷在实际运行过程中,出现 了所有权不清、管理体制不顺、权责不明等问题。经营小额信贷的金融机 构对小额信贷认识不足,责任心不强,使小额信贷资金使用效率低、资产 质量差、信贷风险高;非政府小额信贷一般采取出资人委托国内机构的形 式进行阶段性扶贫,出现了委托代理关系扭曲的现象,加上 NGO 资金规 模有限,难以实现可持续发展;试点成立的小额信贷公司注册资本达不到 我国法定的商业银行准入门槛,因而被排除在金融体系门外,被禁止公开 吸收存款,且得不到金融监管部门的有效监管;大量民间金融未得到法律 的承认,得不到正确引导和规范,被排除在金融监管体系之外。国外小额 信贷法律制度相对健全,如孟加拉、印尼、美国、日本等,在法律的规范 下,这些国家的小额信贷在解决国内贫困问题和发展金融机构自身方面取 得了相当好的效果。特别是孟加拉国在《乡村银行法》规制下的小额信贷, 在解决贫穷问题取得了举世瞩目的成就,成为全世界小额信贷的典范。因 此,有必要针对小额信贷的实际情况,借鉴国外的成功经验,完善我国小 额信贷的法律制度,构筑统一的小额信贷法律体系:确定适当的准入及退 出机制,积极培育多元化的小额信贷机构;明确规定小额信贷机构的资金 来源和经营体制;建立合理的小额信贷监管法律体系。

学科:

经济法学

提交日期

2025-12-01

引用参考

曾锋. 我国小额信贷法律制度的完善[D]. 西南政法大学,2008.

全文附件授权许可

知识共享许可协议-署名

  • dc.title
  • 我国小额信贷法律制度的完善
  • dc.contributor.schoolno
  • 05444110401312
  • dc.contributor.author
  • 曾锋
  • dc.contributor.affiliation
  • 经济法学院(生态法学院)
  • dc.contributor.degree
  • 硕士
  • dc.contributor.childdegree
  • 法律硕士
  • dc.contributor.degreeConferringInstitution
  • 西南政法大学
  • dc.identifier.year
  • 2008
  • dc.contributor.advisor
  • 岳彩申
  • dc.contributor.advisorAffiliation
  • 经济法学院(生态法学院)
  • dc.language.iso
  • 中文
  • dc.subject
  • 小额信贷;小额信贷主体;小额信贷法律制度
  • dc.subject
  • Microcredit;Microcredit entry;Microcredit law system
  • dc.description.abstract
  • 专向低收入阶层和微小企业提供金融服务的小额信贷起源于美国,正 式产生于孟加拉国,已经被证明是一种有效的扶贫和金融发展的手段,它 不仅可以解决正规金融机构长期以来没有解决的为中低收入人群和缺乏 资金的中小企业提供有效的信贷服务的问题,从而促进贫困地区经济发展 以及帮助贫困人口脱贫,同时也可以实现小额信贷机构自身的可持续发 展。在我国,小额信贷主要由商业银行、政策性银行和数量众多的非政府 组织进行经营,在金融创新和构建和谐社会中有着重要的作用,近年来我 国政府高度重视并大力发展小额信贷业,相继出台了关于小额信贷试点的 指导意见和发展小额信贷的各种政策要求。但由于不论指导意见和政策要 求,都存在强制效力不够、不稳定的问题,而且对小额信贷的界定也不够 明确,存在明显的法律制度缺陷,使得小额信贷在实际运行过程中,出现 了所有权不清、管理体制不顺、权责不明等问题。经营小额信贷的金融机 构对小额信贷认识不足,责任心不强,使小额信贷资金使用效率低、资产 质量差、信贷风险高;非政府小额信贷一般采取出资人委托国内机构的形 式进行阶段性扶贫,出现了委托代理关系扭曲的现象,加上 NGO 资金规 模有限,难以实现可持续发展;试点成立的小额信贷公司注册资本达不到 我国法定的商业银行准入门槛,因而被排除在金融体系门外,被禁止公开 吸收存款,且得不到金融监管部门的有效监管;大量民间金融未得到法律 的承认,得不到正确引导和规范,被排除在金融监管体系之外。国外小额 信贷法律制度相对健全,如孟加拉、印尼、美国、日本等,在法律的规范 下,这些国家的小额信贷在解决国内贫困问题和发展金融机构自身方面取 得了相当好的效果。特别是孟加拉国在《乡村银行法》规制下的小额信贷, 在解决贫穷问题取得了举世瞩目的成就,成为全世界小额信贷的典范。因 此,有必要针对小额信贷的实际情况,借鉴国外的成功经验,完善我国小 额信贷的法律制度,构筑统一的小额信贷法律体系:确定适当的准入及退 出机制,积极培育多元化的小额信贷机构;明确规定小额信贷机构的资金 来源和经营体制;建立合理的小额信贷监管法律体系。
  • dc.description.abstract
  • Microcredit (hereafter MC), which was from America but actually came into being in Bangladesh, and provides finance services only for people with low-income, and small and medium businesses, has been proved to be an effective method for poverty alleviation and finance development. It also solves the problem that the normal financial institute can not solve for long time by lending money to those people or businesses mentioned above, and thus promotes the economy of the depressed areas, relieves people from poverty, and helps the sustainable development of the credit institutions which offer MCs. MCs are mainly operated by commercial bank, policy banks and numerous non-government organizations (hereafter NGOs) in China, and they play an important role in finance innovation and constructing harmonious society. In recent years, our government paid close attention to developing MCs, and promulgated some trial guidelines and policies of MCs in succession. But the compulsory validity of both the guidelines and the policies are unsatisfactory and unsteady, the definition of MCL is not clear, the defects in the relevant legal system are obvious, and all the above lead to a series of problems: unclear ownership, bad management, and ambiguous rights and duties. Without adequate knowledge and strong sense of responsibility of financial institutions operating MCs, the loans have unveiled some problems like low efficiency of use, bad quality of assets and high risk of credit. The principal-agent relationship has been distorted for MCs offered by NGOs are interim poverty alleviation given by the domestic organizations with the entrustment of contributors, plus the fund offer by NGOs is limited, which results in the difficulties in sustainable development of MCs. The tribally established NGOs offering loans are excluded from financial system, prohibited to absorb deposits publicly, and cannot be effectively regulated by financial regulatory institutions because they can not meet the minimum registered capital of commercial bank as prescribed in our relevant law. Meanwhile, a lot of private capital has not been accepted by law and excludedfrom the financial regulatory system so that it cannot be right guided and standardized. The MCs law system in overseas countries such as Bangladesh, Indonesia, America, Japan, etc., is comparatively sound. In these countries, MCs service has perfect effect on the settlement of poverty problem and the development of financial institution under its law. Having achieved remarkable achievements in resolving the problem of poverty, the MCs service in Bangladesh under its Village Banking Act has set a good example for other countries. Therefore, it is necessary to improve our legal system of MCs and construct united legal system for MCs based on the actual situation and the overseas successful experience:establishing an appropriate mechanism of access and exit, fostering diversified organizations offering MCs actively, specifying their fund resources and operation system clearly, and setting up a reasonable supervision system.
  • dc.date.issued
  • 2025-12-01
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