回扣法律问题研究

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作者:

张茵

导师:

沈萍

导师单位:

经济法学院(生态法学院)

学位:

硕士

语种:

中文

关键词:

回扣;法律问题;对策

摘要:

回扣是一种突出的社会经济现象,在不少人心目中回扣往往被认为是 与假冒伪劣的销售、行贿受贿、不正当竞争、产权不清等等相伴随,特别 是近年来旅游、医药、建筑等行业中回扣之风盛极一时,回扣可以说已经 是声名狼藉。然而要根治回扣及其不良影响,需要对回扣加以客观、全面 的认识,通过对回扣的历史与现实、理论与实践的深入分析,研究相应的 治理对策。本文拟从探讨回扣的定义、历史发展、产生和存在的原因出发, 正确理解回扣合理性与非法性的双重性质,归纳总结回扣的法律特征,并 分析其与商业贿赂、折扣、佣金的区别,在认清回扣全貌的基础上,借鉴 国外的经验,总结我国在治理上的缺陷,从而提出相应的对策。全文约3 万字,分为六个部分: 第一部分,我国的回扣现象及立法概况。首先提出回扣的定义,并列 举我国普遍存在的回扣现象,然后指出我国将其视为不正当竞争行为而加 以立法规制。本文认为回扣是一种利弊兼存的经济现象,并回顾回扣的历 史发展,指出其是随着商品经济的发展而逐步产生的,世界各国对回扣并 不是一概否定,而是对其进行合法与违法的区分,再从我国对回扣的立法 史分析,指出我国实际上也并不完全否定回扣。然后,从经济学的原理分 析回扣产生的原因是供求关系的不平衡以及代理制度的形成。 第二部分,回扣的性质。回扣存在合理和非法的两重性,对于其合理 性,首先探讨回扣存在的条件:1、市场经济中的供求不平衡是回扣的前 提条件;2、回扣是一种有效的竞争手段。其次分析回扣对社会经济的促 进作用。对于非法性,首先提出回扣的本质属性是商业贿赂行为,为法律 所禁止,然后从经济学原理探讨其社会根源,并从政治、经济、文化领域 概述其社会危害性。对于以明示入账方式实施的与回扣相类似的表现为返 回一定比例价款的行为,本文称其为“返利”,为合法的竞争手段。结合上述 分析,提出回扣的非法性在于其名为返利、实为贿赂的不正当竞争性。 第三部分,回扣的特征。1、收受主体是买方单位或个人;2、给付对 象是一定比例的价款;3、给付形式是帐外暗中;4、表现形式复杂多样, 包括现金、实物及其他形式的回扣;5、效应特征,包括关系或伙伴效应、 竞争效应、刚性或成瘾性效应和传染或扩散效应。 第四部分,回扣与相关概念的辨析。本部分首先辨析回扣与商业贿赂的关系。回扣是商业贿赂的一种最主要的最常见的最典型的表现形式,但 其与其他商业贿赂行为在表现形式上又存在一定的差别。另外,回扣、折 扣、佣金是当今社会普遍存在的有些相似的经济现象,然而其本质却是截 然不同的,本文从其性质及表现形式上予以辨析,从而加深对回扣的了解。 在回扣与折扣的辨析上,首先概述折扣的概念、性质和特征,在此基础上 指出“帐外暗中”与“公开明示和如实入账”是回扣与折扣的本质区别,同时 对返利与折扣加以区别,其次论述二者在当事人上的差异。在回扣与佣金 的辨析上,首先从佣金的概念、性质和特征上分析其与回扣的区别,指出 佣金是商业活动中间人所得的合法劳务报酬,然后从佣金在国内外的历史 发展以及相关法律规定,理解其本质。 第五部分,从国内外的立法现状来看,对回扣的治理实际上就是对商 业贿赂的治理。本文首先介绍国外对于治理回扣的相关法律规定、配套制 度的建立、行政管理措施、企业自律机制等的丰富经验。其中对法律规定 的介绍概括为:1、立法模式;2、责任承担方式;3、执法机构;4、执法 理念。配套制度的建立包括以下几点:1、公务员廉政制度;2、举报制度; 3、财务会计制度;4、商业贿赂黑名单制度。随着回扣的迅速蔓延,我国 在对其的治理上却显得越来越薄弱,其弊端主要表现在立法局限和执法局 限上。立法局限,如立法滞后,缺少统一的反商业贿赂法,刑事立法不完 善,行政处罚手段单一,经济处罚力度不够,程序性规定有待完善等。执 法局限,如行政执法措施不力,一些地方和部门查处回扣的积极性不够, 执法部门过多职责不明,行政执法与刑事司法之间缺乏有效衔接,“以罚 代刑”现象严重等。结合我国国情,并借鉴国外的经验,本文试图提出一 些对策以改善目前的治理状况:1、在宏观对策上,完善公务员制度;完 善政府对市场的调控、引导;加强政府对市场的监管。2、在法律对策上, 制订专门的《反商业贿赂法》;修订、完善刑法相关规定;建立查处商业 贿赂的部门协作机制;经济处罚、剥夺从业资格处罚与剥夺人身自由刑罚 多管齐下,确保打击力度;改进侦查措施,加大查处力度;加强对商业行 贿行为的打击力度;反商业贿赂与反官员腐败相结合;加强商业活动透明 化,压缩回扣暗箱操作空间;建立企业和个人诚信档案;健全公司、企业 管理机制;破除行业垄断;加强舆论监督;加强国际合作。

学科:

经济法学

提交日期

2025-11-18

引用参考

张茵. 回扣法律问题研究[D]. 西南政法大学,2008.

全文附件授权许可

知识共享许可协议-署名

  • dc.title
  • 回扣法律问题研究
  • dc.contributor.schoolno
  • 2025tj122
  • dc.contributor.author
  • 张茵
  • dc.contributor.affiliation
  • 民商法学院(知识产权学院)
  • dc.contributor.degree
  • 硕士
  • dc.contributor.childdegree
  • 法学硕士
  • dc.contributor.degreeConferringInstitution
  • 西南政法大学
  • dc.identifier.year
  • 2008
  • dc.contributor.advisor
  • 沈萍
  • dc.contributor.advisorAffiliation
  • 经济法学院(生态法学院)
  • dc.language.iso
  • 中文
  • dc.subject
  • 回扣 ;法律问题;对策
  • dc.subject
  • Kickback;Legal issues;Settlement
  • dc.description.abstract
  • 回扣是一种突出的社会经济现象,在不少人心目中回扣往往被认为是 与假冒伪劣的销售、行贿受贿、不正当竞争、产权不清等等相伴随,特别 是近年来旅游、医药、建筑等行业中回扣之风盛极一时,回扣可以说已经 是声名狼藉。然而要根治回扣及其不良影响,需要对回扣加以客观、全面 的认识,通过对回扣的历史与现实、理论与实践的深入分析,研究相应的 治理对策。本文拟从探讨回扣的定义、历史发展、产生和存在的原因出发, 正确理解回扣合理性与非法性的双重性质,归纳总结回扣的法律特征,并 分析其与商业贿赂、折扣、佣金的区别,在认清回扣全貌的基础上,借鉴 国外的经验,总结我国在治理上的缺陷,从而提出相应的对策。全文约3 万字,分为六个部分: 第一部分,我国的回扣现象及立法概况。首先提出回扣的定义,并列 举我国普遍存在的回扣现象,然后指出我国将其视为不正当竞争行为而加 以立法规制。本文认为回扣是一种利弊兼存的经济现象,并回顾回扣的历 史发展,指出其是随着商品经济的发展而逐步产生的,世界各国对回扣并 不是一概否定,而是对其进行合法与违法的区分,再从我国对回扣的立法 史分析,指出我国实际上也并不完全否定回扣。然后,从经济学的原理分 析回扣产生的原因是供求关系的不平衡以及代理制度的形成。 第二部分,回扣的性质。回扣存在合理和非法的两重性,对于其合理 性,首先探讨回扣存在的条件:1、市场经济中的供求不平衡是回扣的前 提条件;2、回扣是一种有效的竞争手段。其次分析回扣对社会经济的促 进作用。对于非法性,首先提出回扣的本质属性是商业贿赂行为,为法律 所禁止,然后从经济学原理探讨其社会根源,并从政治、经济、文化领域 概述其社会危害性。对于以明示入账方式实施的与回扣相类似的表现为返 回一定比例价款的行为,本文称其为“返利”,为合法的竞争手段。结合上述 分析,提出回扣的非法性在于其名为返利、实为贿赂的不正当竞争性。 第三部分,回扣的特征。1、收受主体是买方单位或个人;2、给付对 象是一定比例的价款;3、给付形式是帐外暗中;4、表现形式复杂多样, 包括现金、实物及其他形式的回扣;5、效应特征,包括关系或伙伴效应、 竞争效应、刚性或成瘾性效应和传染或扩散效应。 第四部分,回扣与相关概念的辨析。本部分首先辨析回扣与商业贿赂的关系。回扣是商业贿赂的一种最主要的最常见的最典型的表现形式,但 其与其他商业贿赂行为在表现形式上又存在一定的差别。另外,回扣、折 扣、佣金是当今社会普遍存在的有些相似的经济现象,然而其本质却是截 然不同的,本文从其性质及表现形式上予以辨析,从而加深对回扣的了解。 在回扣与折扣的辨析上,首先概述折扣的概念、性质和特征,在此基础上 指出“帐外暗中”与“公开明示和如实入账”是回扣与折扣的本质区别,同时 对返利与折扣加以区别,其次论述二者在当事人上的差异。在回扣与佣金 的辨析上,首先从佣金的概念、性质和特征上分析其与回扣的区别,指出 佣金是商业活动中间人所得的合法劳务报酬,然后从佣金在国内外的历史 发展以及相关法律规定,理解其本质。 第五部分,从国内外的立法现状来看,对回扣的治理实际上就是对商 业贿赂的治理。本文首先介绍国外对于治理回扣的相关法律规定、配套制 度的建立、行政管理措施、企业自律机制等的丰富经验。其中对法律规定 的介绍概括为:1、立法模式;2、责任承担方式;3、执法机构;4、执法 理念。配套制度的建立包括以下几点:1、公务员廉政制度;2、举报制度; 3、财务会计制度;4、商业贿赂黑名单制度。随着回扣的迅速蔓延,我国 在对其的治理上却显得越来越薄弱,其弊端主要表现在立法局限和执法局 限上。立法局限,如立法滞后,缺少统一的反商业贿赂法,刑事立法不完 善,行政处罚手段单一,经济处罚力度不够,程序性规定有待完善等。执 法局限,如行政执法措施不力,一些地方和部门查处回扣的积极性不够, 执法部门过多职责不明,行政执法与刑事司法之间缺乏有效衔接,“以罚 代刑”现象严重等。结合我国国情,并借鉴国外的经验,本文试图提出一 些对策以改善目前的治理状况:1、在宏观对策上,完善公务员制度;完 善政府对市场的调控、引导;加强政府对市场的监管。2、在法律对策上, 制订专门的《反商业贿赂法》;修订、完善刑法相关规定;建立查处商业 贿赂的部门协作机制;经济处罚、剥夺从业资格处罚与剥夺人身自由刑罚 多管齐下,确保打击力度;改进侦查措施,加大查处力度;加强对商业行 贿行为的打击力度;反商业贿赂与反官员腐败相结合;加强商业活动透明 化,压缩回扣暗箱操作空间;建立企业和个人诚信档案;健全公司、企业 管理机制;破除行业垄断;加强舆论监督;加强国际合作。
  • dc.description.abstract
  • Kickback is a prominent social economical phenomenon. It is considered by many people to be accompanied with dishonest sales, bribery, improper competition and indistinguishable property right. It can be said that kickback is notorious with its spread in tourism, medication and architecture. However, to solve the problem of kickback and diminish its negative effects, we must view it objectively and completely, and work out the settlement according to our country’s situation. This essay begins with the cause and existence of kickback, tells the readers its specialty, analyzes the difference between discount and commission, sums up the defect in the government of our country by means of studying the foreign experience, thus puts forward the settlement accordingly. There are 30,000 words in parts of five in this essay. Part 1. Kickback in China and the summary of its relevant laws. This essay first puts forward the definition of kickback, lists the examples of its existence , then points out that it is considered as illegal competition and is regulated by laws. However, kickback in this essay is viewed as a kind of economic phenomenon with both advantages and disadvantages. The essay first talks about its history accompanying with the development of commodity economy, pointing out that instead of absolute negation, other countries in the world put it into two kinds: legal and illegal ones. Then the essay analyzes the history of laws about kickback, pointing out that in fact China is not completely against it,either. Finally, the essay points out that the imbalance of supply and demand relation and the formation of agent system is the root of its existence according to economic theories. Part 2. The nature of kickback. Since there are rationality and illegality in a kickback, this essay first talks about the conditions of the existence of kickback 1) the imbalance in market economy is the requirement of kickback; 2) kickback is a kind of effective means of competition, thus draws the conclusion that the existence of kickback is reasonable in regard to its improvement of the economy. Second, the essay puts forwards that the kickback in improper competition is illegal, and should be banned by laws,and sums up the harmfulness in politics, economy and culture. Thus it talks about the social root of failure in its prohibition in economic theories. Based on the above, the illegality of kickback due to the nature of bribery but not the forms of returning interest. Part 3. The characteristics of kickback. 1) Kickback is the property the seller gives to the buyer or its company; 2) Kickback is the money the operator returns to the company or individuals on a certain scale; 3) The kickback by means of accounting in the dark is illegal; 4) The kinds of kickback is various; 5) Eeffect character, including relationship or partnership, competition, rigidity, or habituation or infective or diffused effect. Part 4. Analysis of kickback and its relevant concepts. This part first talks about the relationship between kickback and commercial bribery. Illegal kickback is a major, common and typical form of bribery, yet there are also some differences among other forms of commercial bribery. In today’s commercial practices, kickback, discount and commission are all common economical phenomenon, yet they are different in their roots. This essay talks about the differences among their quality and forms, helping the readers further understand kickback. When comparing kickback and discount, this essay gives a definition of discount, describes its quality and characteristics, then points out “account in the dark” and “open account” are the ultimate differences between the two. And they are different in the form of parties. In comparison between discount and commission, this essay analyzes the difference in their concepts, quality and characteristics, then helps the readers to understand its root from the view of its history and its relevant laws and regulations. Part 5. According to the existing laws around the world, the regulation of kickback is in fact the regulation of commercial bribery. This essay first introduces the experience of relevant laws and regulations about kickback, the establishment of apportion, the measures of administration and enterprise discipline in foreign countries. The summary of introduction of relevant laws are 1) law establishment mode; 2) ways of taking responsibility; 3) law enforcement agency; 4) idea of law enforcement. The establishment ofapportion includes: 1) incorruptness of civil service; 2) reporting system; 3) financial and accounting systems; 4) blacklist of commercial bribery. With the rapid spread of kickback, our country’s regulation seems to be weaker and weaker, mainly in law establishment and implement. The limitation of law establishment includes the delay, lack of unitive anti-commercial bribery, defect of criminal legislation and the singleness of means of administrative penalty, insufficiency of economical penalty and the need of procedural improvement. The limitation of law enforcement lies in the failure of administrative enforcement, the positivity of investigation and settlement among some departments in some places, the lack of effective transition between administrative implement and criminal implement, the abuse of punishment instead of penalty. Based on the situation in our country, using the foreign experience as reference, this essay tries to put forward some countermeasures to improve the current situation. 1) in macrostructure, perfect the system of civil service; improve the regulation and instruction to the market, and strengthen the government’s supervision. 2) in law countermeasure, establish a special law for anti-commercial bribery ;revise and improve the relevant regulations; establish the cooperation among relevant departments; strengthen the implement of financial penalty , deprivation of qualification and individual freedom; strengthen the investigation and prosecution ; strengthen the crackdown of commercial bribery and the combination of anti-commercial bribery and official bribery; publishes the commercial practices; limit the possibility of dishonest kickbacks; establish certificates of enterprises and individuals; improve the management of companies and enterprises; crack down the exercise of monopoly in all walks of fields.
  • dc.date.issued
  • 2025-11-18
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