合同欺诈的民事法律问题研究

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作者:

张旭

导师:

王洪

导师单位:

民商法学院(知识产权学院)

学位:

硕士

语种:

中文

关键词:

合同;民事欺诈;民事效力

摘要:

在高速发展的现代社会,正是无数的合同支撑着我们的经济生活。作 为合同法基本理念的诚实信用原则,是经济活动应遵循的基本道德准则和 法律准则。然而随着市场经济制度在我国的逐步确立和发展,人们的思想 道德观念也面临着新的蜕变和更新,信用危机随之日渐突出,利用合同进 行欺诈的现象十分频繁,对此民法应有适当的机制加以因应才可。 合同欺诈 作为民法上不真正行为的重要表现形式,长期以来一直受到 广泛关注,其中合同欺诈的表现形式、构成要件、法律效果及责任形式等 更是理论上的研究热点。对合同欺诈涉及的诸多问题,除了理论上已有一 定的研究外,实践中也比较关注,对合同欺诈进行规制的法律框架在我国 也已基本确立。尽管如此,对合同欺诈的不少问题,在理论上仍有进一步 思考的必要,立法规制也需要进一步完善。秉持期望对理论研究和制度完 善有所裨益之考量,本文采用历史、比较、分析等多元方法,对合同民事 欺诈的几个基本问题,尝试进行较为深入的研究。 论文主体共分五个部分: 第一部 分: 合同欺诈概述。本部分主要通过对欺诈进行语义说明、对 合同欺诈内涵进行界定、对合同欺诈制度进行历史源流梳理、比较合同欺 诈与相关概念等,以求获得对合同欺诈的概括性理解。欺诈的含义界定是 研究合同欺诈的逻辑起点,立法和理论对欺诈、合同欺诈存在不同的理解, 本文首先阐释了欺诈行为的含义,认为欺诈可从包含合同订立阶段的欺 诈、侵权行为法上的欺诈和债务履行法上的欺诈来做广义理解。合同欺诈 只是民事欺诈的一个部分,主要包含合同订立和合同履行阶段的欺诈。一 般来说,合同欺诈更多地被从合同订立时存在的欺诈来理解。文章从不同 的角度对合 同欺诈的界定进行了说明,并提出了所持观点。其次,本文采 用历史分析方法,纵向梳理了合同欺诈制度上的源流,展现不同法制对合 同欺诈进行规制的价值取向和规范特色。最后,本文将合同欺诈行为与重 大误解、胁迫、等相关概念进行比较,以期加深对合同欺诈的理解。 第二部分:合同欺诈的表现形态及成因分析。本部分主要从实证角度, 通过对合同欺诈的诸种现象进行说明,分析其背后存在的原因,获得对合 同欺诈直观、形象的理解,对合同欺诈各种行为采取法律上对策,完善相关制度显然具有极大的现实意义。文章列举了合同欺诈中的合同主体欺 诈、合同标的欺诈 、合同质量欺诈、合同价格欺诈和合同标识欺诈等常见 表现形态,对其各自特征和构成进行详尽说明,并从社会方面和当事人方 面对其成因进行分析。文章认为很多欺诈形态既会出现在合同订立过程 中,也会出现在合同履行过程中。对此,法律上应有相应对策,不仅要重 视对传统理解的合同订立阶段的欺诈进行规制,也要重视对合同履行过程 中的欺诈给予重点关注。不仅要通过一般合同法的方式对合同欺诈进行规 制,也要在特别法上引入相应的应对措施。 第三部分:合同欺诈的构成要件分析。本部分主要通过对合同欺诈的 构成要素观点进行介绍、对具体构成要件进行详尽分 析、阐释本文在相关 问题上的观点,力求从构成要素上获得对合同欺诈微观、内在的理解。文 章介绍主要法例对合同民事欺诈构成要件所持观点,各国关于合同民事欺 诈构成要件有三要件说、四要件说、五要件说,我国学说上占主导地位的 是四要件说。 合同民事欺诈四要件说之具体要件包括:一是欺诈人主观上存有欺诈故意,包括使被欺诈人陷入错误的故意以及使被欺诈人因错误而为意思表示的故意。二是被欺诈人因受欺诈而陷于错误认识,即相对人的错误与行为人的欺诈行为之间有因果关系。三是欺诈人客观上实施了欺诈行为,包括作为和不作为两种形式。四是被欺诈人因错误而为意思表示。文章结合司法实践,对前述各要件进行了分析,阐明了所持观点。最后, 文章还对欺诈认定规则进行介绍。 第四部分:合同欺诈民事效力论。本部分重点对合同订立阶段合同民 事欺诈导致的民事行为的效力 做 出分析,并附带对合同履行阶段的欺诈行 为进行定性。文章对新旧合同法关于欺诈引起的民事行为的法律效力进行 比较,指出对合同订立阶段合同民事欺诈导致的民事行为效力作“无效” 处理存在不足,从 鼓励交易、尊重当事人意思自治、国家介入当事人关系应适度等角度考虑,新合同法采取“可撤销”的态度是适宜的。基于合同民事欺诈区分为合同订立过程中的民事欺诈和合同履行过程中的民事欺诈的考虑,文章附带认为,合同履行过程中的民事欺诈行为,应作为违约行为来看待,并需要在严格责任的基础上,对此行为导致的法律责任作特殊考虑。 第五部分:合同欺诈法律责任论。本部分重点对合同订立阶段合同欺 诈导致的民事责任 做 出分析,并附带说明合同履行阶段欺诈行为导致的责任负担。对 合同订立过程中的民事欺诈,《民法通则》规定,以欺诈手段订立的民事合同无效,合同被确认无效后,当事人依据合同取得的财产,应返还给对方,有过错的一方应赔偿对方因此所受的损失,双方都是故意的,追缴双方已经取得的财产,收归国库所有。《合同法》规定,以欺诈的手段订立的合同可变更或可撤销。如撤销权人请求撤销该合同,发生与无效合同相同的法律后果。对于特殊情况下的欺诈,法律增加了当事人的责任负担,比如提供商品或者服务的欺诈行为和商品房买卖中的欺诈行为。对于合同履行过程中的欺诈,文章认为,基于惩戒责任者的考虑,围绕违约责任制度,有必要利用惩罚性赔偿制度和其他民事制裁措施予以特别规制。

学科:

法律*

提交日期

2025-11-18

引用参考

张旭. 合同欺诈的民事法律问题研究[D]. 西南政法大学,2008.

全文附件授权许可

知识共享许可协议-署名

  • dc.title
  • 合同欺诈的民事法律问题研究
  • dc.contributor.schoolno
  • 2004043
  • dc.contributor.author
  • 张旭
  • dc.contributor.affiliation
  • 民商法学院(知识产权学院)
  • dc.contributor.degree
  • 硕士
  • dc.contributor.childdegree
  • 法律硕士
  • dc.contributor.degreeConferringInstitution
  • 西南政法大学
  • dc.identifier.year
  • 2008
  • dc.contributor.advisor
  • 王洪
  • dc.contributor.advisorAffiliation
  • 民商法学院(知识产权学院)
  • dc.language.iso
  • 中文
  • dc.subject
  • 合同;民事欺诈;民事效力
  • dc.subject
  • contract ;civil contract fraud;the effect of civil act
  • dc.description.abstract
  • 在高速发展的现代社会,正是无数的合同支撑着我们的经济生活。作 为合同法基本理念的诚实信用原则,是经济活动应遵循的基本道德准则和 法律准则。然而随着市场经济制度在我国的逐步确立和发展,人们的思想 道德观念也面临着新的蜕变和更新,信用危机随之日渐突出,利用合同进 行欺诈的现象十分频繁,对此民法应有适当的机制加以因应才可。 合同欺诈 作为民法上不真正行为的重要表现形式,长期以来一直受到 广泛关注,其中合同欺诈的表现形式、构成要件、法律效果及责任形式等 更是理论上的研究热点。对合同欺诈涉及的诸多问题,除了理论上已有一 定的研究外,实践中也比较关注,对合同欺诈进行规制的法律框架在我国 也已基本确立。尽管如此,对合同欺诈的不少问题,在理论上仍有进一步 思考的必要,立法规制也需要进一步完善。秉持期望对理论研究和制度完 善有所裨益之考量,本文采用历史、比较、分析等多元方法,对合同民事 欺诈的几个基本问题,尝试进行较为深入的研究。 论文主体共分五个部分: 第一部 分: 合同欺诈概述。本部分主要通过对欺诈进行语义说明、对 合同欺诈内涵进行界定、对合同欺诈制度进行历史源流梳理、比较合同欺 诈与相关概念等,以求获得对合同欺诈的概括性理解。欺诈的含义界定是 研究合同欺诈的逻辑起点,立法和理论对欺诈、合同欺诈存在不同的理解, 本文首先阐释了欺诈行为的含义,认为欺诈可从包含合同订立阶段的欺 诈、侵权行为法上的欺诈和债务履行法上的欺诈来做广义理解。合同欺诈 只是民事欺诈的一个部分,主要包含合同订立和合同履行阶段的欺诈。一 般来说,合同欺诈更多地被从合同订立时存在的欺诈来理解。文章从不同 的角度对合 同欺诈的界定进行了说明,并提出了所持观点。其次,本文采 用历史分析方法,纵向梳理了合同欺诈制度上的源流,展现不同法制对合 同欺诈进行规制的价值取向和规范特色。最后,本文将合同欺诈行为与重 大误解、胁迫、等相关概念进行比较,以期加深对合同欺诈的理解。 第二部分:合同欺诈的表现形态及成因分析。本部分主要从实证角度, 通过对合同欺诈的诸种现象进行说明,分析其背后存在的原因,获得对合 同欺诈直观、形象的理解,对合同欺诈各种行为采取法律上对策,完善相关制度显然具有极大的现实意义。文章列举了合同欺诈中的合同主体欺 诈、合同标的欺诈 、合同质量欺诈、合同价格欺诈和合同标识欺诈等常见 表现形态,对其各自特征和构成进行详尽说明,并从社会方面和当事人方 面对其成因进行分析。文章认为很多欺诈形态既会出现在合同订立过程 中,也会出现在合同履行过程中。对此,法律上应有相应对策,不仅要重 视对传统理解的合同订立阶段的欺诈进行规制,也要重视对合同履行过程 中的欺诈给予重点关注。不仅要通过一般合同法的方式对合同欺诈进行规 制,也要在特别法上引入相应的应对措施。 第三部分:合同欺诈的构成要件分析。本部分主要通过对合同欺诈的 构成要素观点进行介绍、对具体构成要件进行详尽分 析、阐释本文在相关 问题上的观点,力求从构成要素上获得对合同欺诈微观、内在的理解。文 章介绍主要法例对合同民事欺诈构成要件所持观点,各国关于合同民事欺 诈构成要件有三要件说、四要件说、五要件说,我国学说上占主导地位的 是四要件说。 合同民事欺诈四要件说之具体要件包括:一是欺诈人主观上存有欺诈故意,包括使被欺诈人陷入错误的故意以及使被欺诈人因错误而为意思表示的故意。二是被欺诈人因受欺诈而陷于错误认识,即相对人的错误与行为人的欺诈行为之间有因果关系。三是欺诈人客观上实施了欺诈行为,包括作为和不作为两种形式。四是被欺诈人因错误而为意思表示。文章结合司法实践,对前述各要件进行了分析,阐明了所持观点。最后, 文章还对欺诈认定规则进行介绍。 第四部分:合同欺诈民事效力论。本部分重点对合同订立阶段合同民 事欺诈导致的民事行为的效力 做 出分析,并附带对合同履行阶段的欺诈行 为进行定性。文章对新旧合同法关于欺诈引起的民事行为的法律效力进行 比较,指出对合同订立阶段合同民事欺诈导致的民事行为效力作“无效” 处理存在不足,从 鼓励交易、尊重当事人意思自治、国家介入当事人关系应适度等角度考虑,新合同法采取“可撤销”的态度是适宜的。基于合同民事欺诈区分为合同订立过程中的民事欺诈和合同履行过程中的民事欺诈的考虑,文章附带认为,合同履行过程中的民事欺诈行为,应作为违约行为来看待,并需要在严格责任的基础上,对此行为导致的法律责任作特殊考虑。 第五部分:合同欺诈法律责任论。本部分重点对合同订立阶段合同欺 诈导致的民事责任 做 出分析,并附带说明合同履行阶段欺诈行为导致的责任负担。对 合同订立过程中的民事欺诈,《民法通则》规定,以欺诈手段订立的民事合同无效,合同被确认无效后,当事人依据合同取得的财产,应返还给对方,有过错的一方应赔偿对方因此所受的损失,双方都是故意的,追缴双方已经取得的财产,收归国库所有。《合同法》规定,以欺诈的手段订立的合同可变更或可撤销。如撤销权人请求撤销该合同,发生与无效合同相同的法律后果。对于特殊情况下的欺诈,法律增加了当事人的责任负担,比如提供商品或者服务的欺诈行为和商品房买卖中的欺诈行为。对于合同履行过程中的欺诈,文章认为,基于惩戒责任者的考虑,围绕违约责任制度,有必要利用惩罚性赔偿制度和其他民事制裁措施予以特别规制。
  • dc.description.abstract
  • In this rapidly developing m odern society, it is the various contracts that support our economic life. As the basic concept of contract law, the principle of good faith is the basic ethical principle and legal norms that shall be complied with in economic activities. However, with th e steady establishment and development of market economy in our country, people are facing new transformation and change in their ways of thinking and sense of morality, and consequently, the credit crisis has become increasingly prominent, more and more f raudulent acts by making use of contract have occurred, therefore, appropriate mechanism shall be set up in civil law to cope with the same. As an important manifestation of unreal act in civil law, civil contract fraud has aroused wide concern for a long time. And the manifestation mode, constituent requirements, legal effect and types of liabilities of civil contract fraud have long been the hot points for study. With regard to the various issues involved in civil contract fraud, not only is there certai n research in its theory, but also is it concerned in practice. China has already established the basic legal framework for regulating the civil fraud. However, further study is still required in theory and improvement on the legislation thereof is also ne eded with respect to the many issues in civil contract fraud. In this thesis, the author intends to make certain contribution to the theoretical study and system perfection of civil contract fraud, and attempts to make further study on several basic issues concerning civil contract fraud by such multi perspective research methods as historic point of view, comparison and analysis. The main body of this thesis includes the following five Sections P art One : Brief Overview of Civil Contract Fraud. In this S ection, the author tries to give a general understanding on the civil contract fraud through explaining the term “fraud”, defining the connotations and tracing to the origin of civil contract fraud, as well as comparing it with the relevant concepts. Defin ing the meaning of fraud is the logical starting point in studying the civil contract fraud. There are different understandings on fraud and civil contract fraud in both legislation and theory. The author firstly sets out the meaning of fraudulent act, sta ting that we may understand fraud in a broad sense including fraud during the formation of contract, fraud in tort law and fraud in the law of performance of obligations. Civil contract fraud is only a part of civil fraud, mainly including fraud during con tract formation and fraud during contract performance. In general, people tend to understand civil contract fraud from the fraud during contract formation. The author explains the definition of civil contract fraud from different points of view, and propos es her own opinions. Secondly, the author makes historical analysis on the origin of the civil contract fraud system, and provides the readers with the value orientation and regulation characteristics of different legal systems in regulating the civil cont ract fraud. Finally, the author compares the civil contract fraudulent acts with gross misunderstanding, duress and commercial boasting, as well as other relevant concepts for the purpose of deepening the understanding on civil contract fraud. P art Two : Forms of Civil Contract Fraud and Analysis on the Cause Thereof. In this Section, the author tries to give a straightforward and visual understanding on civil contract fraud by ways of setting out the various phenomena of civil contract fraud from differen t perspectives, and analyzing the reasons behind them, which obviously have great practical significance on the adoption of legal countermeasures to the various civil contract fraudulent acts and the perfection of the relevant systems. In this thesis, the author lists the common types of civil contract fraud, including fraud in subject of contract, fraud in subject matter of contract, and fraud in contract quality, as well as fraud in contract price, etc., gives a detailed explanation on their respective ch aracteristics and constituents, and makes an analysis on the causation thereof from such aspects as the society and the parties to the contract. The author believes that many frauds will not only appear during the formation of contract, but also appear dur ing the performance of contract. Therefore, there shall be corresponding countermeasures in law to regulate not only the fraud during the formation of contract as traditionally understood by people, but also give special attention to the fraud arising from the performance of contract; and to regulate it not only by the method as provided in the general contract law, but also introduce corresponding countermeasures in special laws. P art Three : Analysis on the Essential Components of Civil Contract Fraud. In this Section, the author tries to give an understanding from microscopic and internal point of view through introducing the various viewpoints on the essential components of civil contract fraud and analyzing in detail the specific components, and propose s her own opinions on the relevant issues. In this thesis, the author introduces the viewpoints of major legal systems on civil contract fraud, including three essential components theory, four essential components theory, and five essential components the ory, and the leading theory in China is the four essential components theory, which includes the following: 1) The fraudulent party shall have the subjective intention to make fraud, including the intention to lead the deceived party into a mistake about s omething so as to give consent to do something based on such mistake. 2) The deceived party has been led into a mistake by fraud, i.e., there is causation between the mistake of the deceived party and the fraudulent act of the fraudulent party. 3) The frau dulent party objectively conducts a fraudulent act, including acts and omissions. And 4) The deceived party consents by such mistake to do what he would not otherwise have done. In this thesis, the author makes an analysis on each of the aforesaid essentia l components, and proposes her own opinions. The author also introduces and makes comments on the fraud expansion theory, which focuses on the protection of special groups of people under special circumstances, and is of enlightening significance to unders tand the essential components of the civil contract fraud in a new sense. P art Four : Discussion on the Civil Effect of Civil Contract Fraud. In this Section, the author focuses on the analysis of the effect of civil act resulted from civil contract fraud during the formation of contract, and defines the nature of the fraudulent acts during the performance of contract. In this thesis, the author compares the legal effect of the civil acts arising from fraud in both the old and the new contract laws, and po ints out that there are shortcomings to deem the civil act resulted from civil contract fraud during contract formation as “invalid”, and it is reasonable to determine it as
  • dc.date.issued
  • 2025-11-18
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