国际货物买卖中的风险转移问题研究

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归属院系:

国际法学院

作者:

方淑敏

导师:

张晓君

导师单位:

国际法学院

学位:

硕士

语种:

中文

关键词:

国际货物买卖;风险;风险转移;交付;违约;立法完善

摘要:

国际货物买卖往往跨越不同的国家或地区,货物的交付过程较为繁 琐,大多要经过空运、海运或陆路运输。而这期间,货物难免要遭受各种 意外损失,如盗窃、火灾、沉船、破碎、渗漏以及不属于正常损耗的腐烂 变质等,这些致使货物遭受毁损、灭失的风险应如何划分、应由谁来承担, 则切实关系到买卖双方当事人的利益,是买卖双方当事人极为关注的问 题。因此,风险转移问题,则成为国际货物买卖合同中一个十分重要的问 题。 因而,各国法律以及国际公约、国际贸易惯例都很重视对货物风险转 移的规定,但是由于在货物风险转移的理论上始终存在争论,由此导致各 国对该问题立法的差异。我国 1999 年生效的《中华人民共和国合同法》 在吸收国际、国外先进法律制度的基础上,在买卖合同一章对货物风险转 移作了较为详尽的规定,实现了对货物风险转移问题的法律调整。但我国 《合同法》还远没有实现对货物风险转移问题调整规范的系统化,与国际 通行规则的接轨程度仍显不足,尚有许多空白。因此,对国际货物买卖中 的风险转移问题进行全面和深入地探讨研究,不仅具有重要的理论价值, 更具有深远的现实意义。本文从风险和风险转移的法律界定入手,分析了 正常情形、违约情形、特殊情形下世界各国及国际条约对风险转移问题的 规定,结合我国《合同法》的规定,提出完善我国国际货物买卖风险转移 问题的方法,以期能对我国《合同法》货物风险转移条款的完善提供一点 建议。 本文分为如下四章: 第一章是风险和风险转移概述。在这一章中,笔者首先根据国内外学 者及各国立法对“风险”和“风险转移”的界定,根据通行的定义,提出何谓 国际货物买卖中的“风险”和“风险转移”,“风险”是指:货物的意外毁损灭 失,包括在国际货物买卖过程中由不可归责于双方当事人的事由导致的货 物可能遭受的各种意外损失,如盗窃、吹落、沉没、渗漏、受潮、发霉以 及不属正常损失的腐烂变质等。而“风险转移”是指货物风险由卖方转移到 买方,其中最关键的是风险从卖方转移给买方的地点和时间界限。然后指 出国际货物买卖中造成风险的三种事由:不可抗力、意外事件和当事人不 能预见的第三人的过错,分析了三种事由的含义、条件和区分。最后简单介绍了正常情形、违约情形、特殊情形下风险转移对当事人权利义务的影 响。 第二章是正常情形下的风险转移问题。在这一章中,笔者首先介绍了 国外对正常情形下风险转移问题的三种立法原则,即风险于合同成立时转 移原则、风险于所有权转移时转移原则、风险于交付时转移原则,分析了 三种原则的含义并对其进行简单评析。然后介绍了《联合国国际货物买卖 合同公约》对正常情形下风险转移的规定即风险于交付时转移,最后结合 我国《合同法》对正常情形下风险转移问题的规定,分析我国《合同法》 对该问题规定的不足之处,提出了完善建议。 第三章是违约情形时的风险转移问题。国际货物买卖合同有买方、卖 方双方当事人,买方、卖方一方违约或双方违约对风险转移的影响是不同 的。因此,本章分成两部分:第一部分是买方违约时的风险转移问题。在 这一部分中,笔者首先介绍了德国、英国、美国及《公约》对有关买方违 约时风险转移问题的规定,结合我国《合同法》对该问题的规定,分析我 国《合同法》对该问题规定的不足之处,并提出完善建议。第二部分是卖 方违约时的风险转移问题。在这一部分中,笔者首先介绍了英国、美国及 《公约》对有关卖方违约时风险转移问题的规定,结合我国《合同法》对 该问题的规定,分析我国《合同法》对该问题规定的不足之处,并提出完 善建议。 第四章是特殊情形下的风险转移问题。交付主义原则只属于一般性原 则,在国际贸易的实践中,货物买卖存在着不同的交货方式,因交货方式 的不同,风险转移的时间就有所不同,对当事人双方权利义务的影响也不 同。如货物涉及运输、路货买卖等,应区分不同的情况确定货物风险转移 的时间。这一章分成三部分,即买卖合同涉及货物运输时的风险转移问题、 在途货物买卖的风险转移问题、特定化对风险转移的影响,每一部分都采 取相同的体例,即首先介绍《公约》对该问题的规定,并结合我国《合同 法》的规定,分析我国《合同法》对该问题规定的不足之处,并提出完善 建议。 我国对风险转移问题的研究尚处于初始阶段,在对内和对外贸易中遇 到的许多问题,依据国内现有的法律难以解决且争议很大。随着中国对外 改革开放力度的进一步加大,特别是加入 WTO 后,我国对外贸易交往能 力的进一步提高,我们急需要一部完善的立法在理论上对国际货物买卖中的风险转移问题予以指导。因此,研究国际货物买卖的风险转移问题具有 现实意义,本文通过介绍世界上其他国家及国际公约对国际货物买卖的风 险转移问题的规定,指出了我国《合同法》中的不足之处,提出完善我国 风险转移问题的认识,旨在使我国风险转移法律制度更系统化、更具体化、 更具操作性。

学科:

国际法学

提交日期

2025-11-18

引用参考

方淑敏. 国际货物买卖中的风险转移问题研究[D]. 西南政法大学,2005.

全文附件授权许可

知识共享许可协议-署名

  • dc.title
  • 国际货物买卖中的风险转移问题研究
  • dc.contributor.schoolno
  • 2025tj084
  • dc.contributor.author
  • 方淑敏
  • dc.contributor.affiliation
  • 国际法学院
  • dc.contributor.degree
  • 硕士
  • dc.contributor.childdegree
  • 法律硕士
  • dc.contributor.degreeConferringInstitution
  • 西南政法大学
  • dc.identifier.year
  • 2005
  • dc.contributor.advisor
  • 张晓君
  • dc.contributor.advisorAffiliation
  • 国际法学院
  • dc.language.iso
  • 中文
  • dc.subject
  • 国际货物买卖;风险;风险转移;交付;违约;立法完善
  • dc.subject
  • International Sale of Goods;risk;risk transfe;Delivery;Breach of contract;Legislation
  • dc.description.abstract
  • 国际货物买卖往往跨越不同的国家或地区,货物的交付过程较为繁 琐,大多要经过空运、海运或陆路运输。而这期间,货物难免要遭受各种 意外损失,如盗窃、火灾、沉船、破碎、渗漏以及不属于正常损耗的腐烂 变质等,这些致使货物遭受毁损、灭失的风险应如何划分、应由谁来承担, 则切实关系到买卖双方当事人的利益,是买卖双方当事人极为关注的问 题。因此,风险转移问题,则成为国际货物买卖合同中一个十分重要的问 题。 因而,各国法律以及国际公约、国际贸易惯例都很重视对货物风险转 移的规定,但是由于在货物风险转移的理论上始终存在争论,由此导致各 国对该问题立法的差异。我国 1999 年生效的《中华人民共和国合同法》 在吸收国际、国外先进法律制度的基础上,在买卖合同一章对货物风险转 移作了较为详尽的规定,实现了对货物风险转移问题的法律调整。但我国 《合同法》还远没有实现对货物风险转移问题调整规范的系统化,与国际 通行规则的接轨程度仍显不足,尚有许多空白。因此,对国际货物买卖中 的风险转移问题进行全面和深入地探讨研究,不仅具有重要的理论价值, 更具有深远的现实意义。本文从风险和风险转移的法律界定入手,分析了 正常情形、违约情形、特殊情形下世界各国及国际条约对风险转移问题的 规定,结合我国《合同法》的规定,提出完善我国国际货物买卖风险转移 问题的方法,以期能对我国《合同法》货物风险转移条款的完善提供一点 建议。 本文分为如下四章: 第一章是风险和风险转移概述。在这一章中,笔者首先根据国内外学 者及各国立法对“风险”和“风险转移”的界定,根据通行的定义,提出何谓 国际货物买卖中的“风险”和“风险转移”,“风险”是指:货物的意外毁损灭 失,包括在国际货物买卖过程中由不可归责于双方当事人的事由导致的货 物可能遭受的各种意外损失,如盗窃、吹落、沉没、渗漏、受潮、发霉以 及不属正常损失的腐烂变质等。而“风险转移”是指货物风险由卖方转移到 买方,其中最关键的是风险从卖方转移给买方的地点和时间界限。然后指 出国际货物买卖中造成风险的三种事由:不可抗力、意外事件和当事人不 能预见的第三人的过错,分析了三种事由的含义、条件和区分。最后简单介绍了正常情形、违约情形、特殊情形下风险转移对当事人权利义务的影 响。 第二章是正常情形下的风险转移问题。在这一章中,笔者首先介绍了 国外对正常情形下风险转移问题的三种立法原则,即风险于合同成立时转 移原则、风险于所有权转移时转移原则、风险于交付时转移原则,分析了 三种原则的含义并对其进行简单评析。然后介绍了《联合国国际货物买卖 合同公约》对正常情形下风险转移的规定即风险于交付时转移,最后结合 我国《合同法》对正常情形下风险转移问题的规定,分析我国《合同法》 对该问题规定的不足之处,提出了完善建议。 第三章是违约情形时的风险转移问题。国际货物买卖合同有买方、卖 方双方当事人,买方、卖方一方违约或双方违约对风险转移的影响是不同 的。因此,本章分成两部分:第一部分是买方违约时的风险转移问题。在 这一部分中,笔者首先介绍了德国、英国、美国及《公约》对有关买方违 约时风险转移问题的规定,结合我国《合同法》对该问题的规定,分析我 国《合同法》对该问题规定的不足之处,并提出完善建议。第二部分是卖 方违约时的风险转移问题。在这一部分中,笔者首先介绍了英国、美国及 《公约》对有关卖方违约时风险转移问题的规定,结合我国《合同法》对 该问题的规定,分析我国《合同法》对该问题规定的不足之处,并提出完 善建议。 第四章是特殊情形下的风险转移问题。交付主义原则只属于一般性原 则,在国际贸易的实践中,货物买卖存在着不同的交货方式,因交货方式 的不同,风险转移的时间就有所不同,对当事人双方权利义务的影响也不 同。如货物涉及运输、路货买卖等,应区分不同的情况确定货物风险转移 的时间。这一章分成三部分,即买卖合同涉及货物运输时的风险转移问题、 在途货物买卖的风险转移问题、特定化对风险转移的影响,每一部分都采 取相同的体例,即首先介绍《公约》对该问题的规定,并结合我国《合同 法》的规定,分析我国《合同法》对该问题规定的不足之处,并提出完善 建议。 我国对风险转移问题的研究尚处于初始阶段,在对内和对外贸易中遇 到的许多问题,依据国内现有的法律难以解决且争议很大。随着中国对外 改革开放力度的进一步加大,特别是加入 WTO 后,我国对外贸易交往能 力的进一步提高,我们急需要一部完善的立法在理论上对国际货物买卖中的风险转移问题予以指导。因此,研究国际货物买卖的风险转移问题具有 现实意义,本文通过介绍世界上其他国家及国际公约对国际货物买卖的风 险转移问题的规定,指出了我国《合同法》中的不足之处,提出完善我国 风险转移问题的认识,旨在使我国风险转移法律制度更系统化、更具体化、 更具操作性。
  • dc.description.abstract
  • International Sale of Goods often crosses different countries or regions. The goods delivery process is more cumbersome, mostly needing air, sea or land transport. During the period, the goods inevitably suffer all kinds of accidents losses, such as stealing, fire, wreck, broken, leaking and rot which does not belong to normal spoilage. Who will bear the risk which is induced by the losses between the bargainers is a crucial problem and it makes risk transfers a very important problem in international contract for the sale of goods. As a result, all nations think highly of the legislation of risk transfer, such as international conventions and trade practices. While there is always contradiction of risk transfer of the goods in theory, there is always differences in legislation in this field. Based on advanced foreign legislation, the Contract Law of the People's Republic of China which is effective in 1999 has more details about risk transfer in one of the chapters of it, then has revised the legislation of risk transfer. Yet, to the risk transfer, the Contract Law of the People's Republic of China is still not systematic enough about it and there is still a gap between international rules and Chinese laws. Therefore, the international sale of goods in the risk transfer issues of a comprehensive and in-depth research, not only of great theoretical value, but also far-reaching practical significance. In this paper, the author first introduced the legal definition of risk and risk transfer, then analysed the risk transfer in normal circumstances, breach of contract case and how other nations’ legislation and international treaties are on the question of risk transfer. Lastly, with China's Contract Law, the author suggested how to improve China's legislation of the risk transfer of international trading goods. This paper is divided into four chapters: Chapter 1 is about the outline of the risk and risk transfer. In this chapter, the author first in accordance with national legislation on "risk" and "risk transfer" as defined under the current definition of what is meant by the International Sale of Goods made in the "risk" and "risk transfer". "Risk" means: the accident damage for loss of goods, including goods in the international trading process by the parties, which can not be attributed to the subject of thegoods may lead to the loss of all accidents, such as theft, chuila, sank, leakage, exposed to moisture, mildew and not a normal loss of perishable, such as eradicating corruption. The "risk transfer" means that the risk from the seller to the buyer, and the transfer of risk from the seller to the buyer's place and time limits is the most critical thing of it. Followed comes with the international sale of goods in three subject of risk: force majeure, the parties can not foresee the accident and the third party's fault. Among it, there are analysis of the definition, condition and distinction of the three reasons of risk transfer. Finally, a brief introduction of the rights and obligations the parties affected by the normal circumstances, breach of contract case and the special circumstances of risk transfer. Chapter 2 is about the risk of transfer in normal circumstances. In this chapter, the author first introduced the risk transfer of the three legislative principles abroad in normal circumstances, that is the establishment of risk transfer contract in principle, at the risk of transfer of ownership transfer in principle, and at risk in the delivery of the transfer principle of the three meanings of the principle and their assessment. Then the provisions of risk transfer under normal circumstances in "United Nations International Convention on the contract for the sale of goods" was introduced, and combined with the provisions in China's "Contract Law" under normal circumstances of risk transfer, the author pointed out the disadvantages and suggestions. Chapter 3 is about the risk transfer in the breach of contract. The contract of international sale of goods has two parities, buyer and seller. One of them breaches the contract or both of them breach the contract leads to different impact. Therefore, this chapter is divided into two parts: the first part is about the buyer's default risk transfer issues. In this section, the author first gave a briefing on Germany, Britain, the United States and the "Convention" on the buyer's default risk transfer issues. With current China's "Contract Law" on the issue, the author analysed the inadequacy of it and made sound recommendations. The second part is about the seller of default risk transfer. In this section, the author first introduced the United Kingdom, the United States and the "Convention" on the seller's default risk transfer issues. Similarly, with analysis of China's"Contract Law" on the issue, the author found out the deficiencies of it and followed with suggestions of how to improve it. Chapter 4 is about the risk transfer issues under the special circumstances. The principle of delivery is the general principle. In the practice of international trade, the sale of goods with different delivery methods, the time of risk transfer is not the same due to the different methods of delivery. What’s more, the rights and obligations of the parties are difference as a result. If the goods involved in the transport, road, such as the sale of goods, the time of risk transfer should be distinguished between the different circumstances. This chapter is divided into three parts, including the contract for the sale of goods transport, the risk of transfer, sale and purchase of goods in transit risk transfer and risk transfer of the impact of each part. Among the three parts mentions above, the author first introduced the "Convention" on the Issues, and then pointed out the inadequacy of China's "Contract Law" on the issue of the of the provision and suggested solutions at the end. China has just started researching the issue of risk transfer. We encounted a lot of problems in internal and foreign trade but they are difficult to solve with only existing domestic law. With China's reform and opening policy, especially after entering the WTO, the foreign trade of China has improved. As a result, a perfect legislation in theory is needed to meet the demands. The sale of goods in international transfer of the risk is of practical significance. The deficiencies of China's "Contract Law" is found by comparing and contrasting the International Convention on the International Sale of Goods and other countries’ provisons on this issue. To make China's legal system of risk transfer more systematic, more specific, and more practical, we should highly aware the importance of risk transfer and improve the provisions on this issue.
  • dc.date.issued
  • 2025-11-18
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