过失的判断--兼议其裁判理念

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归属院系：

经济法学院（生态法学院）

作者：

方龙

导师：

熊晖

导师单位：

经济法学院（生态法学院）

学位：

硕士

语种：

中文

关键词：

过失;判断标准;客观化;注意义务;裁判理念

摘要：

我国侵权法学者研究焦点多集中于侵权类型化划分、因果关系、共同 侵权、归责方式等方面，较少对司法实践中急需的过错要件问题进行深入 研究。司法实践通常适用过错的主观认定方法，忽略了侵权行为客观化的 基本规律，而且适用的实体法太过抽象，导致裁判的社会效果面临挑战。 本文以过失为切入口，通过比较分析，梳理了大陆法系侵权法的立法概况， 得出结论是大陆法系的侵权法立法过于抽象概括、应用性不足等缺点，且 主观认识方法的局限也无法适应司法的需求，故以英美侵权法过失认定的 判例规则为基础，力主借鉴注意义务客观化的分析方法，建立过错行为客 观化识别规则。为了协调侵权法移植和过分追求客观化的缺陷，通过强化 利益衡量、矫正正义以及对法律漏洞进行积极解释等司法理念，来确保最 终的裁判公正。 全文共分五个部分，约二万八千字。 第一部分引言对我国侵权法立法与司法实践面临的问题进行了陈述， 通过对侵权法过错要件源流的考察，提出了过错认定的核心在于过失认 定，勾勒了过失认定的基本轮廓。 第二部分引用了业已生效的侵权法案例，在案例中对相关焦点进行了 简单评述，提出目前过失识别标准尚显欠缺，面临适用的困难，认为过失 的主观判断标准和客观判断标准皆有不足，提出以过失的主观价值为基 础，建立过失行为判断的客观化规则。 第三部分是过失的比较法考察，以大陆法系的法、德、日等国立法为 依据，认为该法系立法缺陷是过于抽象，适用性不足，忽视了过失行为客 观化的现实。英美侵权法体系较为复杂，尽管缺乏逻辑周延，但是其过失 认定的判例规则却颇有借鉴意义，因此力主取其过失认定规则为我所用。 对法律移植的弊病提出了充分利用本土资源的解决办法。 第四部分是过失的具体分析方法。认为首先应该建立理性人的行为标 准，低于其注意程度构成过失，考量过失的相关因素，包括行为的法定义 务及例外规定、习惯和惯例、行为外观、未成年人、精神病、专业人员等 个体差异情况、紧急情况、先行行为等等，认为应该以多角度的观察来准 确识别行为的过失程度。 2 第五部分阐述了侵权案件中对过失的裁判理念。主要目的在于克服成 文法规则的不足。 最后对我国正在制定中的侵权法提出了期盼，认为应该重视司法的需 求，改革过失主观认识方法的不足，建立客观化识别规则，树立公平把握 利益平衡的裁判理念，以实现侵权案件的公正裁判。

学科：

民商法学

提交日期：

2025-11-11

引用参考：

方龙. 过失的判断--兼议其裁判理念[D]. 西南政法大学,2008.

全文附件授权许可：

知识共享许可协议-署名

  • dc.title
  • 过失的判断--兼议其裁判理念
  • dc.contributor.schoolno
  • 05554130100124
  • dc.contributor.author
  • 方龙
  • dc.contributor.affiliation
  • 经济法学院（生态法学院）
  • dc.contributor.degree
  • 硕士
  • dc.contributor.childdegree
  • 法律硕士
  • dc.contributor.degreeConferringInstitution
  • 西南政法大学
  • dc.identifier.year
  • 2008
  • dc.contributor.advisor
  • 熊晖
  • dc.contributor.advisorAffiliation
  • 经济法学院（生态法学院）
  • dc.language.iso
  • 中文
  • dc.subject
  • 过失 ;判断标准; 客观化 ;注意义务;裁判理念
  • dc.subject
  • fallings; identification;objection-oriented;; the obligation of notice;the judgment ideas
  • dc.description.abstract
  • 我国侵权法学者研究焦点多集中于侵权类型化划分、因果关系、共同 侵权、归责方式等方面，较少对司法实践中急需的过错要件问题进行深入 研究。司法实践通常适用过错的主观认定方法，忽略了侵权行为客观化的 基本规律，而且适用的实体法太过抽象，导致裁判的社会效果面临挑战。 本文以过失为切入口，通过比较分析，梳理了大陆法系侵权法的立法概况， 得出结论是大陆法系的侵权法立法过于抽象概括、应用性不足等缺点，且 主观认识方法的局限也无法适应司法的需求，故以英美侵权法过失认定的 判例规则为基础，力主借鉴注意义务客观化的分析方法，建立过错行为客 观化识别规则。为了协调侵权法移植和过分追求客观化的缺陷，通过强化 利益衡量、矫正正义以及对法律漏洞进行积极解释等司法理念，来确保最 终的裁判公正。 全文共分五个部分，约二万八千字。 第一部分引言对我国侵权法立法与司法实践面临的问题进行了陈述， 通过对侵权法过错要件源流的考察，提出了过错认定的核心在于过失认 定，勾勒了过失认定的基本轮廓。 第二部分引用了业已生效的侵权法案例，在案例中对相关焦点进行了 简单评述，提出目前过失识别标准尚显欠缺，面临适用的困难，认为过失 的主观判断标准和客观判断标准皆有不足，提出以过失的主观价值为基 础，建立过失行为判断的客观化规则。 第三部分是过失的比较法考察，以大陆法系的法、德、日等国立法为 依据，认为该法系立法缺陷是过于抽象，适用性不足，忽视了过失行为客 观化的现实。英美侵权法体系较为复杂，尽管缺乏逻辑周延，但是其过失 认定的判例规则却颇有借鉴意义，因此力主取其过失认定规则为我所用。 对法律移植的弊病提出了充分利用本土资源的解决办法。 第四部分是过失的具体分析方法。认为首先应该建立理性人的行为标 准，低于其注意程度构成过失，考量过失的相关因素，包括行为的法定义 务及例外规定、习惯和惯例、行为外观、未成年人、精神病、专业人员等 个体差异情况、紧急情况、先行行为等等，认为应该以多角度的观察来准 确识别行为的过失程度。 2 第五部分阐述了侵权案件中对过失的裁判理念。主要目的在于克服成 文法规则的不足。 最后对我国正在制定中的侵权法提出了期盼，认为应该重视司法的需 求，改革过失主观认识方法的不足，建立客观化识别规则，树立公平把握 利益平衡的裁判理念，以实现侵权案件的公正裁判。
  • dc.description.abstract
  • The experts on the law of torts in China have put more attentions on the following issues such as the classification of the torts models, the relation of cause-and-effect, the common torts and the model of attributions but less focus on the profound researches of the fault conditions that is pressing to be identified in the judicial practices. However the general way of the subjective identification for faults in judicial practices usually neglects the basic rules of the objection of the torts and the applied laws are too abstract which cause the challenges of the judgments with the social effects. So this dissertation is trying to take the faults as an access to comb over the summary of the legislations about the torts laws in the civil law by the comparative analysis which is intended to conclude that this kind of legislation of torts in civil law is too general and lacking of the applied aspects and the way of the subjective identification is hardly suit for the demands of the jurisdiction. Therefore the author insists that the best way based on the identifications under the rules of case law in the torts system of common law is to draw lessons from the positive way of the objection of the obligations to establish the identified rule of the objection of the torts. For the improvement of the defects as the transplants in the torts law and the objection-oriented pursuing, it is better to set up the judicial ideas such as the interests balance, the corrected justice and the active interpretation about the legal loopholes in order to secure the finally justice of the courts. The whole text is divide into five farts which is about 28 thousand words. The first part is the preface which introduces the torts legislations and current problems in judicial practices in China. Through the exams on the origins of the faults conditions in torts law, the author raises that the key point of the identification of the faults is the fallings and outlines the basic views of the identification of fallings. The second part introduces the judged case regarding to the law of torts and the author comments on the relative issues briefly and puts forward the defects and the difficulties in the application of the current standard among the case and also indicates that there are both flaws in the subjective and objective 2 judgment to establish the objection-oriented rules of the fallings based on the subjective values of these actions. So the third part is the introduction of the comparative law of the legislation in faults which is grounded on the civil law as French, German and Japanese legislations. And the author explicates that the legislation in civil families are too abstract without the enough applications and neglects the objection-oriented facts of fallings. On the contrary the torts system in case law is more complicated while the less ranges of the logics but its case rules about the identification of the fallings are very enlightening. So the author persists that this identified rule should be absorbed by our legal system and elaborates the resolutions by the local resources against the problems of the legal transplants. The fourth part is the positive way of the fallings in details. The author believes that it should be established the standard based on the rational person which beneath the level of proper notices to be the fallings and taken the relative factors including the legal obligations and the exceptions, the customs and the conventions, the appearances, the juniors and the mental patients, the experts with the different cases, the emergencies and the prior actions and so on. And the author states that it’s better to identify the degree of fallings precisely from the various perspectives. The fifth part elaborates the ideas in judgments about the faults in torts which are mainly aimed to overcome the defects of the rules in the written laws. Finally the last part is the expectations over the law of the torts liability could be promulgated in our legislation and the suggestion by the author are following: we should focus on the needs of jurisdiction, the misunderstandings about subjective identification of falling in the reforms and establish the identified rule of the objection-oriented one with the judgment idea of interests balancing to realize the justice in the torts cases.
  • dc.date.issued
  • 2025-11-11
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