柏拉图的政体理论研究--从“最好的政体”到“次好的政体”之思

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作者:

王恒

导师:

文正邦

导师单位:

人权研究院(人权学院)

学位:

博士

语种:

中文

关键词:

柏拉图;政体 ;《法篇》

摘要:

本文旨在研究柏拉图的政体理论,尤其是《理想国》中“最好的政体”和《法 篇》中“次好的政体”的实质及其相互关系。 柏拉图的政体理论是其对西方政治和法律思想作出的最重要贡献,对后世产 生了深远的影响。但是,与亚里士多德对政体问题的研究方式不同,柏拉图用对 话体的方式来表达自己的思想。对话这种文体使我们必须注意到对话语境对思想 的限制:言辞的普世性受到行动的具体性的限制。此外,与修昔底德不同,尽管 柏拉图对话中的人物都是历史上的真实人物,但柏拉图并非写作历史,所以我们 必须把握柏拉图在历史和哲学之间的张力、平衡以及由此获得的理论自由。这两 点决定了我们必须把柏拉图对话作为一个整体,从历史和文本两个方面对柏拉图 对话进行研究,这就是本文所采取的研究方法。 苏格拉底和亚西比德是柏拉图对话中最重要的角色,分别代表了哲学和政治两 极。苏格拉底传达了一种新的精神,这种精神具有的革命性摧毁了城邦传统的道 德基础,并为其后希腊世界从城邦向帝国的转变提供了某种精神基础。亚西比得 则代表了雅典帝国扩张的顶峰,西西里远征是雅典帝国雄心的最高表达。在亚西 比得和苏格拉底死后,柏拉图反思了苏格拉底和亚西比德的关系,在《法篇》中 返回到了雅典的“先祖政制”,思考了雅典帝国兴起的秘密和缺陷。同时,柏拉图 也隐微地传达了苏格拉底的新精神,这种新精神“驯化”了后世的马其顿,开始 了所谓的“希腊化时代”,此后又借助罗马的军事力量将这种精神扩展到后世西方。 由此,作者在导论中论述了选题的缘起及其研究意义,以及恰当的研究方法和 前人的研究成果概述。在第一章中分析了柏拉图时代的政治状况和柏拉图对这种 政治状况的理解和回应,对柏拉图的叙拉古之行、建立“学园”的行动和写作对 话的意图作了解释。接下来,笔者还分析了柏拉图对话写作的特征、分类以及解 读柏拉图对话的恰当方式等问题。 第二章主要分析了柏拉图在《理想国》、《政治家》和《书信集》中关于政体问 题的思考。《理想国》通过探究“最好的政体”反思了哲学与政治或哲人与政治共 同体的关系,讨论了苏格拉底式的哲学在城邦衰落之际的政治意义。《政治家》探 究了依据法律的一个人统治即王政的价值和意义,潜在地思考了晚期王政对于希腊城邦的意义。晚期王政的问题在《书信集》中表现得尤为突出,柏拉图认为只 有晚期王政才能解决叙拉古的问题,使叙拉古承担起保卫希腊文明的重任。通过 探究希腊语境中的僭政、王政和法政问题,进一步思考了古典法哲学家探究政体 问题的风格。 第三章分析了作为柏拉图政体理论核心的混合政体理论,这一理论在《法篇》 中得到了系统的探讨和表达。笔者首先讨论了《法篇》的情节和主题,这是混合 政体理论在《法篇》中展开的背景和前提,由此我们才能理解柏拉图在《法篇》 中对混合政体问题的三次探讨及其缘由。然后分析了通常被学者们视为混合政体 典范的斯巴达政体,柏拉图在《法篇》中表面上赞扬了这一政体,实则深刻地对 斯巴达政体进行了批判。接下来还分析了柏拉图对混合政体理论的最重要贡献, 即把君主制和民主制视为两种原型政体,并把二者的恰当混合作为混合政体理论 的最重要任务。 第四章分析了《法篇》中“次好的政体”与雅典“先祖政制”的关系。希波战 争后雅典逐渐发展成为一个帝国,并导致了政体的深刻变化,但伯里克利时代的 雅典是一个有缺陷的政体,这种缺陷在伯里克利死后充分表现了出来并成为帝国 倾覆的原因。《法篇》反思和批判了伯里克利时代的雅典政体,返回到希波战争之 前的雅典政制,这一政制经过修正之后,比伯里克利时代的雅典政体更有可能发 展为帝国。柏拉图把这一修正后的雅典“先祖政制”称为“次好的政体”。本章详 尽分析了“次好的政体”的各个方面,并深入地反思了“次好的政体”的意义和 局限,以及“次好的政体”与《理想国》中“最好的政体”的关系和对我们的各 种启示。 最后,在余论部分,简要地分析和概述了柏拉图政体理论对西方后世的巨大影 响,并通过这种影响进一步反思了柏拉图政体理论的价值和意义。

学科:

法学理论

提交日期

2025-11-07

引用参考

王恒. 柏拉图的政体理论研究--从“最好的政体”到“次好的政体”之思[D]. 西南政法大学,2007.

全文附件授权许可

知识共享许可协议-署名

  • dc.title
  • 柏拉图的政体理论研究--从“最好的政体”到“次好的政体”之思
  • dc.contributor.schoolno
  • B2004030201001
  • dc.contributor.author
  • 王恒
  • dc.contributor.affiliation
  • 行政法学院(纪检监察学院)
  • dc.contributor.degree
  • 博士
  • dc.contributor.childdegree
  • 法学博士
  • dc.contributor.degreeConferringInstitution
  • 西南政法大学
  • dc.identifier.year
  • 2007
  • dc.contributor.advisor
  • 文正邦
  • dc.contributor.advisorAffiliation
  • 人权研究院(人权学院)
  • dc.language.iso
  • 中文
  • dc.subject
  • 柏拉图;政体 ;《法篇》
  • dc.subject
  • Plato;regime;The Republic;Laws;empire;the Greek civilization
  • dc.description.abstract
  • 本文旨在研究柏拉图的政体理论,尤其是《理想国》中“最好的政体”和《法 篇》中“次好的政体”的实质及其相互关系。 柏拉图的政体理论是其对西方政治和法律思想作出的最重要贡献,对后世产 生了深远的影响。但是,与亚里士多德对政体问题的研究方式不同,柏拉图用对 话体的方式来表达自己的思想。对话这种文体使我们必须注意到对话语境对思想 的限制:言辞的普世性受到行动的具体性的限制。此外,与修昔底德不同,尽管 柏拉图对话中的人物都是历史上的真实人物,但柏拉图并非写作历史,所以我们 必须把握柏拉图在历史和哲学之间的张力、平衡以及由此获得的理论自由。这两 点决定了我们必须把柏拉图对话作为一个整体,从历史和文本两个方面对柏拉图 对话进行研究,这就是本文所采取的研究方法。 苏格拉底和亚西比德是柏拉图对话中最重要的角色,分别代表了哲学和政治两 极。苏格拉底传达了一种新的精神,这种精神具有的革命性摧毁了城邦传统的道 德基础,并为其后希腊世界从城邦向帝国的转变提供了某种精神基础。亚西比得 则代表了雅典帝国扩张的顶峰,西西里远征是雅典帝国雄心的最高表达。在亚西 比得和苏格拉底死后,柏拉图反思了苏格拉底和亚西比德的关系,在《法篇》中 返回到了雅典的“先祖政制”,思考了雅典帝国兴起的秘密和缺陷。同时,柏拉图 也隐微地传达了苏格拉底的新精神,这种新精神“驯化”了后世的马其顿,开始 了所谓的“希腊化时代”,此后又借助罗马的军事力量将这种精神扩展到后世西方。 由此,作者在导论中论述了选题的缘起及其研究意义,以及恰当的研究方法和 前人的研究成果概述。在第一章中分析了柏拉图时代的政治状况和柏拉图对这种 政治状况的理解和回应,对柏拉图的叙拉古之行、建立“学园”的行动和写作对 话的意图作了解释。接下来,笔者还分析了柏拉图对话写作的特征、分类以及解 读柏拉图对话的恰当方式等问题。 第二章主要分析了柏拉图在《理想国》、《政治家》和《书信集》中关于政体问 题的思考。《理想国》通过探究“最好的政体”反思了哲学与政治或哲人与政治共 同体的关系,讨论了苏格拉底式的哲学在城邦衰落之际的政治意义。《政治家》探 究了依据法律的一个人统治即王政的价值和意义,潜在地思考了晚期王政对于希腊城邦的意义。晚期王政的问题在《书信集》中表现得尤为突出,柏拉图认为只 有晚期王政才能解决叙拉古的问题,使叙拉古承担起保卫希腊文明的重任。通过 探究希腊语境中的僭政、王政和法政问题,进一步思考了古典法哲学家探究政体 问题的风格。 第三章分析了作为柏拉图政体理论核心的混合政体理论,这一理论在《法篇》 中得到了系统的探讨和表达。笔者首先讨论了《法篇》的情节和主题,这是混合 政体理论在《法篇》中展开的背景和前提,由此我们才能理解柏拉图在《法篇》 中对混合政体问题的三次探讨及其缘由。然后分析了通常被学者们视为混合政体 典范的斯巴达政体,柏拉图在《法篇》中表面上赞扬了这一政体,实则深刻地对 斯巴达政体进行了批判。接下来还分析了柏拉图对混合政体理论的最重要贡献, 即把君主制和民主制视为两种原型政体,并把二者的恰当混合作为混合政体理论 的最重要任务。 第四章分析了《法篇》中“次好的政体”与雅典“先祖政制”的关系。希波战 争后雅典逐渐发展成为一个帝国,并导致了政体的深刻变化,但伯里克利时代的 雅典是一个有缺陷的政体,这种缺陷在伯里克利死后充分表现了出来并成为帝国 倾覆的原因。《法篇》反思和批判了伯里克利时代的雅典政体,返回到希波战争之 前的雅典政制,这一政制经过修正之后,比伯里克利时代的雅典政体更有可能发 展为帝国。柏拉图把这一修正后的雅典“先祖政制”称为“次好的政体”。本章详 尽分析了“次好的政体”的各个方面,并深入地反思了“次好的政体”的意义和 局限,以及“次好的政体”与《理想国》中“最好的政体”的关系和对我们的各 种启示。 最后,在余论部分,简要地分析和概述了柏拉图政体理论对西方后世的巨大影 响,并通过这种影响进一步反思了柏拉图政体理论的价值和意义。
  • dc.description.abstract
  • This dissertation is intended to study Plato’s theory of regime, particularly the essence and relations of the “best regime” and the “second best regime” which discussed in The Republic and Laws respectively. Plato’s theory of regime is the most outstanding contribution to the western thoughts of politics and law, which had produced far-reaching effect on the after ages. Meanwhile distinguishing from the way of Aristotle’s scientific researches on the problems of regime, Plato expressed his ideas by dialogues. The scientific discussions are universal and impersonal, which are not bound with the backgrounds such as era. But the genre of dialogues compels us to observe the restriction that the scenes to the thoughts, which reflects that the universality of speeches is limited by the particularity of actions. And the persons in Plato’s dialogues were all real ones in the history, but he was not writing a real history, such differed from Thucydides. Thus, we must grasp the tension and balance between history and philosophy and the freedom of theories arising from that in Plato’s dialogues, which decides that we must read Plato’s dialogues as a whole, and do researches through two aspects: history and text. That is the methodology of this paper. Socrates and Alcibiades were the two most important roles in Plato’s dialogues, which represented the two poles that are philosophy and politics separately. Socrates heralded a kind of new spirit whose revolutionaries destroyed the moral basis of the polis’s traditions, and laid a foundation and preparation for the spirit of empire which was arising thereafter; Simultaneously, Alcibiades symbolized as the zenith of Athens’s expanding. Plato mused on the relationship between Socrates and Alcibiades then he returned to Athens’s “ancestral regime”, and scrutinized and saved the secrets and vices of the rise of Athenian Empire after the failure of Alcibiades’s enterprise of empire. At the same time, Plato heralded Socrates’s new spirit esoterically which “tamed” Macedonia later that made it a defender rather than a destroyer of the Greek civilization and began an era which is called ‘Hellenistic Period’. Hereafter this kind of spirit extended all through the western by Rome’s military forces. Therefore, the origins of orientation, the significations of the researches, the appropriate method and the overview of predecessors’ achievements are exhibited in the part of introduction by the author firstly. In Chapter One, the author analyzes the political condition of Plato’s time and the comprehensions and responses regardingthese problems by him and also explains Plato’s odyssey to Syracuse, the operation of establishing “Academy” and his intentions of writing the dialogues, which would be considered as Plato’s way to defend the Greek civilization during the moment of the Polis’s decline. Hereafter, the characteristics and the meanings of Plato’s writing and the right reading direction are also construed by the author. The main task in Chapter Two is to analyze the considerations of regime in Plato’s The Republic, Statesman and Epistles. By discussing the “best regime”, The Republic had mused on the relationship between philosophy and politics or philosophers and political community and discussed the political meanings of Socrates’s philosophy at the time of the Polis’s decline. Thereafter, Statesman had explored the values and significances of the monarchy which means ruling by one according to laws and pondered over the purposes of the later monarchy in Polis. And the problem of the later monarchy was expressed in Epistles most outstandingly which was tangled with the problem of the mixed constitution. Overall, the author pushes one more step to consider the classical legal philosophers’ styles of discussing the issues of regime by discussing the problems of the tyranny, monarchy and nomocracy in ancient Greek political context. In Chapter Three, the author analyses the theory of the mixed constitution as the core of Plato’s theory of regime, which was discussed and expressed in Plato’s Laws systematically. First of all, the scenarios and theme in Laws are canvassed as the backgrounds and preconditions of the theory of the mixed constitution, which helps us to understand Plato’s three-time discussions and their reasons. Then analyzing the regime of Sparta, which is usually commended as the paradigm of the mixed constitution by the scholars, the author clarifies Plato’s true attitude to the regime of Sparta in Laws. Moreover, the author reveals Plato’s greatest contribution in the theory of the mixed constitution too, that is he regarded the monarchy and the democracy as two mother regimes and took the proper mixture of the two as the most important mission of this theory. And in Chapter Four the relationship between the “second best regime” and Athens’s “ancestral constitution” are exhibited. Athens expanded to be an empire after the Greco-Persian Wars and it caused the profound changes in the regime. But Athens in Pericles’s time was a regime with a vice which was performed fully after the death of Pericles and became the “why” of the empire’s collapse. Therefore, Laws pondered and criticized Athens’s regime in Pericles’s time and proposed that returning to Athens’s 3 regime before the Wars of Greco-Persian which was the best regime in the real world after the modifications in Plato’s views that had more possibilities to expand into an empire than it in Pericles’s time. This part considers the meanings and limits of the “second best regime” deeply through analyzing the all-round aspects of it elaborately. In the part of conclusion, the author discusses the relations of the “best regime” in The Republic and the “second best regime” in Laws again and the great variety of revelations from the two regimes. Finally, the titanic influences of Plato’s theory of regime on the later Western academia are also construed and summarized by the author briefly in the end of this dissertation.
  • dc.date.issued
  • 2025-11-07
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