公共卫生安全多边国际合作法律机制研究

The Research on the legal mechanism of Multilateral international cooperation in public health security

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归属院系:

国际法学院

作者:

王蒙

导师:

岳树梅

导师单位:

国际法学院

学位:

博士

语种:

中文

关键词:

公共卫生;安全共同体;多边主义;集体行动;国际合作法律机制

摘要:

伴随着国际社会的深层联结、互联互通程度的增进,以重大传染性疾病、气候变化等为典型非传统安全威胁也在逐步增长。此次新冠病毒(COVID-19)疫情引发的危机,是人类社会进入21世纪以来遭遇的最为沉重的灾难之一。在整个应对危机进程中,防范与应对措施的不足,凸显国际组织引导和协调民族主义国家能力,在深层次结构上存在局限性。危机之后,公共卫生安全领域国际合作法律机制的变革,将决定未来全球应对卫生安全威胁的成效。卫生安全威胁作为一种全球性的公共劣品,有效对其加以防范和应对,是全人类共同的责任。为有效平衡个人利益与社会利益、国家利益与全人类共同利益间的关系,须致力于建立一个平衡的条约和治理框架,提供足够的激励措施来加强各个国家的卫生核心能力,大力鼓励各国承担起预防、监测和应对流行病的责任。为避免未来的疫情暴发成为大流行,应当着力解决好全球公共产品的供给问题,强化多边国际组织在领导与协调各国应对行动中合法性、可信度、有效性,提升多边规则体系的公平性、科学性与融贯性,并构筑一套行之有效的激励性履约保障机制。据此,方能确保公共卫生安全多边国际合作法律机制实效。本文除序言外,共分为六章:第一章公共卫生安全多边国际合作法律机制的概念与功能。本章主要对公共卫生卫生国际合作法律机制涉及的相关概念进行界定。首先,通过对公共卫生与“安全化”的词义分析。阐明公共卫生问题“安全化”本身只是一种行为策略、一种社会建构的话语,用以聚集资源和引起社会重视的手段,其好坏与优劣,从根本取决于使用这一策略和话语所服务于的终极目标。倘若其终极目标是以人为本,竭力保护人的安全,而不是仅仅为了保护本国边界内的安全,即可证成公共卫生安全这一概念具有正当合理性。为进一步聚焦研究主题,将公共卫生安全限定为传染病与大流行。随后,指出公共卫生安全属于总体国家安全观下生物安全问题。同时,也属于非传统安全问题。较之于其他非传统安全问题,其负外部性更为显著,对整个人类社会的影响也更为深远。在全球化深入的时代背景与“人类世”场域下,传染病及大流行的预防、防范与应对早已迈入无疆界阶段。不论是在理论上还是从历史经验来看,国际合作都应是公共卫生安全全球治理的必然选择。但是,实践来看,国际合作受到了各国现实国家利益、价值取向、文化观念等诸多因素的制约。为此,有必要将公共卫生安全国际合作以法律机制化的方式,来强化全球公共产品的供给、科学应对全球性的公共卫生安全问题,更好地实现“人人享有可达最高标准健康”目标。第二章公共卫生安全多边国际合作法律机制的法理依据。本章通过从理论依据和现实依据与价值遵循三个维度,对公共卫生安全多边国际合作机制进行解析。指出当下公共卫生安全国际合作存在的诸多局限、面临着一系列挑战,主要缘由在于机构本身局限、职权范围有限、技术与财政上受制于大国、决议缺乏强制执行力等。借助于国际合作理论、风险社会理论以及集体行动理论及全球治理理论,阐明在面对公共卫生安全威胁这一人类共同的挑战时,需要通过一套原则、规则来指引各国防范与应对疫情的行动,实现国际法必要的明确性、基本的一致性和法律保障性。在国家利益和更广泛的人类共同利益与福祉之间取得平衡,是一项艰巨的任务,需要创新的方法和包容性的决策过程。为了更加有效的推进全球公共卫生安全治理、确保可以更为充分公平地提供有效应对疫情的全球公共产品,在架构与改进公共卫生安全多边国际合作法律机制进程中,指出从价值层面应特别注意协调好全球发展与全球安全关系、平衡好维护公共健康与强化人权保障关系,并妥当处理好尊重国家主权与有效应对人类共同关切事项的关系。以此作为根本价值遵循,使得及时通报信息、分享病毒样本、共享诊断工具、疗法和疫苗等公共产品能够在全球层面公平公正持续得到供给。为了更加有效的推进全球公共卫生安全治理,需要着重从国际组织、规则体系及履约保障机制三个层面探讨公共卫生安全多边国际合作法律机制的健全与完善。使得人类社会在面对下一次传染病大流行时,真正做到团结一致、协同有效开展联防联控行动,并切实将人类卫生健康共同体理念落到实处。据此,本文三四五章着重从上述三个层面探讨。第三章公共卫生安全多边合作法律机制的国际组织。在公共卫生安全国际合作中,能够有效发挥协调与领导作用的主体至关重要。首先审视了多边组织在国际社会运行的总体情况,将其功能提炼为规则供给与信息提供、监督及管理三项。然后,聚焦公共卫生安全领域的多边组织,将其划分常态化介入的世卫组织、特殊阶段介入的联合国安理会及区域性卫生安全组织,并就三类组织的发展运行状况予以考察。阐明卫生安全领域的多边组织,在决策合法性、政策建议的可信度以及协调的监督的有效性上饱受诟病。为使得多边国际合作组织在未来担负起促进国际合作与全球治理的重要使命,指出应以提升组织的专业性、权威性以及效能为着力点。此次新冠病毒,暴露了应对疫情进程中,在全球协调行动方面缺乏高层政治领导,导致难以协调应对卫生、社会和经济挑战行动,迫切需要在最高级别的政治领导的推动下进行根本性转变,才能提高各层级大流行防范和应对能力,并构筑起一套切实有效的监测和遵约体系。鉴于全球层面构建这一机构面临着巨大的政治障碍,提出可考虑从区域层面着手创建健康威胁理事会,使之作为一个更加包容性和合法性的机构,并能通过提供融资渠道及启动问责制,确保在国家层面的卫生威胁防范和应对行动的力度与强度。此外,镜鉴在多边环境领域已经广泛运用的缔约方会议成功经验,提出可在未来的“大流行协定”中设置缔约方会议的方式,为条约的实施创造势头,推动利益攸关方之间理念与行动协调,促使各国更加切实地遵照条约的规定履行相应国际义务,破解国际组织协调监督效能不足的困境。第四章公共卫生安全多边合作法律机制的国际规则。本章重点对作为当前公共卫生安全国际合作规则体系的核心规范《国际卫生条例(2005)》以及正在谈判阶段的“大流行协定”进行解读。作为关于规制传染病事件的主要国际规范,其能否发挥作用,取决于世卫组织利用其科学、医学和公共卫生知识,帮助各国预防、保护和应对疾病事件能力。但从以往国际社会应对传染病的行动来看,相应的规则在公平性、含糊性与融贯性方面一直为人所诟病。无法在及时通报疫情与不采取过激措施实现平衡,难以确保分享病原体样本及基因序列与获得疫苗、药物干预措施挂钩。有关大流行判定标准也存在含糊之处,无法同公共卫生安全国际合作的要求精准匹配;在宣布PHEIC后,具体应对举措的缺失;各国相互援助义务的性质也不清晰。规则的世界主义理念与规则的国家主义的实施间存在冲突,保护“人人享有的健康”与保护知识产权间也存在抵牾。这引致了一个很难厘清的问题。即对于知识产权保护和促进健康两类制度,其究竟是相互促进,还是相互掣肘。要在全球范围内成功应对新冠疫情和未来的疾病暴发,就必须建立一个有效协助各国预防、检测和应对传染病框架。因此,应充分运用正在谈判起草的“大流行协定”过程,推进对传染性疾病深度预防,强化对病原体的诱发因素的规制,实现突发公共卫生事件监测报告预警能力与卫生核心应对能力建设并重。此外,还应提升多层次公共卫生规则间的融贯性。一方面,应使知识产权规则应服务于健康权的享有,保护健康权优位于知识产权;另一方面,遵循人类卫生健康共同体理念,妥当协调好国家利益与人类社会整体利益关系。切实提升规则的公平性、合理性,增加各个规则间的融贯性,确保在应对防范流行病或大流行时,能够解决国际贸易和旅行中断问题。实现及时通报疫情与分享病原体样本及基因序列数据同时,在必要设备、疗法与疫苗的制造方面也能够实现公平共享的,并可切实保护最弱势群体及时获得安全的医疗产品。第五章公共卫生安全多边合作法律机制的履约保障体系。本章提出,履约保障体系既包括事前的争端预防机制,也包括事后的争端解决机制。时下《条例(2005)》所构筑的公共卫生安全领域的履约保障体系主要体现为事后性的争端解决机制,对兼具事前性与预防性、非对抗性与非惩罚性的遵约机制涉及不多。虽然国际争端解决不仅可以纠正不当行为,阻止各国违反义务。但是,通过《条例(2005)》实施情况的解析,以及这些机制在解决缔约国在履行国际法律义务过程中,可能出现的各种分歧的阐述。参考借鉴其他领域国际法律制度下的争议解决机制的经验,总结《条例(2005)》过往实践争端解决机制所凸显的不足,倡导在公共卫生安全领域,应以激励性、非对抗性的遵约机制为核心,再辅之灵活的、三管齐下的预防与解决争端架构。一是指导机制,即授权给《条例(2005)》特别报告员,就《条例(2005)》的解释问题提供权威的、快速的和不具约束力的临时指导与一般性评论意见。二是裁决机制,由一个根据《条例(2005)》条款组成的独立专门小组监督,来审议缔约国之间的争端,并发布与之有关的具有约束力的决议。三是充分发挥调解在公共卫生安全领域解决争议和分歧的作用。调解的本质寻求将冲突管理置于冲突解决的优先位置。其不干涉内政原则为基础,重视尊重各国自主性,在保持坚定立场的同时充当诚实的中间人,倡导循序渐进的谈判方法,以达成互利协议为最终目标。因此,更能为当事方所接受,也能在冲突国家偏离预期轨道时重新引导其行为,促进经济和文化的可持续发展,并确保全人类的持久繁荣与安全。可以说其在国家及地区间冲突和危机中发挥了更具建设性的作用。同时,还应在程序方面设置其他举措对履约保障体系予以补强,尤其是应围绕透明度与问责制两维度,重点完善公共卫生安全国际履约保障体系的程序规则。第六章公共卫生安全多边国际合作法律机制新趋向下中国因应。强化对流行病预防、防范与应对,不仅对中国及中国民众具有重要意义。同样,这对其他国家和地区甚至整个人类的安全而言也至关重要。确保公共卫生安全作为一种“全球公共产品”,在全球秩序规范与变革中是最能展现一国影响力与赢得良好声誉的领域。中国在传染病防范与应对领域取得的成就,其不仅有助于更好地维护本国自身主权、安全与发展利益,也会有力地推动推动全球公共卫生安全和人类卫生健康,并对于人类的永续发展大有裨益。然而,在推进公共卫生安全多边国际合作法律机制深化与完善进程中,也面临着诸多挑战。对此,提出我国作为新兴大国,应当以此次疫情防控的契机,坚持统筹国内与国际两个层面出发有效予以因应。国际层面而言,应积极参与主导国际公共卫生安全多边合作治理机制的健全与完善,秉承多边主义与人类卫生健康共同体的理念,积极支持WHO改革,强调共同而有区别的责任理念,推动构筑更加公平合理科学的规则体系。此外,可以“健康丝绸之路”与东盟为枢纽与桥梁,科学合理运用激励手段提升各国合作意愿与能力,从区域层面推进公共卫生安全多边国际合作法律机制,作为示范与标杆。最后,还应秉持多元主体合作共治方略,塑造公私协同的公共卫生安全全球治理范式,逐步提高公共卫生安全多边国际合作法律机制的成效。国内层面而言,应积极行动,对标国际新标准,遵循“同一健康”的原则与综合系统全面的观点,不断完善国内传染病预防、防范法律机制,构筑应对公共卫生健康威胁与风险深度预防及联防联控制度体系。此外,还应克服孤岛思维,推动跨部门跨学科合作,塑造“全政府”“全社会”联动的公共卫生安全预防与防范架构。以此来逐步健全和完善公共卫生安全多维国际合作法律机制,努力架构起全球一体化传染病防控体系。

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学科:

国际法学

提交日期

2024-12-31

引用参考

王蒙. 公共卫生安全多边国际合作法律机制研究[D]. 西南政法大学,2024.

全文附件授权许可

知识共享许可协议-署名

  • dc.title
  • 公共卫生安全多边国际合作法律机制研究
  • dc.title
  • The Research on the legal mechanism of Multilateral international cooperation in public health security
  • dc.contributor.schoolno
  • B2019030109105
  • dc.contributor.author
  • 王蒙
  • dc.contributor.affiliation
  • 国际法学院
  • dc.contributor.degree
  • 博士
  • dc.contributor.childdegree
  • 法学博士学位
  • dc.contributor.degreeConferringInstitution
  • 西南政法大学
  • dc.identifier.year
  • 2024
  • dc.contributor.direction
  • 国际卫生法
  • dc.contributor.advisor
  • 岳树梅
  • dc.contributor.advisorAffiliation
  • 国际法学院
  • dc.language.iso
  • 中文
  • dc.subject
  • 公共卫生,安全共同体,多边主义,集体行动,国际合作法律机制
  • dc.subject
  • Public health; Security community; Multilateralism ; Collective action; International cooperation legal mechanism
  • dc.description.abstract
  • 伴随着国际社会的深层联结、互联互通程度的增进,以重大传染性疾病、气候变化等为典型非传统安全威胁也在逐步增长。此次新冠病毒(COVID-19)疫情引发的危机,是人类社会进入21世纪以来遭遇的最为沉重的灾难之一。在整个应对危机进程中,防范与应对措施的不足,凸显国际组织引导和协调民族主义国家能力,在深层次结构上存在局限性。危机之后,公共卫生安全领域国际合作法律机制的变革,将决定未来全球应对卫生安全威胁的成效。卫生安全威胁作为一种全球性的公共劣品,有效对其加以防范和应对,是全人类共同的责任。为有效平衡个人利益与社会利益、国家利益与全人类共同利益间的关系,须致力于建立一个平衡的条约和治理框架,提供足够的激励措施来加强各个国家的卫生核心能力,大力鼓励各国承担起预防、监测和应对流行病的责任。为避免未来的疫情暴发成为大流行,应当着力解决好全球公共产品的供给问题,强化多边国际组织在领导与协调各国应对行动中合法性、可信度、有效性,提升多边规则体系的公平性、科学性与融贯性,并构筑一套行之有效的激励性履约保障机制。据此,方能确保公共卫生安全多边国际合作法律机制实效。本文除序言外,共分为六章:第一章公共卫生安全多边国际合作法律机制的概念与功能。本章主要对公共卫生卫生国际合作法律机制涉及的相关概念进行界定。首先,通过对公共卫生与“安全化”的词义分析。阐明公共卫生问题“安全化”本身只是一种行为策略、一种社会建构的话语,用以聚集资源和引起社会重视的手段,其好坏与优劣,从根本取决于使用这一策略和话语所服务于的终极目标。倘若其终极目标是以人为本,竭力保护人的安全,而不是仅仅为了保护本国边界内的安全,即可证成公共卫生安全这一概念具有正当合理性。为进一步聚焦研究主题,将公共卫生安全限定为传染病与大流行。随后,指出公共卫生安全属于总体国家安全观下生物安全问题。同时,也属于非传统安全问题。较之于其他非传统安全问题,其负外部性更为显著,对整个人类社会的影响也更为深远。在全球化深入的时代背景与“人类世”场域下,传染病及大流行的预防、防范与应对早已迈入无疆界阶段。不论是在理论上还是从历史经验来看,国际合作都应是公共卫生安全全球治理的必然选择。但是,实践来看,国际合作受到了各国现实国家利益、价值取向、文化观念等诸多因素的制约。为此,有必要将公共卫生安全国际合作以法律机制化的方式,来强化全球公共产品的供给、科学应对全球性的公共卫生安全问题,更好地实现“人人享有可达最高标准健康”目标。第二章公共卫生安全多边国际合作法律机制的法理依据。本章通过从理论依据和现实依据与价值遵循三个维度,对公共卫生安全多边国际合作机制进行解析。指出当下公共卫生安全国际合作存在的诸多局限、面临着一系列挑战,主要缘由在于机构本身局限、职权范围有限、技术与财政上受制于大国、决议缺乏强制执行力等。借助于国际合作理论、风险社会理论以及集体行动理论及全球治理理论,阐明在面对公共卫生安全威胁这一人类共同的挑战时,需要通过一套原则、规则来指引各国防范与应对疫情的行动,实现国际法必要的明确性、基本的一致性和法律保障性。在国家利益和更广泛的人类共同利益与福祉之间取得平衡,是一项艰巨的任务,需要创新的方法和包容性的决策过程。为了更加有效的推进全球公共卫生安全治理、确保可以更为充分公平地提供有效应对疫情的全球公共产品,在架构与改进公共卫生安全多边国际合作法律机制进程中,指出从价值层面应特别注意协调好全球发展与全球安全关系、平衡好维护公共健康与强化人权保障关系,并妥当处理好尊重国家主权与有效应对人类共同关切事项的关系。以此作为根本价值遵循,使得及时通报信息、分享病毒样本、共享诊断工具、疗法和疫苗等公共产品能够在全球层面公平公正持续得到供给。为了更加有效的推进全球公共卫生安全治理,需要着重从国际组织、规则体系及履约保障机制三个层面探讨公共卫生安全多边国际合作法律机制的健全与完善。使得人类社会在面对下一次传染病大流行时,真正做到团结一致、协同有效开展联防联控行动,并切实将人类卫生健康共同体理念落到实处。据此,本文三四五章着重从上述三个层面探讨。第三章公共卫生安全多边合作法律机制的国际组织。在公共卫生安全国际合作中,能够有效发挥协调与领导作用的主体至关重要。首先审视了多边组织在国际社会运行的总体情况,将其功能提炼为规则供给与信息提供、监督及管理三项。然后,聚焦公共卫生安全领域的多边组织,将其划分常态化介入的世卫组织、特殊阶段介入的联合国安理会及区域性卫生安全组织,并就三类组织的发展运行状况予以考察。阐明卫生安全领域的多边组织,在决策合法性、政策建议的可信度以及协调的监督的有效性上饱受诟病。为使得多边国际合作组织在未来担负起促进国际合作与全球治理的重要使命,指出应以提升组织的专业性、权威性以及效能为着力点。此次新冠病毒,暴露了应对疫情进程中,在全球协调行动方面缺乏高层政治领导,导致难以协调应对卫生、社会和经济挑战行动,迫切需要在最高级别的政治领导的推动下进行根本性转变,才能提高各层级大流行防范和应对能力,并构筑起一套切实有效的监测和遵约体系。鉴于全球层面构建这一机构面临着巨大的政治障碍,提出可考虑从区域层面着手创建健康威胁理事会,使之作为一个更加包容性和合法性的机构,并能通过提供融资渠道及启动问责制,确保在国家层面的卫生威胁防范和应对行动的力度与强度。此外,镜鉴在多边环境领域已经广泛运用的缔约方会议成功经验,提出可在未来的“大流行协定”中设置缔约方会议的方式,为条约的实施创造势头,推动利益攸关方之间理念与行动协调,促使各国更加切实地遵照条约的规定履行相应国际义务,破解国际组织协调监督效能不足的困境。第四章公共卫生安全多边合作法律机制的国际规则。本章重点对作为当前公共卫生安全国际合作规则体系的核心规范《国际卫生条例(2005)》以及正在谈判阶段的“大流行协定”进行解读。作为关于规制传染病事件的主要国际规范,其能否发挥作用,取决于世卫组织利用其科学、医学和公共卫生知识,帮助各国预防、保护和应对疾病事件能力。但从以往国际社会应对传染病的行动来看,相应的规则在公平性、含糊性与融贯性方面一直为人所诟病。无法在及时通报疫情与不采取过激措施实现平衡,难以确保分享病原体样本及基因序列与获得疫苗、药物干预措施挂钩。有关大流行判定标准也存在含糊之处,无法同公共卫生安全国际合作的要求精准匹配;在宣布PHEIC后,具体应对举措的缺失;各国相互援助义务的性质也不清晰。规则的世界主义理念与规则的国家主义的实施间存在冲突,保护“人人享有的健康”与保护知识产权间也存在抵牾。这引致了一个很难厘清的问题。即对于知识产权保护和促进健康两类制度,其究竟是相互促进,还是相互掣肘。要在全球范围内成功应对新冠疫情和未来的疾病暴发,就必须建立一个有效协助各国预防、检测和应对传染病框架。因此,应充分运用正在谈判起草的“大流行协定”过程,推进对传染性疾病深度预防,强化对病原体的诱发因素的规制,实现突发公共卫生事件监测报告预警能力与卫生核心应对能力建设并重。此外,还应提升多层次公共卫生规则间的融贯性。一方面,应使知识产权规则应服务于健康权的享有,保护健康权优位于知识产权;另一方面,遵循人类卫生健康共同体理念,妥当协调好国家利益与人类社会整体利益关系。切实提升规则的公平性、合理性,增加各个规则间的融贯性,确保在应对防范流行病或大流行时,能够解决国际贸易和旅行中断问题。实现及时通报疫情与分享病原体样本及基因序列数据同时,在必要设备、疗法与疫苗的制造方面也能够实现公平共享的,并可切实保护最弱势群体及时获得安全的医疗产品。第五章公共卫生安全多边合作法律机制的履约保障体系。本章提出,履约保障体系既包括事前的争端预防机制,也包括事后的争端解决机制。时下《条例(2005)》所构筑的公共卫生安全领域的履约保障体系主要体现为事后性的争端解决机制,对兼具事前性与预防性、非对抗性与非惩罚性的遵约机制涉及不多。虽然国际争端解决不仅可以纠正不当行为,阻止各国违反义务。但是,通过《条例(2005)》实施情况的解析,以及这些机制在解决缔约国在履行国际法律义务过程中,可能出现的各种分歧的阐述。参考借鉴其他领域国际法律制度下的争议解决机制的经验,总结《条例(2005)》过往实践争端解决机制所凸显的不足,倡导在公共卫生安全领域,应以激励性、非对抗性的遵约机制为核心,再辅之灵活的、三管齐下的预防与解决争端架构。一是指导机制,即授权给《条例(2005)》特别报告员,就《条例(2005)》的解释问题提供权威的、快速的和不具约束力的临时指导与一般性评论意见。二是裁决机制,由一个根据《条例(2005)》条款组成的独立专门小组监督,来审议缔约国之间的争端,并发布与之有关的具有约束力的决议。三是充分发挥调解在公共卫生安全领域解决争议和分歧的作用。调解的本质寻求将冲突管理置于冲突解决的优先位置。其不干涉内政原则为基础,重视尊重各国自主性,在保持坚定立场的同时充当诚实的中间人,倡导循序渐进的谈判方法,以达成互利协议为最终目标。因此,更能为当事方所接受,也能在冲突国家偏离预期轨道时重新引导其行为,促进经济和文化的可持续发展,并确保全人类的持久繁荣与安全。可以说其在国家及地区间冲突和危机中发挥了更具建设性的作用。同时,还应在程序方面设置其他举措对履约保障体系予以补强,尤其是应围绕透明度与问责制两维度,重点完善公共卫生安全国际履约保障体系的程序规则。第六章公共卫生安全多边国际合作法律机制新趋向下中国因应。强化对流行病预防、防范与应对,不仅对中国及中国民众具有重要意义。同样,这对其他国家和地区甚至整个人类的安全而言也至关重要。确保公共卫生安全作为一种“全球公共产品”,在全球秩序规范与变革中是最能展现一国影响力与赢得良好声誉的领域。中国在传染病防范与应对领域取得的成就,其不仅有助于更好地维护本国自身主权、安全与发展利益,也会有力地推动推动全球公共卫生安全和人类卫生健康,并对于人类的永续发展大有裨益。然而,在推进公共卫生安全多边国际合作法律机制深化与完善进程中,也面临着诸多挑战。对此,提出我国作为新兴大国,应当以此次疫情防控的契机,坚持统筹国内与国际两个层面出发有效予以因应。国际层面而言,应积极参与主导国际公共卫生安全多边合作治理机制的健全与完善,秉承多边主义与人类卫生健康共同体的理念,积极支持WHO改革,强调共同而有区别的责任理念,推动构筑更加公平合理科学的规则体系。此外,可以“健康丝绸之路”与东盟为枢纽与桥梁,科学合理运用激励手段提升各国合作意愿与能力,从区域层面推进公共卫生安全多边国际合作法律机制,作为示范与标杆。最后,还应秉持多元主体合作共治方略,塑造公私协同的公共卫生安全全球治理范式,逐步提高公共卫生安全多边国际合作法律机制的成效。国内层面而言,应积极行动,对标国际新标准,遵循“同一健康”的原则与综合系统全面的观点,不断完善国内传染病预防、防范法律机制,构筑应对公共卫生健康威胁与风险深度预防及联防联控制度体系。此外,还应克服孤岛思维,推动跨部门跨学科合作,塑造“全政府”“全社会”联动的公共卫生安全预防与防范架构。以此来逐步健全和完善公共卫生安全多维国际合作法律机制,努力架构起全球一体化传染病防控体系。
  • dc.description.abstract
  • As the international community has become more deeply connected and interconnected, non-traditional security threats,typified by major infectious diseases and climate change,in particular,have been growing progressively.The crisis triggered by the outbreak of the new corona-virus (COVID-19) is one of the most serious catastrophes that human society has suffered since the beginning of the twenty-first century.The inadequacy of the crisis prevention and response measures exposed the structural limitations of international organizations in their ability to guide and coordinate nationalist states.In the aftermath of the crisis, changes in the legal mechanisms for international cooperation in the field of public health and safety will determine the effectiveness of future responses to health and safety threats.As a global public good,it is the common responsibility of all humankind to effectively prevent and respond to public health security threats.In order to effectively balance the interests of the individual with those of society,and the national interest with the common good of humankind as a whole,it is important to work towards a balanced treaty and governance framework that provides sufficient incentives to strengthen the core competencies of individual countries and strongly encourages them to assume responsibility for preventing, detecting and responding to epidemics.In order to prevent future outbreaks from becoming pandemics,efforts should be made to address the supply of global public goods,strengthen the legitimacy,credibility and effectiveness of multilateral international organizations in leading and coordinating national responses,enhance the fairness,scientific and consistency of the multilateral rule system,and construct a set of effective incentives to guarantee compliance.In this way,the effectiveness of the legal mechanism for multilateral international cooperation on public health and safety can be ensured.This article is divided into six chapters,in addition to the preface.Chapter 1 elaborates on Concepts and functions of multilateral legal mechanisms for international cooperation on public health security.This chapter focuses on defining the relevant concepts involved in the legal mechanism for international cooperation on public health and hygiene. First of all, through the analysis of public health and‘securitisation’of the word meaning.It is clarified that the‘securitisation’of public health is only a behavioural strategy,a socially constructed discourse,and a means of gathering resources and attracting the attention of the society, and that its merits and demerits fundamentally depend on the ultimate goal served by the use of this strategy and discourse.The concept of public health security can be justified if the ultimate goal is to put people at the centre of the equation and to do everything possible to protect human security,not just security within the borders of one's own country.To further focus the research topic,public health security is limited to infectious diseases and pandemics.Subsequently,it was pointed out that public health security is a biosecurity issue under the overall national security concept.At the same time,it is also a non-traditional security issue.Compared with other non-traditional security issues,its negative externalities are more significant and its impact on the whole human society is more far-reaching.In the context of globalisation and the Anthropocene,the prevention,preparedness and response to infectious diseases and pandemics have long since entered a borderless stage.Whether in theory or from historical experience, international cooperation should be the inevitable choice for global governance of public health security.However,from a practical point of view,international cooperation is constrained by the reality of national interests, value orientation, cultural concepts and many other factors.For this reason,it is necessary to institutionalise international cooperation on public health and safety in the form of a legal mechanism to strengthen the supply of global public goods,scientifically address global public health and safety issues,and better achieve the goal of ‘the highest attainable standard of health for all’.Chapter 2 analyses the legal basis of the multilateral international cooperation legal mechanism for public health security.This chapter analyses the multilateral international cooperation mechanism for public health security from three dimensions:theoretical basis,practical basis and value.It points out that international cooperation on public health security has many limitations and faces a series of challenges,mainly due to the limitations of the institutions themselves,limited terms of reference,technical and financial constraints on large countries,and the lack of enforcement of resolutions.Drawing on the theories of international cooperation,risk society,collective action and global governance,it is clear that,in the face of the threat to public health security,which is a common challenge for humankind, there is a need to adopt a set of principles and rules to guide the actions of all countries in preventing and responding to outbreaks,so as to achieve the necessary clarity,basic consistency and legal security of international law.Striking a balance between national interests and the broader common interests and well-being of humankind is a difficult task that requires innovative approaches and inclusive decision-making processes.In order to more effectively promote global governance for public health security and to ensure that global public goods for effectively responding to epidemics can be more fully and equitably provided,it is noted that,in the process of structuring and improving the multilateral legal mechanism for international cooperation on public health security,special attention should be paid to reconciling global development with global security,balancing the preservation of public health with the enhancement of human rights protection at the value level,as well as appropriately dealing with respecting the rights and interests of States and effectively responding to the common interests and well-being of humankind.The relationship between respect for State sovereignty and effective responses to the common concerns of humankind should also be properly addressed.With this as a fundamental value,public goods such as timely notification of information,sharing of virus samples,diagnostic tools,therapies and vaccines can be provided in a fair and sustainable manner at the global level.Chapter 3 discussed international organisations of legal mechanisms for multilateral cooperation on public health security.In international co-operation on public health security,it is crucial to have a body that can effectively play a co-ordinating and leading role.Firstly,the overall situation of multilateral organisations in the international community is examined,and their functions are distilled into three categories:rule supply and information provision, supervision and management.It then focuses on multilateral organisations in the field of public health and safety,dividing them into the WHO,which is involved in a regular manner, the UNSC,which is involved in a special phase,and regional health security organisations,and examines the development and operation of the three types of organisations.It is clarified that multilateral organisations in the field of health security have been criticised for the legitimacy of their decision-making,the credibility of their policy recommendations and the effectiveness of their coordinated oversight.In order for multilateral international cooperation organisations to take on the important mission of promoting international cooperation and global governance in the future,it is pointed out that efforts should be made to enhance the professionalism, authority and effectiveness of these organisations.The new coronavirus has exposed the lack of high-level political leadership in the global response to the pandemic, which has made it difficult to coordinate responses to the health,social and economic challenges, and the urgent need for a fundamental shift,driven by political leadership at the highest level,in order to improve pandemic preparedness and response capacity at all levels and to build an effective system of monitoring and compliance.Given the significant political obstacles to building such an institution at the global level,it is proposed that consideration be given to creating health threat councils at the regional level as a more inclusive and legitimate body that can ensure the strength and intensity of health threat preparedness and response at the national level by providing access to financing and activating accountability.In addition, drawing on the successful experience of the Conference of the Parties (COP),which has been widely used in the multilateral environmental arena,it is proposed that a COP be included in the future pandemic agreement to create momentum for the implementation of the treaty, to promote the coordination of concepts and actions among stakeholders,and to encourage countries to fulfil their international obligations in accordance with the provisions of the treaty in a more effective manner.This will encourage countries to fulfil their international obligations more effectively in accordance with the provisions of the treaty and solve the dilemma of insufficient coordination and monitoring by international organisations.Chapter 4 focuses on International rules for multilateral legal mechanisms for cooperation on public health security.This chapter focuses on the International Health Regulations (2005),which are the core norms of the current system of rules for international cooperation on public health security,and the pandemic agreement that is in the negotiation stage.As the primary international norm governing the regulation of infectious disease events, their effectiveness depends on the ability of WHO to use its scientific,medical and public health knowledge to help countries prevent,protect against and respond to disease events. However,in the light of past international responses to infectious diseases,the corresponding rules have been criticised for their fairness,ambiguity and consistency.A balance cannot be struck between timely notification of outbreaks and not taking drastic measures,and it is difficult to ensure that the sharing of pathogen samples and genetic sequences is linked to access to vaccines and pharmaceutical interventions.There are also ambiguities in the criteria for determining pandemics, which do not precisely match the requirements of international cooperation on public health security;the lack of concrete response initiatives after the declaration of PHEIC;and the unclear nature of the obligation of countries to assist each other. There is a conflict between the cosmopolitan conception of the rule and its statist implementation,and between the protection of‘health for all’and the protection of intellectual property rights.This leads to a problem that is difficult to resolve.That is,whether intellectual property protection and health promotion are mutually reinforcing or constraining regimes.A successful global response to new outbreaks and future outbreaks requires a framework that effectively assists countries in preventing,detecting and responding to infectious diseases. Therefore,the process of drafting a pandemic agreement,which is currently under negotiation, should be fully utilised to promote in-depth prevention of infectious diseases, strengthen the regulation of pathogen triggers,and achieve the simultaneous development of early warning capacity for monitoring and reporting of public health emergencies,as well as core health response capacity.In addition,the coherence of multi-level public health rules should be enhanced.On the one hand,intellectual property rules should serve the enjoyment of the right to health, and the protection of the right to health is superior to intellectual property rights;on the other hand,following the concept of a human health community,the relationship between national interests and the interests of human society as a whole should be properly coordinated.The fairness and reasonableness of the rules should be enhanced,and the consistency of the rules should be increased,so as to ensure that the disruption of international trade and travel can be addressed when responding to epidemics or pandemics.Timely notification of outbreaks and the sharing of pathogen samples and genetic sequence data,as well as equitable access to the manufacture of necessary equipment,therapies and vaccines, can be achieved,and timely access to safe medical products for the most vulnerable groups can be effectively protected.Chapter 5 concentrated on system for ensuring compliance with the legal mechanisms for multilateral cooperation on public health security.This chapter suggests that the compliance guarantee system includes both an ex ante dispute prevention mechanism and an ex post dispute resolution mechanism.At present,the compliance safeguard system in the field of public health security constructed in the IHR (2005) mainly embodies an ex-post dispute settlement mechanism,and does not involve much in the compliance mechanism which is both ex-ante and preventive,and non-confrontational and non-punitive.Although international dispute settlement can not only correct misbehaviour and prevent States from violating their obligations.However,by analysing the implementation of the IHR (2005) and the role of these mechanisms in resolving differences that may arise in the course of States parties' compliance with their international legal obligations.With reference to the experience of dispute resolution mechanisms under international legal regimes in other areas,and summarising the inadequacies highlighted by the dispute resolution mechanisms in the past practice of IHR,it is proposed that in the area of public health security,the incentive-based,non-adversarial compliance safeguard mechanism should be at the core of the system,which should be complemented by a flexible,three-pronged structure for the prevention and resolution of disputes.The first is a guidance mechanism,whereby a Special Rapporteur on the IHR is empowered to provide authoritative,rapid and non-binding interim guidance and general comments on the interpretation of the IHR.Secondly,the adjudication mechanism,overseen by an independent panel constituted under the terms of the IHR (2005),to consider disputes between States parties and issue binding resolutions in relation thereto.Thirdly,the role of mediation in resolving disputes and disagreements in the field of public health security is fully utilised.Mediation by its very nature seeks to prioritise conflict management over conflict resolution.It is based on the principle of non-interference in internal affairs,attaches importance to respecting the autonomy of States,acts as an honest broker while maintaining a firm position,and advocates a step-by-step approach to negotiation with the ultimate goal of reaching a mutually beneficial agreement.As a result,it is more acceptable to the parties and can redirect the behaviour of countries in conflict when they deviate from the expected track,promote sustainable economic and cultural development and ensure lasting prosperity and security for all humankind.It can be said that it plays a more constructive role in conflicts and crises between countries and regions.At the same time,other procedural initiatives should be put in place to complement the compliance mechanism, particularly focusing on improving the procedural rules of the international compliance system for public health security in the dimensions of transparency and accountability.Chapter 6 elaborated on China's response to new trends in the legal mechanisms for multilateral international cooperation on public health security.Strengthening the prevention of, preparedness for and response to pandemics is important not only for China and its people. Likewise,it is critical to the security of other countries and regions, and even to humanity as a whole. Ensuring public health security, as a‘global public good’,is an area where a country can best demonstrate its influence and earn a good reputation in the global order and change. China's achievements in the field of infectious disease prevention and response will not only help to better safeguard its own sovereignty,security and development interests,but will also strongly contribute to the promotion of global public health security and human health,as well as to the sustainable development of humankind.However,in the process of deepening and improving the legal mechanism for multilateral international cooperation on public health security,we are also facing many challenges.In this regard,it is proposed that China,as an emerging power,should take the opportunity of the epidemic prevention and control to effectively respond to it by integrating the domestic and international levels.At the international level,we should actively participate in leading the improvement of the multilateral cooperation and governance mechanism for international public health security, uphold the concept of multilateralism and human health community,actively support the WHO reform,emphasise the concept of common but differentiated responsibilities,and push for the construction of a more fair,reasonable and scientific rule system.In addition,the‘Silk Road of Health’ and ASEAN can be used as hubs and bridges,scientifically and rationally using incentives to enhance the willingness and ability of countries to cooperate,and promoting the legal mechanism of multilateral international cooperation on public health and safety at the regional level,which will serve as a model and a benchmark.Finally,we should also uphold the strategy of co-operation and shared governance among multiple actors,and shape the paradigm of public-private co-operation in the global governance of public health security,so as to gradually improve the effectiveness of the multilateral legal mechanism for international co-operation on public health security.At the domestic level,we should take active actions to benchmark against new international standards,follow the principle of ‘one health’and the comprehensive viewpoint of integrated systems,continuously improve the domestic legal mechanism for the prevention and protection against infectious diseases,and construct a system of in-depth prevention and joint prevention and control in response to threats and risks to public health.In addition,we should overcome the silo mentality, promote cross-sectoral and interdisciplinary cooperation,and shape a‘whole-of-government’and ‘whole-of-society’ preventive and precautionary framework for public health security.In this way,we can gradually improve and perfect the legal mechanism for multidimensional international cooperation on public health security,and endeavour to establish an integrated global system for the prevention and control of infectious diseases.
  • dc.date.issued
  • 2024-11-24
  • dc.date.oralDefense
  • 2024-11-19
  • dc.relation.citedreferences
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