离婚损害赔偿兜底情形的实证研究分析 ---以《民法典》216份裁判文书为样本

An empirical study and analysis of the situation of divorce damages --- 216 sample judgments of the Civil Code

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作者:

江婷

摘要:

《婚姻法》时期多项有关婚损害赔偿制度的实务调研表明,受制于四种有限的法定情形,离婚损害赔偿制度运行存在适用比例低、适用难的问题。为此,众多学者呼吁增设兜底情形,以积极发挥离婚损害赔偿制度的功能目的。随之,我国《民法典》正式采纳了主流学者意见,为离婚损害赔偿制度增设了兜底情形,其进一步扩充了离婚损害赔偿制度的适用范围。不出所料的是,大量有关兜底情形的纠纷蜂拥而至,诸多婚姻一方当事人望通过证明另一方存在“其他重大过错”以期获得离婚损害赔偿。然而,兜底情形的认定适用问题却逐渐暴露无疑,包括但不限于:未区分肉体与精神不忠导致不忠情形认定适用出现模糊地带、诸如暧昧、通奸、赌博等情形能否构成重大过错存在司法争议、“与他人同居”同其他不忠情形的关系未被灵活处理,不忠兜底情形证明标准较高导致当事人举证困难。与此同时,或因兜底情形的增设时间较短,我国鲜有学者单独针对兜底情形的实际认定适用状况进行微观的实证研究分析。 由此,为消解当前离婚损害赔偿制度中兜底情形理论实证研究之匮乏、破解其面临的司法实务之困境,本文将以216份兜底情形适用的案件为实证分析样本,采用文献综述法、数据分析法、案例分析法,针对兜底情形认定适用的展开实证分析工作。本文共分为四个部分。第一部分将针对2021-2023年有关兜底情形的裁判样本进行数据统计分析,通过数据化处理以直观呈现其司法实务现状;第二部分将阐述常见兜底情形,即有违夫妻忠实义务情形在认定适用过程中所面临的司法实务困境;第三部分将阐述非常见兜底情形,如婚前故意隐瞒重大疾病、侵害夫妻共同财产、赌博等情形正面临的司法实务困境;第四部分将深入司法实务困境的本质,并结合现有的理论研究成果,针对常见兜底情形(有违夫妻忠实义务情形)与非常见兜底情形的认定适用提出切实可行的完善对策,如明确区分肉体与情感不忠以消除不忠情形认定适用的模糊地带;界定肉体与情感不忠情形构成重大过错的标准;灵活处理“与他人同居”同其他不忠情形的关系;适当降低不忠兜底情形的证明标准等。

语种:

中文

提交日期

2024-06-21

引用参考

江婷. 离婚损害赔偿兜底情形的实证研究分析 ---以《民法典》216份裁判文书为样本[D]. 西南政法大学,2024.

全文附件授权许可

知识共享许可协议-署名

  • dc.title
  • 离婚损害赔偿兜底情形的实证研究分析 ---以《民法典》216份裁判文书为样本
  • dc.title
  • An empirical study and analysis of the situation of divorce damages --- 216 sample judgments of the Civil Code
  • dc.contributor.schoolno
  • 20220351021750
  • dc.contributor.author
  • 江婷
  • dc.contributor.affiliation
  • 民商法学院(知识产权学院)
  • dc.contributor.degree
  • 硕士
  • dc.contributor.childdegree
  • 法律硕士专业学位
  • dc.contributor.degreeConferringInstitution
  • 西南政法大学
  • dc.identifier.year
  • 2024
  • dc.contributor.direction
  • 民商法实务
  • dc.contributor.advisor
  • 陈钊
  • dc.contributor.advisorAffiliation
  • 民商法学院(知识产权学院)
  • dc.language.iso
  • 中文
  • dc.subject
  • 民法典第1091条,离婚损害赔偿,司法实践,兜底情形,实证研究
  • dc.subject
  • Key words: Article 1091 of the Civil Code; divorce damages; judicial practice; fall- through situations; empirical research
  • dc.description.abstract
  • 《婚姻法》时期多项有关婚损害赔偿制度的实务调研表明,受制于四种有限的法定情形,离婚损害赔偿制度运行存在适用比例低、适用难的问题。为此,众多学者呼吁增设兜底情形,以积极发挥离婚损害赔偿制度的功能目的。随之,我国《民法典》正式采纳了主流学者意见,为离婚损害赔偿制度增设了兜底情形,其进一步扩充了离婚损害赔偿制度的适用范围。不出所料的是,大量有关兜底情形的纠纷蜂拥而至,诸多婚姻一方当事人望通过证明另一方存在“其他重大过错”以期获得离婚损害赔偿。然而,兜底情形的认定适用问题却逐渐暴露无疑,包括但不限于:未区分肉体与精神不忠导致不忠情形认定适用出现模糊地带、诸如暧昧、通奸、赌博等情形能否构成重大过错存在司法争议、“与他人同居”同其他不忠情形的关系未被灵活处理,不忠兜底情形证明标准较高导致当事人举证困难。与此同时,或因兜底情形的增设时间较短,我国鲜有学者单独针对兜底情形的实际认定适用状况进行微观的实证研究分析。 由此,为消解当前离婚损害赔偿制度中兜底情形理论实证研究之匮乏、破解其面临的司法实务之困境,本文将以216份兜底情形适用的案件为实证分析样本,采用文献综述法、数据分析法、案例分析法,针对兜底情形认定适用的展开实证分析工作。本文共分为四个部分。第一部分将针对2021-2023年有关兜底情形的裁判样本进行数据统计分析,通过数据化处理以直观呈现其司法实务现状;第二部分将阐述常见兜底情形,即有违夫妻忠实义务情形在认定适用过程中所面临的司法实务困境;第三部分将阐述非常见兜底情形,如婚前故意隐瞒重大疾病、侵害夫妻共同财产、赌博等情形正面临的司法实务困境;第四部分将深入司法实务困境的本质,并结合现有的理论研究成果,针对常见兜底情形(有违夫妻忠实义务情形)与非常见兜底情形的认定适用提出切实可行的完善对策,如明确区分肉体与情感不忠以消除不忠情形认定适用的模糊地带;界定肉体与情感不忠情形构成重大过错的标准;灵活处理“与他人同居”同其他不忠情形的关系;适当降低不忠兜底情形的证明标准等。
  • dc.description.abstract
  • During the period of the Marriage Law, several practical investigations on the compensation system for marital damages have shown that the operation of the divorce damages compensation system has the problem of low application ratio and difficulty in application due to four limited statutory circumstances. For this reason, many scholars have called for the addition of a fallback circumstance to play the functional purpose of the divorce actively damages compensation system. Subsequently, China's Civil Code formally adopted the opinions of mainstream scholars and added a catch-all situation for the divorce damages system, which further expanded the scope of application of the divorce damages compensation system. Unsurprisingly, many disputes have arisen over the circumstances of the marriage, and many parties to a marriage are looking to obtain damages for divorce by proving that the other party has "other material faults". However, the problems in the determination and application of the circumstance have gradually been exposed, including but not limited to the failure to distinguish between physical and mental infidelity, which leads to the ambiguity of the determination and application of the circumstance of infidelity, the judicial controversy over whether circumstances such as ambiguity, adultery, gambling, and other circumstances can constitute gross fault, the relationship between "cohabitation with others" and other unfaithful circumstances has not been flexibly handled, and the high standard of proof for the circumstance of infidelity has made it difficult for the parties to present evidence. At the same time, due to the short time for the addition of the fallback situation, few scholars in China have conducted microscopic empirical research and analysis on the actual determination and application of the fallback situation. Therefore, to alleviate the lack of empirical research on the theory of the fallback situation in the current divorce damages compensation system and solve the dilemma of judicial practice, this paper will take 216 cases applicable to the fallback situation as the empirical analysis sample, and use the literature review method, data analysis method, and case analysis method to carry out the empirical analysis work on the determination and application of the fallback situation. This article is divided into four parts. The first part will conduct statistical analysis of the 2021-2023 judgment samples related to the fall-through situation, and visually present the current situation of their judicial practice through data processing; the second part will elaborate on the common fall-through situations, that is, the judicial practice difficulties faced in the process of determining the application of the situation of violating the duty of fidelity of the husband and wife; the third part will explain the extraordinary situation, such as deliberately concealing a major illness before marriage, infringing on the joint property of the husband and wife, The fourth part will delve into the essence of the dilemma in judicial practice, and combine the existing theoretical research results to put forward practical and perfect countermeasures for the determination and application of common situations (violations of the duty of fidelity of husband and wife) and extraordinary situations, such as clearly distinguishing between physical and emotional infidelity to eliminate the ambiguity of the determination and application of infidelity, defining the criteria for physical and emotional infidelity to constitute a major fault, and flexibly dealing with "cohabitation with others" Relationship with other cases of infidelity, appropriately lowering the standard of proof for infidelity, etc.
  • dc.date.issued
  • 2024-06-18
  • dc.date.oralDefense
  • 2024-05-19
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