二次创作短视频著作权法律保护研究

Research on the legal protection of copyright for secondary creativeshort videos

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行政法学院

作者:

周庆宜

摘要:

二次创作短视频出现之初是爱好者基于爱好分享目的,利用原作视频元素进行剪裁改动、加入新的元素拼合而得的视频产物。其特点是兼具二次创作与短视频的双重属性。二次创作短视频区别于原创短视频,是以在先作品为基底,进行一定程度的重组、加工而得的短视频,在呈现方式上带有在先作品的痕迹,但又与在先作品之间具有一定的差异性。二次创作短视频带有演绎作品的特征,但与演绎作品不同之处在于,演绎作品会因未获得法定的相应权利,如改编权、翻译权等而构成侵权,但二次创作短视频在未获取授权的情况下有可能因为满足合理使用从而得以完成侵权抗辩。同时二次创作短视频也承袭了短视频碎片化、时长短、多渠道、多平台、高频次推送等特点。二次创作短视频具有作品属性,其属于文艺创作领域,创作者在创作阶段的取舍安排,以及在里面添加必要的增量因素,反映一定的个人选择和个人情感,满足较低独创性标准等条件从而具有独创性,能够纳入我国著作权法所规定的“作品”范畴,多数情况下其可归于视听作品的范畴由著作权法进行保护。二次创作短视频具有一定的社会价值。一方面,二次创作短视频能够满足人们的追求浅表娱乐化的心理,同时,由于其制作的简便性,也使得知识的传递更加方便快捷。部分二次创作短视频会给观看者带来沉浸式的交互式体验,具有一定的社交互动属性,使得视频市场更充满活力,能够打破传统长视频由内容生产到内容观看之间的单向信息渠道。二次创作短视频利用自身特性建立起观看身份向创作身份转化的桥梁。二次创作短视频能够给群众以更丰富的视频观看体验感,是当前流媒体时代文化传播的一种重要途径,也是文化多样性的体现,能够极大地促进文化的繁荣。其在思想文化建设上也具有一定功效,是弘扬传统民族文化的一种辅助表达路径。另外,二次创作短视频在经济价值上也有所体现,其不再是出现之初的单纯以分享交流为主要目的,而是随着短视频形成一定的商业模式,附带上了一层商业色彩。通过这种可变现的特点,使得更多的人加入到二次创作的行列,用二次创作短视频的方式吸引更多人的兴趣,安利相关作品,在推动创作发展的同时逐渐群聚形成文化IP产业,带动文化商业的发展。二次创作短视频的社会价值由这三个方面得以体现。目前在二次创作短视频创作领域上,由于其利用在先作品的创作特征,存在着分类混乱形不成统一标准、合理使用抗辩难以适用、与多方主体利益分配难以平衡等问题。具体来说,法院在司法裁判案例中对二次创作短视频是否构成侵权认定的时候,略有不同侧重。对拼接型二次创作短视频侧重于考察其是否有进一步贡献,而对评论类、影视剧混剪类二次创作短视频侧重于考察其是否发生市场替代效果。在学界和行业当中也存在着多种分类,但各分类之间难以进行严格区分,存在相互交叉重合的情形,而这些情形也反过来使得司法实践当中难以形成统一规则。二次创作短视频本有可能因满足合理使用从而得以形成抗辩,但目前该规则的适用存在着侵权判断与合理使用界限不清的问题。随着二次创作短视频形成相当产业集群,能够适用合理使用的标准也在逐渐扩张。法院通常以“三步检验法”来判断是否满足合理使用制度的适用条件,但是目前我国著作权法上所采相对封闭式的合理使用制度,并不利于二次创作短视频的市场开放,同时,实务中也在逐渐引入转换性使用的思路,试图让商业目的的使用也能进入到合理使用制度的适用范畴。二次创作短视频的保护难题根源于各方利益分配不均。长视频平台和短视频平台之间出现的著作权纠纷、二次创作短视频创作者与视频平台之间的利益竞争、可能出现的与表演者相关权益的纠纷等都是常见的利益纷争。长短视频平台都在彼此较劲侵占市场份额。创作者与平台之间的利益竞争多为长视频平台不能提供其需要的高曝光流量却对其作品发布行使限制。对在先作品中表演者侵权则多见于人格权侵权纠纷,不仅以营利目的进行使用构成对表演者本身肖像权的侵权,即便非以营利目的地使用,也有可能因恶意地大肆使用而侵犯到他人肖像权、名誉权等人格权。但在泛娱乐时代背景下调侃、批评与恶意讽刺、引战之间的界限模糊不清。对二次创作短视频的保护,应当以鼓励创作高质量的二次创作短视频为首要,建立起统一的分类标准以适应当前市场需要和司法实践的需要。提倡在不侵权的基础之上进行创作,行业出台相关的标准有助于引导市场的发展,也有助于对司法审判在侵权判断时能更好结合二次创作短视频的效果,平衡好与在先作品的著作权保护和二次创作短视频发展之间的利益关系。对于合理使用抗辩难以生效的问题,要正确处理二次创作短视频与在先作品的关系,防止侵权的同时也要重新检视合理使用的标准,适当放松合理使用的适用要求,提供一定的空间以激发市场活力。引用四要素检验法对商业使用目的的弹性要求精神来激活我国合理使用规则的适用。对一些有利于文化发展的合理使用,无论其是否有商业目的,都应当为其提供相应制度保障。在利益分配方面,长短视频平台应当积极探索和解之道。对于创作者而言,应当坚持在法律底线上的二次创作。倡导建立健康网络生态,也可以考虑建立起事前预防机制,要求视频平台履行相应的警示义务。

语种:

中文

提交日期

2024-01-10

引用参考

周庆宜. 二次创作短视频著作权法律保护研究[D]. 西南政法大学,2023.

全文附件授权许可

知识共享许可协议-署名

  • dc.title
  • 二次创作短视频著作权法律保护研究
  • dc.title
  • Research on the legal protection of copyright for secondary creativeshort videos
  • dc.contributor.schoolno
  • 20200351011512
  • dc.contributor.author
  • 周庆宜
  • dc.contributor.affiliation
  • 行政法学院
  • dc.contributor.degree
  • 硕士
  • dc.contributor.childdegree
  • 法律硕士专业学位
  • dc.contributor.degreeConferringInstitution
  • 西南政法大学
  • dc.identifier.year
  • 2023
  • dc.contributor.direction
  • 著作权法
  • dc.contributor.advisor
  • 周祖成
  • dc.contributor.advisorAffiliation
  • 行政法学院
  • dc.language.iso
  • 中文
  • dc.subject
  • 二次创作,短视频,著作权
  • dc.subject
  • secondary creation; short video; work; copyright
  • dc.description.abstract
  • 二次创作短视频出现之初是爱好者基于爱好分享目的,利用原作视频元素进行剪裁改动、加入新的元素拼合而得的视频产物。其特点是兼具二次创作与短视频的双重属性。二次创作短视频区别于原创短视频,是以在先作品为基底,进行一定程度的重组、加工而得的短视频,在呈现方式上带有在先作品的痕迹,但又与在先作品之间具有一定的差异性。二次创作短视频带有演绎作品的特征,但与演绎作品不同之处在于,演绎作品会因未获得法定的相应权利,如改编权、翻译权等而构成侵权,但二次创作短视频在未获取授权的情况下有可能因为满足合理使用从而得以完成侵权抗辩。同时二次创作短视频也承袭了短视频碎片化、时长短、多渠道、多平台、高频次推送等特点。二次创作短视频具有作品属性,其属于文艺创作领域,创作者在创作阶段的取舍安排,以及在里面添加必要的增量因素,反映一定的个人选择和个人情感,满足较低独创性标准等条件从而具有独创性,能够纳入我国著作权法所规定的“作品”范畴,多数情况下其可归于视听作品的范畴由著作权法进行保护。二次创作短视频具有一定的社会价值。一方面,二次创作短视频能够满足人们的追求浅表娱乐化的心理,同时,由于其制作的简便性,也使得知识的传递更加方便快捷。部分二次创作短视频会给观看者带来沉浸式的交互式体验,具有一定的社交互动属性,使得视频市场更充满活力,能够打破传统长视频由内容生产到内容观看之间的单向信息渠道。二次创作短视频利用自身特性建立起观看身份向创作身份转化的桥梁。二次创作短视频能够给群众以更丰富的视频观看体验感,是当前流媒体时代文化传播的一种重要途径,也是文化多样性的体现,能够极大地促进文化的繁荣。其在思想文化建设上也具有一定功效,是弘扬传统民族文化的一种辅助表达路径。另外,二次创作短视频在经济价值上也有所体现,其不再是出现之初的单纯以分享交流为主要目的,而是随着短视频形成一定的商业模式,附带上了一层商业色彩。通过这种可变现的特点,使得更多的人加入到二次创作的行列,用二次创作短视频的方式吸引更多人的兴趣,安利相关作品,在推动创作发展的同时逐渐群聚形成文化IP产业,带动文化商业的发展。二次创作短视频的社会价值由这三个方面得以体现。目前在二次创作短视频创作领域上,由于其利用在先作品的创作特征,存在着分类混乱形不成统一标准、合理使用抗辩难以适用、与多方主体利益分配难以平衡等问题。具体来说,法院在司法裁判案例中对二次创作短视频是否构成侵权认定的时候,略有不同侧重。对拼接型二次创作短视频侧重于考察其是否有进一步贡献,而对评论类、影视剧混剪类二次创作短视频侧重于考察其是否发生市场替代效果。在学界和行业当中也存在着多种分类,但各分类之间难以进行严格区分,存在相互交叉重合的情形,而这些情形也反过来使得司法实践当中难以形成统一规则。二次创作短视频本有可能因满足合理使用从而得以形成抗辩,但目前该规则的适用存在着侵权判断与合理使用界限不清的问题。随着二次创作短视频形成相当产业集群,能够适用合理使用的标准也在逐渐扩张。法院通常以“三步检验法”来判断是否满足合理使用制度的适用条件,但是目前我国著作权法上所采相对封闭式的合理使用制度,并不利于二次创作短视频的市场开放,同时,实务中也在逐渐引入转换性使用的思路,试图让商业目的的使用也能进入到合理使用制度的适用范畴。二次创作短视频的保护难题根源于各方利益分配不均。长视频平台和短视频平台之间出现的著作权纠纷、二次创作短视频创作者与视频平台之间的利益竞争、可能出现的与表演者相关权益的纠纷等都是常见的利益纷争。长短视频平台都在彼此较劲侵占市场份额。创作者与平台之间的利益竞争多为长视频平台不能提供其需要的高曝光流量却对其作品发布行使限制。对在先作品中表演者侵权则多见于人格权侵权纠纷,不仅以营利目的进行使用构成对表演者本身肖像权的侵权,即便非以营利目的地使用,也有可能因恶意地大肆使用而侵犯到他人肖像权、名誉权等人格权。但在泛娱乐时代背景下调侃、批评与恶意讽刺、引战之间的界限模糊不清。对二次创作短视频的保护,应当以鼓励创作高质量的二次创作短视频为首要,建立起统一的分类标准以适应当前市场需要和司法实践的需要。提倡在不侵权的基础之上进行创作,行业出台相关的标准有助于引导市场的发展,也有助于对司法审判在侵权判断时能更好结合二次创作短视频的效果,平衡好与在先作品的著作权保护和二次创作短视频发展之间的利益关系。对于合理使用抗辩难以生效的问题,要正确处理二次创作短视频与在先作品的关系,防止侵权的同时也要重新检视合理使用的标准,适当放松合理使用的适用要求,提供一定的空间以激发市场活力。引用四要素检验法对商业使用目的的弹性要求精神来激活我国合理使用规则的适用。对一些有利于文化发展的合理使用,无论其是否有商业目的,都应当为其提供相应制度保障。在利益分配方面,长短视频平台应当积极探索和解之道。对于创作者而言,应当坚持在法律底线上的二次创作。倡导建立健康网络生态,也可以考虑建立起事前预防机制,要求视频平台履行相应的警示义务。
  • dc.description.abstract
  • At the beginning of the emergence of secondary creation short videos, they were video products created by enthusiasts who used original video elements to cut and modify them and add new elements for the purpose of sharing. Its characteristic is that it has the dual attributes of secondary creation and short video. Secondary short videos are different from original short videos. They are short videos that are reorganized and processed to a certain extent based on previous works. They have traces of the previous works in the way of presentation, but they are also different from the previous works. There are certain differences between them. Secondary creation of short videos has the characteristics of a derivative work, but the difference between the second creation of short videos and derivative works is that the derivative works will constitute infringement because they have not obtained the corresponding statutory rights, such as adaptation rights, translation rights, etc. However, secondary creation of short videos is Without authorization, it is possible to complete the infringement defense by satisfying fair use. At the same time, the secondary creation of short videos also inherits the characteristics of short videos such as fragmentation, short duration, multi-channels, multi-platforms, and high-frequency push. Secondary creation of short videos has the attributes of a work, which belongs to the field of literary and artistic creation. The creator makes choices and arrangements in the creation stage, and adds necessary incremental factors to it, reflects certain personal choices and personal emotions, and meets lower originality standards, etc. The conditions are therefore original and can be included in the category of "works" stipulated in my country's Copyright Law. In most cases, they can be classified as audiovisual works and are protected by the Copyright Law.Secondary creation of short videos has certain social value. On the one hand, secondary creation of short videos can satisfy people's pursuit of superficial entertainment. At the same time, due to the simplicity of its production, it also makes the transfer of knowledge more convenient and faster. Some secondary creation short videos will bring an immersive interactive experience to viewers, have certain social interaction attributes, make the video market more dynamic, and can break the one-way information between traditional long videos from content production to content viewing. channel. Secondary creation of short videos uses its own characteristics to build a bridge from viewing identity to creative identity. Secondary creation of short videos can give the masses a richer video viewing experience. It is an important way of cultural communication in the current streaming media era. It is also a manifestation of cultural diversity and can greatly promote the prosperity of culture. It also has a certain effect in ideological and cultural construction and is an auxiliary expression path for carrying forward traditional national culture. In addition, the economic value of secondary creation of short videos is also reflected. It is no longer just for sharing and communication as the main purpose when it first appeared. Instead, as short videos form a certain business model, they have added a layer of commercial color. Through this monetizable feature, more people will join the ranks of secondary creation, and use the secondary creation of short videos to attract more people's interest. Amway-related works will gradually form groups while promoting the development of creation. The cultural IP industry drives the development of cultural business. The social value of secondary creation of short videos is reflected in these three aspects.At present, in the field of secondary short video creation, due to the creative characteristics of making use of prior works, there are problems such as confusing classification and lack of unified standards, difficulty in applying fair use defense, and difficulty in balancing the distribution of interests with multiple release subjects. Specifically, in judicial cases, courts have slightly different emphasis on whether secondary creation of short videos constitutes infringement. The focus on splicing secondary creation short videos is to examine whether they have further contributions, while the secondary creation short videos on commentary and mixed editing of film and television dramas are focused on examining whether they have a market substitution effect. There are also multiple classifications in academia and industry, but it is difficult to strictly distinguish between the classifications, and there are overlapping situations. These situations, in turn, make it difficult to form unified rules in judicial practice. Secondary creation of short videos may be able to form a defense because it meets the requirements of fair use, but currently there is a problem in the application of this rule that the boundary between infringement judgment and fair use is unclear. As the secondary creation of short videos forms a considerable industrial cluster, the standards that can be applied to fair use are gradually expanding. Courts usually use the "three-step test" to determine whether the applicable conditions of the fair use system are met. However, the relatively closed fair use system currently adopted in my country's copyright law is not conducive to the opening of the market for secondary creation of short videos. At the same time, In practice, the idea of conversional use is gradually being introduced, trying to make use for commercial purposes also fall within the scope of the fair use system.The problem of protecting secondary created short videos is rooted in the uneven distribution of interests among all parties. Copyright disputes between long video platforms and short video platforms, interest competition between secondary short video creators and video platforms, and possible disputes over performers' rights and interests are all common interest disputes. Both long and short video platforms are competing with each other to gain market share. The competition for interests between creators and platforms mostly involves long video platforms that cannot provide the high exposure traffic they need but exercise restrictions on the release of their works. Infringement of performers in prior works is mostly seen in personality rights infringement disputes. Not only does the use for profit constitute an infringement of the performer's own portrait rights, even if the use is not for profit, it may also be infringed by malicious use. Personality rights such as portrait rights and reputation rights of others. However, in the context of the pan-entertainment era, the boundaries between ridicule, criticism and malicious satire and provocation are blurred.The protection of secondary creative short videos should focus on encouraging the creation of high-quality secondary creative short videos, and establish unified classification standards to meet the needs of current market needs and judicial practice. It is advocated to create on the basis of non-infringement. The introduction of relevant standards by the industry will help guide the development of the market, and will also help judicial trials better combine the effects of secondary creation of short videos when judging infringement, and balance the effects of secondary creation with infringement. The interest relationship between the copyright protection of the original work and the development of the secondary short video. Regarding the issue where fair use defense is difficult to take effect, it is necessary to correctly handle the relationship between secondary short videos and prior works. While preventing infringement, it is also necessary to re-examine the standards of fair use, appropriately relax the applicable requirements for fair use, and provide a certain space to Stimulate market vitality. The spirit of the four-factor test's flexible requirements for commercial use purposes is quoted to activate the application of my country's fair use rules. For some reasonable uses that are conducive to cultural development, regardless of whether they have commercial purposes, corresponding institutional guarantees should be provided. In terms of benefit distribution, long and short video platforms should actively explore ways of reconciliation. For creators, they should insist on secondary creation within the legal bottom line. To advocate the establishment of a healthy network ecosystem, we can also consider establishing a preventive mechanism and requiring video platforms to fulfill corresponding warning obligations.
  • dc.date.issued
  • 2023-11-24
  • dc.date.oralDefense
  • 2023-11-04
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