“《民法典》中的土地制度解读”笔谈

An Interpretation of Land System in The Civil Code

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归属学者：

黄忠

归属院系：

民商法学院（知识产权学院）

作者：

左传卫 ;宋宗宇 ;陈洁斌 ;宋志红 ; 黄忠4 ;单平基 ;姜红利

摘要：

《民法典》已于2021年1月1日正式实施,成为我国民法学研究由立法论转向解释论的重要转折点。《民法典》在编纂过程中吸收、固化了新一轮土地制度改革的成果,当前的重点任务是解读《民法典》中的土地制度,对相关条文的理解与适用进行学理分析。为此,本集刊组织了"《民法典》中的土地制度解读"笔谈,共有7位专家6篇短文参与本次笔谈。左传卫在《论宅基地"三权分置"的困境原因与可能的化解之道》一文中认为,因宅基地的交易空间狭窄,宅基地"三权分置"并没有在广大农村产生相应的政策效果,要盘活闲置的宅基地与农房,需分析造成交易空间狭窄的特殊原因,寻求针对性的化解之道。在坚持集体土地公有制的前提下,可以通过扩张《民法典》居住权的内涵,以消费性、投资性居住权来盘活宅基地与农房。宋宗宇、陈洁斌在《集体经营性建设用地入市收益分配的法律困境及对策分析》一文中认为,集体经营性建设用地入市收益分配存在上位法缺失、土地增值收益调节金法律性质不明,以及集体内部收益分配的限制规则不够明确的问题,应当稳步建立集体土地增值收益税收制度、通过法律明确政府职能以及预留与其他制度进行衔接的立法空间。宋志红在《<民法典>视野下的集体建设用地使用权》一文中认为,《民法典》物权编第十二章"建设用地使用权"并未为集体建设用地使用权的运行规则提供直接的制度供给,《土地管理法》第63条关于集体建设用地使用权设立主体和方式的规定,需结合《民法典》的规定予以理解、补充和完善。黄忠在《<民法典>用益物权分编的解释论三题》一文中认为,基于体系解释,用益物权人并不当然具有独立的征收补偿资格;基于历史解释,《民法典》中的变更登记是一个具有双重内涵的概念,包括"转移登记""变更登记"两种情形;基于目的(功能)解释,可以地役权、居住权来指引地票(用地指标)交易、宅基地"三权分置"的改革实践。单平基在《<民法典>中土地制度适用应关注的几个问题》一文中认为,住宅建设用地使用权到期后,如何续期、续期费用的缴纳或减免等问题,尚需立法进一步明确。土地承包经营权已可作为融资担保的客体,不再限于以"荒地"承包经营权设定抵押,值得肯定。从功能主义看,土地经营权的融资担保形式,既可采取抵押,也应解释为可设定权利质押。姜红利在《保留进城落户农民土地承包经营权的制度背景和价值》一文中认为,新型城镇化道路应逐渐转变户籍决定论的城镇化理念,这是正确解读进城落户农民可以保留土地承包经营权的制度背景。构建独立于退出机制的进城落户农民土地承包经营权保留制度具有合法合理性,是城乡互动融合的一种制度探索。

出版日期：

2021-07-31

学科：

法学

提交日期：

2021-12-16

引用参考：

左传卫;宋宗宇;陈洁斌;宋志红;黄忠;单平基;姜红利. “《民法典》中的土地制度解读”笔谈[J]. 中国不动产法研究,2021(01):115-145.

全文附件授权许可：

知识共享许可协议-署名

  • dc.title
  • “《民法典》中的土地制度解读”笔谈
  • dc.contributor.author
  • 左传卫;宋宗宇;陈洁斌;宋志红;黄忠;单平基;姜红利
  • dc.contributor.author
  • Zuo Chuanwei;Song Zongyu;Chen Jiebin;Song Zhihong;Huang Zhong;Shan Pingji;Jiang Hongli
  • dc.contributor.affiliation
  • 广州大学法学院;重庆大学法学院;中央财经大学法学院;西南政法大学民商法学院;东南大学法学院;东南大学民事检察研究基地;南京师范大学法学院;南京师范大学中国法治现代化研究院
  • dc.publisher
  • 中国不动产法研究
  • dc.publisher
  • Research on Real Estate Law of China
  • dc.identifier.year
  • 2021
  • dc.identifier.issue
  • 01
  • dc.identifier.volume
  • v.23
  • dc.identifier.page
  • 115-145
  • dc.date.issued
  • 2021-07-31
  • dc.subject
  • 民法典;集体经营性建设用地;居住权;土地经营权;宅基地使用权
  • dc.subject
  • The Civil Code;The Collective Operation Construction Land;Right of Residence;Land Management Rights;Rural Homestead Use Right
  • dc.description.abstract
  • 《民法典》已于2021年1月1日正式实施,成为我国民法学研究由立法论转向解释论的重要转折点。《民法典》在编纂过程中吸收、固化了新一轮土地制度改革的成果,当前的重点任务是解读《民法典》中的土地制度,对相关条文的理解与适用进行学理分析。为此,本集刊组织了"《民法典》中的土地制度解读"笔谈,共有7位专家6篇短文参与本次笔谈。左传卫在《论宅基地"三权分置"的困境原因与可能的化解之道》一文中认为,因宅基地的交易空间狭窄,宅基地"三权分置"并没有在广大农村产生相应的政策效果,要盘活闲置的宅基地与农房,需分析造成交易空间狭窄的特殊原因,寻求针对性的化解之道。在坚持集体土地公有制的前提下,可以通过扩张《民法典》居住权的内涵,以消费性、投资性居住权来盘活宅基地与农房。宋宗宇、陈洁斌在《集体经营性建设用地入市收益分配的法律困境及对策分析》一文中认为,集体经营性建设用地入市收益分配存在上位法缺失、土地增值收益调节金法律性质不明,以及集体内部收益分配的限制规则不够明确的问题,应当稳步建立集体土地增值收益税收制度、通过法律明确政府职能以及预留与其他制度进行衔接的立法空间。宋志红在《<民法典>视野下的集体建设用地使用权》一文中认为,《民法典》物权编第十二章"建设用地使用权"并未为集体建设用地使用权的运行规则提供直接的制度供给,《土地管理法》第63条关于集体建设用地使用权设立主体和方式的规定,需结合《民法典》的规定予以理解、补充和完善。黄忠在《<民法典>用益物权分编的解释论三题》一文中认为,基于体系解释,用益物权人并不当然具有独立的征收补偿资格;基于历史解释,《民法典》中的变更登记是一个具有双重内涵的概念,包括"转移登记""变更登记"两种情形;基于目的(功能)解释,可以地役权、居住权来指引地票(用地指标)交易、宅基地"三权分置"的改革实践。单平基在《<民法典>中土地制度适用应关注的几个问题》一文中认为,住宅建设用地使用权到期后,如何续期、续期费用的缴纳或减免等问题,尚需立法进一步明确。土地承包经营权已可作为融资担保的客体,不再限于以"荒地"承包经营权设定抵押,值得肯定。从功能主义看,土地经营权的融资担保形式,既可采取抵押,也应解释为可设定权利质押。姜红利在《保留进城落户农民土地承包经营权的制度背景和价值》一文中认为,新型城镇化道路应逐渐转变户籍决定论的城镇化理念,这是正确解读进城落户农民可以保留土地承包经营权的制度背景。构建独立于退出机制的进城落户农民土地承包经营权保留制度具有合法合理性,是城乡互动融合的一种制度探索。
  • dc.description.abstract
  • The Civil Code was officially implemented on January 1,2021,and became an important turning point in the study of our national law from legislative theory to interpretation.In the process of codification,The Civil Code absorbed and solidified the results of a new round of land system reform,and the main task at present is to interpret the land system in The Civil Code and to make a rational analysis of the understanding and application of relevant provisions.To this end,this collection organized "The Civil Code in the interpretation of the land system" written talk,a total of 7 experts 6 essays to participate in this written talk.In the article "On the Predicament and Possible Solutions of 'Three Rights Separation'of Homestead Land",ZUO Chuanwei argues that,due to the narrow trading space of the rural homestead use right,the "three rights separation" of homestead land has not occurred in the vast rural areas.Corresponding policy effects,in order to revitalize the idle homesteads and farmhouses,it is necessary to analyze the special reasons for the narrow trading space and seek targeted solutions.Under the premise of adhering to the public ownership of collective land,we can expand the connotation of the right of residence in The Civil Code and use the right of consumption and investment to inhabit the housing base and farmhouse.In the article "the Legal Difficulties and Countermeasures Analysis of the Income Distribution of Collective Construction Land Entering the Market",SONG Zongyu and CHEN Jiebin argues that there are some problems in the distribution of income from the collective operation construction land entering the market,such as lack of upper law,unclear legal nature of adjustment fund,and unclear rules of income distribution within the collective.We should steadily establish the tax system of collective land value added income,clarify the government functions through legislation,and reserve the legal space to connect with other systems.In the article "the Collective Construction Land Use Right from the Perspective of The Civil Code",SONG Zhihong claims that chapter 12 "the Construction Land Use Right" in the real right section of The Civil Code does not provide a direct institutional basis for the operation rules of the construction land use right.Article 63 of the Land Administration Law on the subject and mode of the establishment of collective construction land use right should be understood,supplemented and improved in combination with The Civil Code.HUANG Zhong argues in "Three Questions on the Interpretation of the Classification of Usufructuary Rights in The Civil Code" that,based on the systematic interpretation,the usufructuary right holder is not necessarily entitled to independent expropriation and compensation.Based on the historical interpretation,the registration of change in The Civil Code is a concept with dual connotations,including "transfer registration" and "registration of change".Based on purpose(function) interpretation,easement and residence right can guide the reform practice of land piao(land index) transaction and "three rights separation"of homestead.In "Several Issues Concerning the Application of Land System in The Civil Code ",SHAN Pingji believes that after the expiration of the right to use residential construction land,how to renew the right to use residential construction land,the payment or reduction of the renewal fee and other issues still need to be further clarified by legislation.The land contracted management right can be used as the object of financing guarantee,and is no longer limited to the "wasteland" contracted management right to set mortgage,which is worthy of affirmation.From the perspective of functionalism,the form of financing guarantee of land management right can not only take mortgage,but also be interpreted as the pledge of rights that can be set.In the article "Several Issues Concerning the Application of Land System in The Civil Code",Jiang Hongli believes that the new urbanization road should gradually change the urbanization concept of household registration determinism,which is the system background of correctly interpreting the system background that farmers who settle down in cities can retain the land contract and management right.It is legitimate and reasonable to construct a land contract management right retention system for rural residents independent of the withdrawal mechanism,which is an institutional exploration for the interaction and integration of urban and rural areas.
  • dc.description.sponsorshipPCode
  • 20CFX039;20CFX039;18AFX015;20BFX102
  • dc.description.sponsorship
  • 国家社会科学基金青年项目“农村集体非经营性资产运行法律机制研究”(20CFX039)的阶段性成果;国家社会科学基金青年项目“农村集体非经营性资产运行法律机制研究”(20CFX039)的阶段性成果;国家社科基金重点项目“中国民法上的中国元素研究”(18AFX015)的阶段性成果;国家社科基金项目“《民法典》适用中的承包地权利体系解释论”(20BFX102)的阶段性成果
  • dc.description.sponsorshipsource
  • 国家社会科学基金;国家社会科学基金
  • dc.identifier.if
  • 0
  • dc.subject.discipline
  • D923.2
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