论依“推定的权利人同意”之行为

On the behavior in accordance with the presumed consent of the obligee

传播影响力
本库下载频次:
本库浏览频次:
CNKI下载频次:0

归属院系:

法学院

作者:

邵睿

导师:

朱建华

导师单位:

法学院

学位:

博士

语种:

其他

关键词:

推定;同意;小型群体;非正式规范

摘要:

在当今社会中,人类据以决定彼此之间行为模式的主要规范即为法律规范,相对于社会中存在的其他规范而言,其显然属于一种正式规范,并且成为了一种最重要、最有效的社会控制形式。然而,从人类生活中的点点滴滴来看,除了作为整体而存在的人类社会之外,在某些场合下,还可能存在一种“小型群体”,其内部成员间的交互行为往往并不受制于正式规范的强制性作用,形成这种局面的原因在于:该类群体内部的成员之间在交往过程中已经就某种事务的处理建立了一种彼此信任的人际关系,这使得任何正式的法律保护或制裁成为多余。因而在不影响全社会及群体外部其他成员的前提下,应该以该“小型群体”中的成员在交互活动中就某种事务的处理而构建的“非正式规范”对正式规范作出某些调整与修正,以保证特定情形下人们行为规范的个别化与合理性。在刑法研究的领域,依推定的权利人同意之行为即属于这类情形,因为其要解决的问题恰好就是对于基于特定的关系而形成的“小型群体”中的人们在无法获得权利人现实意志的条件下,通过考察相互之间的特定关系和客观存在的情势,以期最大限度地接近权利人现实意志来处置对方利益的行为之定性问题。在这一过程中,上述“非正式规范”的重要意义即在于其是为行为人与权利人双方所共同认可的、从而在行为人处置权利人利益时所要遵循的规范。当“小型群体”中的行为人遵循了这些“非正式规范”(以不动摇正式规范对于社会中其他成员及社会整体之效力为前提),即便其行为看上去不那么严格地符合正式规范的要求,刑法也应当本着一种“网开一面”的精神,放弃对其作出评价。但是行为人在依推定的权利人同意而行为时,不能逾越正式规范所划定的界限,同时,应当考虑“社会一般观念”的要求。全文除引言部分外,分为五章,共计17万余字。第一章讨论了依推定的权利人同意之行为的概念以及具体分类。依推定的权利人同意之行为应当表述为:与权利人在所涉事项的范围内具有一定关系的行为人,因无法明确知悉权利人的现实意志,而通过考察自身与权利人的特定关系,尤其是相互间的交往过程和客观存在的情势,以权利人的行为倾向为导向处置原本应由权利人自身处置事项的行为,该行为在刑法上的意义主要取决于上述考察过程和行为本身,权利人事后的明确表态仅具参考价值。并且分析了“被害人”与“权利人”、“承诺”与“同意”等概念之间的区别与联系,同时强调了所谓的“推定”只能发生在处于某一“小型群体”内具有特定关系的行为人与权利人之间。具体而言,这类行为可以做如下分类:按照受益对象之不同,可分为:“为权利人利益的推定”和“为其他人利益的推定”,在“为权利人利益的推定”中,根据所推定事项可以进一步地区分为“与物品有关的推定”、“与人格有关的推定”和“对现时决定的推定”。第二章介绍了依推定的权利人同意之行为在外国刑法理论中的发展状况。在英美法系国家的刑法理论中,其是作为一种“辩护事由”存在的,而在大陆法系国家的刑法理论中,通常在“违法阻却事由”中讨论这一问题,依推定的权利人同意之行为的正当化根据,主要包括“事务管理说”、“紧急避险说”、“权利人同意延伸说”(“法益衡量说”)、“社会相当性说”、“被允许的风险说”以及“独立的违法性阻却事由说”(“结合说”)等学说,其中,对于“事务管理说”有赖于刑法中的直接规定,“紧急避险说”和“权利人同意延伸说”的提法可谓是基于该类行为之形象的对立,而“结合说”则认为两种形象兼而有之,应该认为:该事由之理论形象包括了紧急避险行为和存在“权利人同意”的行为,其中后者居于主导地位。真正能被视为在成立原理上对立的是“法益衡量说”(可以视为“权利人同意延伸说”)、“社会相当性说”和“被允许的危险说”,因为这些学说都是基于对“违法性”理解的不同而形成的学说对立。其中,“法益衡量说”是“权利人同意延伸说”(大致上的)另一种称谓,由于其对行为的性质采取“事后判断”的做法,不符合刑法作为社会科学的特点,而“社会相当性”这一理论则显得过于宽泛,“被允许的风险”主要针对的是过失犯罪的情形,而且其行为基准的构建基础是某一带有危险之行为所带来的利益与该行为本身可能造成的危害之协调。第三章阐明了本文认为依推定的权利人同意之行为属于“构成要件阻却事由”的原因。因为,构成要件符合性的判断与违法性的判断之间并非是形式判断与实质判断的关系,而是知性思维与辨证理性的关系,换言之,构成要件符合性的判断也要考虑行为对法益在实质意义上的侵害,而违法性的判断则是解决法益相冲突的问题,在依推定的权利人同意之行为中,由于体现了对权利人之一贯态度的尊重,因而不应当认为存在“法益冲突”,从而应当否定其实质的法益侵害,因此,其并非属于“违法阻却事由”。同时,刑法的目的在于保护法益,因而“法益”概念也就成为了构成要件的核心,否定了行为对法益的实质侵害,即否认了其构成要件符合性。学说史上对“法益”之概念存在诸多聚讼,但所谓的“法益”应当被理解为法治社会中的个人“自我实现与自由发展”的需要,为了保护法益,才能要求社会成员遵守一定的规范。并且,法益还应当是一个“前实定刑法”的概念,只有在其它手段都不足以对之进行保护的前提下,刑法才能登场。而在依推定的权利人同意之行为得以成立的场合下,对权利人法益的保护更多地依赖于其自身通过在构建“小型群体”中的成员均须遵守的“非正式规范”的过程中合理地表达自己的意愿,而不是诉诸于刑法的介入。第四章分析了依推定的权利人同意之行为在我国刑法理论中的发展状况。我国刑法学界针对犯罪构成以及“犯罪阻却事由”在其中的地位存在诸多争议,从犯罪构成各要件的研究内容来看,可以将所有的犯罪阻却事由都置于专事实质判断的“犯罪客体”中加以研究,在判断方法上,应当强调“社会危害性”这一概念对否定行为符合犯罪构成的作用。为了在一定程度上使得各类“犯罪阻却事由”之排除“社会危害性”的原理更加明晰,可以将“犯罪阻却事由”分为因对社会有益、因客观危害性显著轻微、因缺乏人身危险性以及因所涉当事人之间的关系不属于“社会关系”等,而依推定的权利人同意之行为应当属于最后一类。同时,这一“犯罪阻却事由”作为一种“超法规的犯罪阻却事由”并不违反罪刑法定主义。这些事由之所以能够“超法规”地存在是因为现实中并不存在一个“万能的立法者”,从而能够制定出将任何一种排除犯罪成立的场合都包含在内的“犯罪阻却事由”。第五章以“非正式规范”为核心归纳了依推定的权利人同意之行为的成立要件。对于某个擅自处置应由他人处置事项的行为而言,如其欲成立依推定的权利人同意之行为,一方面不能逾越“非正式规范”的效力范围,从而成为正式规范的调整对象,这就要求行为所涉及的事项必须能够由权利人自由处置,同时权利人必须有同意他人代为处置这些事项的能力,以及被“推定”的权利人意志具有自愿性。另一方面,“非正式规范”还必须根据行为人与权利人之间的特定关系、行为所涉及事项本身的性质、权利人的惯常行为及其现实意志是否存在进行建构,并以“社会一般观念”作为判断标准,在刑事司法活动中实现这一标准的“间接在场”与“直接在场”。

参考文献:

265

学科:

刑法学

提交日期

2019-04-11

引用参考

邵睿. 论依“推定的权利人同意”之行为[D]. 西南政法大学,2015.

全文附件授权许可

知识共享许可协议-署名

  • dc.title
  • 论依“推定的权利人同意”之行为
  • dc.title
  • On the behavior in accordance with the presumed consent of the obligee
  • dc.contributor.schoolno
  • b2012030104039
  • dc.contributor.author
  • 邵睿
  • dc.contributor.affiliation
  • 法学院
  • dc.contributor.degree
  • 博士
  • dc.contributor.childdegree
  • 法学博士
  • dc.contributor.degreeConferringInstitution
  • 西南政法大学
  • dc.identifier.year
  • 2015
  • dc.contributor.advisor
  • 朱建华
  • dc.contributor.advisorAffiliation
  • 法学院
  • dc.language.iso
  • 其他
  • dc.subject
  • 推定;同意;小型群体;非正式规范
  • dc.subject
  • Presumption;Consent;Small groups;Informal specification
  • dc.description.abstract
  • 在当今社会中,人类据以决定彼此之间行为模式的主要规范即为法律规范,相对于社会中存在的其他规范而言,其显然属于一种正式规范,并且成为了一种最重要、最有效的社会控制形式。然而,从人类生活中的点点滴滴来看,除了作为整体而存在的人类社会之外,在某些场合下,还可能存在一种“小型群体”,其内部成员间的交互行为往往并不受制于正式规范的强制性作用,形成这种局面的原因在于:该类群体内部的成员之间在交往过程中已经就某种事务的处理建立了一种彼此信任的人际关系,这使得任何正式的法律保护或制裁成为多余。因而在不影响全社会及群体外部其他成员的前提下,应该以该“小型群体”中的成员在交互活动中就某种事务的处理而构建的“非正式规范”对正式规范作出某些调整与修正,以保证特定情形下人们行为规范的个别化与合理性。在刑法研究的领域,依推定的权利人同意之行为即属于这类情形,因为其要解决的问题恰好就是对于基于特定的关系而形成的“小型群体”中的人们在无法获得权利人现实意志的条件下,通过考察相互之间的特定关系和客观存在的情势,以期最大限度地接近权利人现实意志来处置对方利益的行为之定性问题。在这一过程中,上述“非正式规范”的重要意义即在于其是为行为人与权利人双方所共同认可的、从而在行为人处置权利人利益时所要遵循的规范。当“小型群体”中的行为人遵循了这些“非正式规范”(以不动摇正式规范对于社会中其他成员及社会整体之效力为前提),即便其行为看上去不那么严格地符合正式规范的要求,刑法也应当本着一种“网开一面”的精神,放弃对其作出评价。但是行为人在依推定的权利人同意而行为时,不能逾越正式规范所划定的界限,同时,应当考虑“社会一般观念”的要求。全文除引言部分外,分为五章,共计17万余字。第一章讨论了依推定的权利人同意之行为的概念以及具体分类。依推定的权利人同意之行为应当表述为:与权利人在所涉事项的范围内具有一定关系的行为人,因无法明确知悉权利人的现实意志,而通过考察自身与权利人的特定关系,尤其是相互间的交往过程和客观存在的情势,以权利人的行为倾向为导向处置原本应由权利人自身处置事项的行为,该行为在刑法上的意义主要取决于上述考察过程和行为本身,权利人事后的明确表态仅具参考价值。并且分析了“被害人”与“权利人”、“承诺”与“同意”等概念之间的区别与联系,同时强调了所谓的“推定”只能发生在处于某一“小型群体”内具有特定关系的行为人与权利人之间。具体而言,这类行为可以做如下分类:按照受益对象之不同,可分为:“为权利人利益的推定”和“为其他人利益的推定”,在“为权利人利益的推定”中,根据所推定事项可以进一步地区分为“与物品有关的推定”、“与人格有关的推定”和“对现时决定的推定”。第二章介绍了依推定的权利人同意之行为在外国刑法理论中的发展状况。在英美法系国家的刑法理论中,其是作为一种“辩护事由”存在的,而在大陆法系国家的刑法理论中,通常在“违法阻却事由”中讨论这一问题,依推定的权利人同意之行为的正当化根据,主要包括“事务管理说”、“紧急避险说”、“权利人同意延伸说”(“法益衡量说”)、“社会相当性说”、“被允许的风险说”以及“独立的违法性阻却事由说”(“结合说”)等学说,其中,对于“事务管理说”有赖于刑法中的直接规定,“紧急避险说”和“权利人同意延伸说”的提法可谓是基于该类行为之形象的对立,而“结合说”则认为两种形象兼而有之,应该认为:该事由之理论形象包括了紧急避险行为和存在“权利人同意”的行为,其中后者居于主导地位。真正能被视为在成立原理上对立的是“法益衡量说”(可以视为“权利人同意延伸说”)、“社会相当性说”和“被允许的危险说”,因为这些学说都是基于对“违法性”理解的不同而形成的学说对立。其中,“法益衡量说”是“权利人同意延伸说”(大致上的)另一种称谓,由于其对行为的性质采取“事后判断”的做法,不符合刑法作为社会科学的特点,而“社会相当性”这一理论则显得过于宽泛,“被允许的风险”主要针对的是过失犯罪的情形,而且其行为基准的构建基础是某一带有危险之行为所带来的利益与该行为本身可能造成的危害之协调。第三章阐明了本文认为依推定的权利人同意之行为属于“构成要件阻却事由”的原因。因为,构成要件符合性的判断与违法性的判断之间并非是形式判断与实质判断的关系,而是知性思维与辨证理性的关系,换言之,构成要件符合性的判断也要考虑行为对法益在实质意义上的侵害,而违法性的判断则是解决法益相冲突的问题,在依推定的权利人同意之行为中,由于体现了对权利人之一贯态度的尊重,因而不应当认为存在“法益冲突”,从而应当否定其实质的法益侵害,因此,其并非属于“违法阻却事由”。同时,刑法的目的在于保护法益,因而“法益”概念也就成为了构成要件的核心,否定了行为对法益的实质侵害,即否认了其构成要件符合性。学说史上对“法益”之概念存在诸多聚讼,但所谓的“法益”应当被理解为法治社会中的个人“自我实现与自由发展”的需要,为了保护法益,才能要求社会成员遵守一定的规范。并且,法益还应当是一个“前实定刑法”的概念,只有在其它手段都不足以对之进行保护的前提下,刑法才能登场。而在依推定的权利人同意之行为得以成立的场合下,对权利人法益的保护更多地依赖于其自身通过在构建“小型群体”中的成员均须遵守的“非正式规范”的过程中合理地表达自己的意愿,而不是诉诸于刑法的介入。第四章分析了依推定的权利人同意之行为在我国刑法理论中的发展状况。我国刑法学界针对犯罪构成以及“犯罪阻却事由”在其中的地位存在诸多争议,从犯罪构成各要件的研究内容来看,可以将所有的犯罪阻却事由都置于专事实质判断的“犯罪客体”中加以研究,在判断方法上,应当强调“社会危害性”这一概念对否定行为符合犯罪构成的作用。为了在一定程度上使得各类“犯罪阻却事由”之排除“社会危害性”的原理更加明晰,可以将“犯罪阻却事由”分为因对社会有益、因客观危害性显著轻微、因缺乏人身危险性以及因所涉当事人之间的关系不属于“社会关系”等,而依推定的权利人同意之行为应当属于最后一类。同时,这一“犯罪阻却事由”作为一种“超法规的犯罪阻却事由”并不违反罪刑法定主义。这些事由之所以能够“超法规”地存在是因为现实中并不存在一个“万能的立法者”,从而能够制定出将任何一种排除犯罪成立的场合都包含在内的“犯罪阻却事由”。第五章以“非正式规范”为核心归纳了依推定的权利人同意之行为的成立要件。对于某个擅自处置应由他人处置事项的行为而言,如其欲成立依推定的权利人同意之行为,一方面不能逾越“非正式规范”的效力范围,从而成为正式规范的调整对象,这就要求行为所涉及的事项必须能够由权利人自由处置,同时权利人必须有同意他人代为处置这些事项的能力,以及被“推定”的权利人意志具有自愿性。另一方面,“非正式规范”还必须根据行为人与权利人之间的特定关系、行为所涉及事项本身的性质、权利人的惯常行为及其现实意志是否存在进行建构,并以“社会一般观念”作为判断标准,在刑事司法活动中实现这一标准的“间接在场”与“直接在场”。
  • dc.description.abstract
  • In modern society, the principal specification applied to determine the behavior patterns among people is the legal specification, which apparently belongs to formal specification relative to other specifications that exist in society, and has become one of the most important and most effective form of social control. However, in regard to the details of human life, besides the existence of human society as a whole, there may be in some occasions specific groups called "small groups", where the interactions among the internal members are often not subject to the mandatory effect of formal specification. The cause of this situation is that a relationship of trust among the internal members of this kind of group has been established in the interactive activities on the handling of certain transactions, which makes any formal legal protection or sanctions redundant. Therefore, under the premise of without affecting the whole society and other members outside the group, according to the informal specification established among members of the "small groups" in the interactive activities on the handling of certain transactions, some adjustments and amendments shall be made to the formal specification so as to ensure the individualization and rationality of the code of people’s behavior under certain conditions.In the field of research of the criminal law, the behavior in accordance with the presumed consent of the obligee falls into this type of case, because it is the qualitative problem to be solved under the condition that members of the "small groups" based on specific relationship don't have access to the real wills of the obligee, and investigate the specific relationship among them and the objective existence of the situation, in order to maximize the closeness to the real wills of the obligee to deal with the benefit of the obligee. In this process, the great significance of the above-mentioned informal specification lies in that it is the specification which has been consented by both the conductor and the obligee and shall be followed when the conductor deals with the benefit of the obligee. When the conductor of the "small groups" follows the informal specification (on the premise of not shaking the effectiveness of formal specification for other members of the society and the society as a whole), even if their behavior seems less strictly conform to the requirement of formal specification, the criminal law shall give up comment based on the spirit of "leniency". But the conductor shall not exceed the limits of formal specification when conducting the behavior in accordance with the presumed consent of the obligee, and at the same time shall consider "the social general idea".The thesis consists of five chapters, with a total of more than 170,000 words, apart from the introduction section.The first chapter discusses the concept of the behavior in accordance with the presumed consent of the obligee and its specific classifications. The behavior in accordance with the presumed consent of the obligee shall be expressed as the behavior that the conductor who has a certain relationship with the obligee within the matters involved can not be clearly aware of the real wills of the obligee, by investigating the specific relationship with the obligee, especially the interactive activities and the objective existence of the situation, guided by the behavior tendency of the obligee, and disposes of the matters which shall be dealt with by the obligee. The significance of the behavior in criminal law mainly depends on the above-mentioned investigation process and the behavior itself, and the attitude made clear later by the obligee only has the reference value. And this chapter also analyzes the differences and connections between such concepts as the "victim" and the "obligee", "consent" and "promise", and stresses that the so-called "presumption" can only happen within a "small group" between the conductor and the obligee with a certain relationship. Specifically, this kind of behavior has the following different categories. According to the benefit object, it can be divided into "presumption for the benefit of the obligee" and "presumption for the benefit of others". In the "presumption for the benefit of the obligee", based on the presumed items, it can be further divided into "presumption related to the articles", "presumption related to the personality "and "presumption of the current decision".The second chapter introduces the development status of the behavior in accordance with the presumed consent of the obligee in foreign criminal law theory. In the theory of criminal law in the countries of Anglo American law system, it exists as a type of "legal defense", while in the theory of criminal law in the countries of civil law system, it is usually discussed in "justifications for exclusion of illegality". The basis of justification of the behavior in accordance with the presumed consent of the obligee mainly includes "management of transaction ", "emergency avoiding danger", "extension of the consent of the obligee" ( "measurement of legal interest"), "social equivalence theory", "allowed risk theory", "independent justifications for exclusion of illegality" ("combination theory") and other theories, among which, "management of transaction " relies on the direct provision of criminal law, and the reference of "emergency avoiding danger" and "extension of the consent of the obligee" is the opposition to the image of such kind of behavior. And "combination theory" takes consideration of a combination of the two kinds of image and considers that the theory image of the justification includes the behavior of emergency avoiding danger and the behavior of obtaining "presumed consent of the obligee", among which the latter occupies the dominant position. What can be really considered as the opposition based on the establishment of the theories are "measurement of legal interest" (which can be regarded as "extension of the consent of the obligee" ), "social equivalence theory", and "allowed risk theory", because these theories are the opposite theories established on the different understanding of "illegality". Among them, "measurement of legal interest" is another term (roughly) for "extension of the consent of the obligee", because the practice of "post judgment" on the nature of behavior does not accord with the characteristics of the criminal law as a social science, while "social equivalence theory" is too broad, and the "allowed risk theory" is aimed primarily at the case of negligent crime, and the foundation of the behavioral baseline is to coordinate the benefit and the hazard which may be brought about by a certain dangerous behavior.The third chapter discloses the reason why the presumed consent of the obligee actually belongs to "justifications for exclusion of constitutive requirements". Because the relationship between judgment of conformity of constitutive requirements and judgment of illegality is not the relationship between judgment of form and judgment of nature, but the relationship between the intellectual thinking and dialectical reasoning, in other words, the judgment of conformity of constitutive requirements shall also consider the substantial infringement of behavior on legal interest, while the judgment of illegality is to solve the problem of the conflict of legal interest. In the behavior in accordance with the presumed consent of the obligee, because of the embodiment of respect for the consistent attitude of the obligee, therefore there shall not be considered to be "conflict of legal interest" and thus shall deny the substantial infringement of legal interest. Therefore, it does not belong to "justifications for exclusion of illegality". Meanwhile, the purpose of criminal law is to protect legal interest, so the concept of "legal interest" has become the core of constitutive requirements, and the denial of the substantial infringement of behavior on legal interest means the denial of conformity of constitutive requirements. There exist many controversies in the theory of criminal law on the concept of "legal interest", but the so-called "legal interest" shall be understood as individual needs of "self-realization and free development" in a society governed by law. In order to protect legal interest, social members are required to comply with certain specifications. Also, legal interest shall be a concept of "pre actually prescribed criminal law", and the criminal law only comes on the stage under the premise that other means are insufficient to protect legal interest. In terms of the occasions where the behavior in accordance with the presumed consent of the obligee is able to be established, protection of legal interest of the obligee relies more on their own reasonable expression of wills in the process of constructing the "informal specification" that all members of the "small group" shall comply with, instead of resorting to the intervention of criminal law.The fourth chapter analyzes the development status of the behavior in accordance with the presumed consent of the obligee in the criminal law theory in our country. There exist many controversies among China's criminal law scholars over the constitution of crime and the position of "justifications for exclusion of crime" in it. From the point of the research content of the elements of crime constitution, all the justifications for exclusion of crime can be placed in the study of "criminal object" which is specialized in the judgment of nature. On the judgment method, we shall emphasize the role of the concept of "social harmfulness" in negating the conformity of the behavior with the constitution of crime. To some extent, in order to make the reason for all kinds of "justifications for exclusion of crime" to exclude "social harmfulness" become more clear, "justifications for exclusion of crime" can be divided into such justifications as followed: for being beneficial to the society, because the objective harmfulness is obviously minor, due to lack of personal dangerousness and because the relationship between the parties involved do not belong to "social relationship" and so on, and the behavior in accordance with the presumed consent of the obligee shall belong to the last category. At the same time, this "justification for exclusion of crime" as a "justification for exclusion of crime surpassing laws and regulations" is not in violation of the principle of legally prescribed punishment. These justifications are able to exist by "surpassing laws and regulations" because in reality there is no "one-size-fits-all legislator" and thus will be able to develop "justifications for exclusion of crime"to include any kind of occasion for exclusion of crime.The fifth chapter sums up the elements for the establishment of the behavior in accordance with the presumed consent of the obligee with the "informal specification" as the core. In terms of the behavior of the disposal of the matter without authorization issued by others, in order to establish the behavior in accordance with the presumed consent of the obligee, on the one hand, shall not go beyond the range of the effectiveness of the "informal specification" and therefore become the regulating object of formal specification, requires that the matter involved in the behavior shall be able to be freely disposed of by the obligee. And at the same time, the obligee shall have the ability to consent the disposal of these matters by others, and the "presumed" will of the obligee has voluntariness. On the other hand, "informal specification" shall be constructed according to the specific relationship between the conductor and the obligee, the nature of the matter itself involved in the behavior, the usual behavior of the obligee and whether the real will exists or not, using the concept of "social general idea" as the criterion, and achieve "indirect presence" and "direct presence" of this criterion in the criminal justice activities.
  • dc.subject.discipline
  • D
  • dc.date.issued
  • 2026-01-14
  • dc.date.oralDefense
  • 2015-05-23
  • dc.relation.citedreferences
  • 265
回到顶部