法律推理的合理建构—基于尼尔·麦考密克《法律推理与法律理论》的分析

The rational construction of legal reasoning—based on the analysis of《legal reasoning and legal theory》by Neil McCormick

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归属院系:

行政法学院

作者:

徐晓玲

导师:

陆幸福

导师单位:

行政法学院

学位:

硕士

语种:

其他

关键词:

法律推理;疑难案件;演绎推理;二阶证立

摘要:

在当代社会,法律业已成为调整人们行为的主要规则。所谓“法治”就是指依照法律治理国家的治国理念,这种理念意味着,我们不仅需要运用规则来实施统治保障社会安定,并且同时需要限制权力的行使,让权力在制度的牢笼里有效运行。然而人们往往关心如何制定完善的法律而忽视了法律的适用,前者只是法治的前提,后者才是法治的实现过程。从哲学角度来分析,法律的适用也是一种认识活动,它反映了裁判主体(法官)对对象(待决案件)由未知到已知、由感性认识到理性认识的过程。鉴于此,作为法律适用过程中重要一环的法律推理成为现代法学特别是法理学关注和研究的热点问题,而且有关法律推理的讨论自法律诞生以来就一直未曾停过,法律推理是沟通抽象的法律和现实社会的桥梁。案件的法律推理过程作为司法判决过程中的重要一环,对司法判决的合理性和公正性起着关键性的作用,尤其是在疑难案件的判决中,在面对如何适用法律条文的问题上,法律推理的过程及其结果显得非常重要。但是在我国的司法裁判中,法官却很少对某一案件的法律推理过程进行详细的论述,甚至有些法官不了解法律推理为何物,只是机械的进行三段论的描述,而不关心案件裁判理由过程的复杂性。出于对我国司法判决中法律推理缺位的思考,笔者认真研究了集中体现尼尔·麦考密克法律推理理论思想的《法律推理与法律理论》一书,他认为法律推理就是实践理性的一个式样,意味着人们在做出决策时需要进行理性地思考。因此,法官在做出判决时如何证明选择规则的正当性即选择规则的过程是经过法律推理得出来的,就成为至关重要的事情。传统的法律推理常常被人们简单的认为是演绎推理,而演绎推理并非完全是自成体系、自圆其说的法律论证模式。实际上,演绎推理经常被塞进一个由外部推理和内部推理织就的复杂网络中,它掺杂了许多不同的原则和价值。尽管如此,麦考密克仍然把基于规则的演绎推理放在中心地位来加以阐释。在疑难案件中,基于规则的演绎推理所起的作用是有限的,因为面对疑难案件,法官们在对一些具有模糊性的规则进行解释以求确定一个特定规则来解决问题时,往往存在不同的观点;同样,有些案件事实不清楚,需要法官进行分类以确定哪些事实是属于规则所要求的有效事实问题上,也常常存在争议;最后,当出现新的2案件事实时,即当法律并没有对此作出规范也没有先例予以指导时,对于新案件的判决,法官们也难以达成一致意见。总之,疑难案件中所出现的关于规则的解释问题、分类问题、相关性等问题,都是法律推理过程中所必须要解决的问题。而法律推理的合理建构便是细致研究这些必须被关注的主题。本文希望通过对这些主题的具体阐述,使读者能够对法律推理有更清晰而明确的认识。麦考密克所采取的讨论方式也很贴近我们的日常生活。他在这本书中所采取的案例大多是来源于法院尤其是英格兰和苏格兰的法院里的真实争论,而这些争论包含着我们研究法律推理真正需要讨论的问题,也是我们需要深入思考的基本问题,这些问题就是法官该如何对具体案件展开逻辑分析和进行法律推理。不幸的是,这些问题却经常被我们当做细枝末节而忽略。麦考密克常常引用真实的案例和法官采用的具体推理方式来提出和论证观点,亦即“合理重构”,是因为他将其探究限于实践理性和人类本性的范围之内,因而麦考密克的论述不仅是对“现实”的描述,更是试图在理性的思维和行为体系内展现那些丰富多姿的现实。总而言之,麦考密克的法律推理理论对我国的司法实践和司法改革有着现实的意义。本文首先介绍国内外法律推理的历史沿革,然后重点分析研究麦考密克法律推理理论,最后指出麦考密克法律推理理论中的冲突和矛盾之处,从而更理性的提出麦考密克的法律推理理论对我国目前司法状况在这一领域的借鉴意义。

学科:

法学理论

提交日期

2019-04-11

引用参考

徐晓玲. 法律推理的合理建构—基于尼尔·麦考密克《法律推理与法律理论》的分析[D]. 西南政法大学,2014.

全文附件授权许可

知识共享许可协议-署名

  • dc.title
  • 法律推理的合理建构—基于尼尔·麦考密克《法律推理与法律理论》的分析
  • dc.title
  • The rational construction of legal reasoning—based on the analysis of《legal reasoning and legal theory》by Neil McCormick
  • dc.contributor.schoolno
  • 20110301010102
  • dc.contributor.author
  • 徐晓玲
  • dc.contributor.affiliation
  • 行政法学院
  • dc.contributor.degree
  • 硕士
  • dc.contributor.childdegree
  • 法学硕士
  • dc.contributor.degreeConferringInstitution
  • 西南政法大学
  • dc.identifier.year
  • 2014
  • dc.contributor.advisor
  • 陆幸福
  • dc.contributor.advisorAffiliation
  • 行政法学院
  • dc.language.iso
  • 其他
  • dc.subject
  • 法律推理;;疑难案件;;演绎推理;;二阶证立
  • dc.subject
  • Legal reasoning;difficult cases;deductive reasoning;two order
  • dc.description.abstract
  • 在当代社会,法律业已成为调整人们行为的主要规则。所谓“法治”就是指依照法律治理国家的治国理念,这种理念意味着,我们不仅需要运用规则来实施统治保障社会安定,并且同时需要限制权力的行使,让权力在制度的牢笼里有效运行。然而人们往往关心如何制定完善的法律而忽视了法律的适用,前者只是法治的前提,后者才是法治的实现过程。从哲学角度来分析,法律的适用也是一种认识活动,它反映了裁判主体(法官)对对象(待决案件)由未知到已知、由感性认识到理性认识的过程。鉴于此,作为法律适用过程中重要一环的法律推理成为现代法学特别是法理学关注和研究的热点问题,而且有关法律推理的讨论自法律诞生以来就一直未曾停过,法律推理是沟通抽象的法律和现实社会的桥梁。案件的法律推理过程作为司法判决过程中的重要一环,对司法判决的合理性和公正性起着关键性的作用,尤其是在疑难案件的判决中,在面对如何适用法律条文的问题上,法律推理的过程及其结果显得非常重要。但是在我国的司法裁判中,法官却很少对某一案件的法律推理过程进行详细的论述,甚至有些法官不了解法律推理为何物,只是机械的进行三段论的描述,而不关心案件裁判理由过程的复杂性。出于对我国司法判决中法律推理缺位的思考,笔者认真研究了集中体现尼尔·麦考密克法律推理理论思想的《法律推理与法律理论》一书,他认为法律推理就是实践理性的一个式样,意味着人们在做出决策时需要进行理性地思考。因此,法官在做出判决时如何证明选择规则的正当性即选择规则的过程是经过法律推理得出来的,就成为至关重要的事情。传统的法律推理常常被人们简单的认为是演绎推理,而演绎推理并非完全是自成体系、自圆其说的法律论证模式。实际上,演绎推理经常被塞进一个由外部推理和内部推理织就的复杂网络中,它掺杂了许多不同的原则和价值。尽管如此,麦考密克仍然把基于规则的演绎推理放在中心地位来加以阐释。在疑难案件中,基于规则的演绎推理所起的作用是有限的,因为面对疑难案件,法官们在对一些具有模糊性的规则进行解释以求确定一个特定规则来解决问题时,往往存在不同的观点;同样,有些案件事实不清楚,需要法官进行分类以确定哪些事实是属于规则所要求的有效事实问题上,也常常存在争议;最后,当出现新的2案件事实时,即当法律并没有对此作出规范也没有先例予以指导时,对于新案件的判决,法官们也难以达成一致意见。总之,疑难案件中所出现的关于规则的解释问题、分类问题、相关性等问题,都是法律推理过程中所必须要解决的问题。而法律推理的合理建构便是细致研究这些必须被关注的主题。本文希望通过对这些主题的具体阐述,使读者能够对法律推理有更清晰而明确的认识。麦考密克所采取的讨论方式也很贴近我们的日常生活。他在这本书中所采取的案例大多是来源于法院尤其是英格兰和苏格兰的法院里的真实争论,而这些争论包含着我们研究法律推理真正需要讨论的问题,也是我们需要深入思考的基本问题,这些问题就是法官该如何对具体案件展开逻辑分析和进行法律推理。不幸的是,这些问题却经常被我们当做细枝末节而忽略。麦考密克常常引用真实的案例和法官采用的具体推理方式来提出和论证观点,亦即“合理重构”,是因为他将其探究限于实践理性和人类本性的范围之内,因而麦考密克的论述不仅是对“现实”的描述,更是试图在理性的思维和行为体系内展现那些丰富多姿的现实。总而言之,麦考密克的法律推理理论对我国的司法实践和司法改革有着现实的意义。本文首先介绍国内外法律推理的历史沿革,然后重点分析研究麦考密克法律推理理论,最后指出麦考密克法律推理理论中的冲突和矛盾之处,从而更理性的提出麦考密克的法律推理理论对我国目前司法状况在这一领域的借鉴意义。
  • dc.description.abstract
  • In contemporary society, the law has become the main rules to adjust people's behaviors.The "rule of law" is referred to the concept of governance of the country in accordance withthe law, which means we need not only to safeguard social stability through rules, but also tolimit the exercise of power, aim to make it effectively operated in the power system. However,the way to make perfect laws but to apply them has been payed more attention to, while theformer is the premise of the rule of law and the latter is the realization process of the rule oflaw. To philosophers, the proceeding of judge, known the pending case from unknown andrationally applying laws into the analysis from an initial perceptual knowledge, is also a kindof understanding activity, which worth to study. In view of this, legal reasoning, as animportant part of the application of laws and a bridge to communicate abstract law with socialreality, has become a hotspot concerned and researched by modern jurisprudence especiallyNomology, the discussion of it has never been ceased since the birth of law.The legal reasoning process of cases, as an important part in the process of judicialdecision, plays a critical role to maintain the rationality and justice of judicial decision, it andits results on the application of legal provision especially in difficult cases is indispensable.But in our country's judicial judgment, the judge cares little about the process of a casereasoning, even innocent to what it is, but turn to the syllogism mechanically and ignore thecomplexity of case's reasoning. Due to the absence of legal reasoning in our judicial decisions,the author studied the legal reasoning theory book 《legal reasoning and legal theory》by NeilMcCormick. In his opinion, the most important thing when making judging decisions is toprove how to select the rules by legal reasoning and their justification. Traditional legalreasoning is simply considered as deductive reasoning, which is not entirely sui generis,justify mode of legal argumentation and its content contains different principles and values inthe process of argumentation. Nevertheless, McCormick thought deductive reasoning which2based on the rules as the heart of legal reasoning. In difficult cases, the effect of deductivereasoning based on rules is limited, because in the face of those cases, the judges cannot agreewith each other about a specific solution through the explanation of some fuzzy rules; they arealso argue about the classification of effective facts to their suitable rules. In the end, whenthere is a new case fact without laws and given precedent cases as guidance, the judges arealso hard to come to an agreement. So, the interpretation of the fuzzy rules, the effectiveclassification to the case facts, the efforts to seek the rules and precedents for the specific case,in difficult cases, are in the process of legal reasoning the problem. The rational constructionof legal reasoning is the theme when the detailed study of legal reasoning. This paper hopes tomake readers a clear and identified understanding about the legal reasoning throughexplanation of these topics. McCormick’s way of discussion is very close to our daily life.Cases taken in this book are mostly derived from courts, especially the real debates in thecourts of England and Scotland, those debates contain what we really need to discuss and arebasic questions. Those questions are the logical thinking and reasoning process of specificcases, while are often treated as nothing and been ignored. McCormick’s ideas are oftenproposed by quoting the real cases and arguments in the specific reasoning ways, namely"reasonable reconstruction". Because his study is focused on exploring practical reasoningand human nature, McCormick's argument is not only a description of the "reality", but alsotrying to show us the colorful reality in the system of rational thinking and behavior. In short,McCormick's theory of legal reasoning means much to our country's judicial practice andrevolution. This paper introduces the foreign and domestic history of legal reasoning firstly,then analysis the theory of legal reasoning by McCormick, and points out its controversies sothat seeks out its meaningful effects to our judicial revolution.
  • dc.subject.discipline
  • D
  • dc.date.issued
  • 2026-03-23
  • dc.date.oralDefense
  • 2014-05-24
  • dc.relation.relatedpublications
  • 引言.............................................................................................................................. 1(一)问题的缘起.........................................................................................................1(二)研究现状.............................................................................................................3(三)本文研究进路及结构安排.................................................................................5一、麦考密克与当代法理学之脸谱................................................................................ 7(一)原则裁判论.........................................................................................................8(二)法律现实主义.....................................................................................................8二、逻辑的真实面向:简易案件与演绎推理.............................................................. 10(一)演绎推理...........................................................................................................10(二)演绎推理在简易案件中的应用及评析...........................................................10(三)逻辑的真实面向...............................................................................................14(四)演绎推理的局限...............................................................................................16三、疑难案件与二阶证立.............................................................................................. 17(一)实践理性...........................................................................................................18(二)二阶证立...........................................................................................................19四、对麦考密克法律推理理论的反思.......................................................................... 28(一)法律推理确定性与不确定性的冲突...............................................................28(二)法律推理的保守性与创造性的冲突...............................................................31(三)形式合理性与实质合理性的冲突...................................................................32结语.......................................................................................................................... 35参考文献.......................................................................................................................... 36致谢.......................................................................................................................... 39
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