优先权制度研究

Priority system research

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作者:

刘天洲

导师:

孙鹏

导师单位:

民商法学院(知识产权学院)

学位:

硕士

语种:

其他

关键词:

优先权;法定抵押权;留置权;人权保护;民法

摘要:

自19世纪末以来,近代民法实现了向现代民法的嬗变,在民法理念上的重要体现即为从形式正义到实质正义,从抽象人格到具体人格的转变。优先权制度就是在这样的背景下走向繁荣的。优先权,又称先取特权,是指特定债权人基于法律的直接规定而享有的就债务人的总财产或特定动产、不动产的价值优先受偿的担保权利。优先权以利益衡量为依据,基于社会公益和社会政策,赋予特定债权人以优先受偿之“特权”,并以此破除债权人之平等地位,从而使某些特殊债权得到更有力的保障。 优先权制度在人权保障、弱者利益保护及公共和共同利益实现等方面都发挥着重要作用。在不规定优先权制度的国家,优先权的相应功能也需由其他制度替代。也就是说,优先权的作用和功能在任何国家都存在,只是以不同形式存在而已。随着我国市场经济的建立和完善,利益多元化及由此引发的利益冲突不断加剧,优先权的功能日益体现,因此,以何种制度或方式来实现优先权的功能,必须做出回答。这就要求对优先权制度进行深入的研究。 第一部分:优先权概述。此部分介绍了优先权的概念、特征、历史演变以及优先权的种类。优先权是指特定债权人基于法律的直接规定而享有的就债务人的总财产或特定动产、不动产的价值优先受偿的权利。讨论了优先权与优先权受偿权、优先权购买权的区别与联系,优先权区别于其他担保物权的特征在于被担保债权的特殊性、法定性、客体的相对稳定性以及秘密性。现代优先权制度起源于罗马法上的法定抵押权,罗马法最初设立优先权制度的目的在于保护弱者,维护公平正义和适应现实的需要。优先权有多种分类,以权利客体是否特定为标准,分为一般优先权、特别优先权、特别法上的优先权。 第二部分:优先权的性质与效力。优先权并非特殊债权的一种特殊效力,也不是特殊债权的清偿顺序,更不是一种程序性权利,而是一项独立的实体性权利,是一项法定担保物权。优先权具有担保物权的一般属性:物权性、价值权性、担保性。优先权效力的内容包括追偿效力、物上代位效力和追及效力。结合法国、日本优先权(先取特权)的立法例,重点讨论了优先权相互之间、优先权与其他担保物权之间效力的竞合,并根据公平、正义、人权等价值取向,提出一般优先权先于特别优先权、一般优先权之中工资优先权居于最优先地位、诉讼费用不应纳入优先权等主张。 第三部分:优先权制度的立法例。优先权制度起源于罗马法,后世在对优先权的继受过程中形成了法国模式和德国模式。文章通过对法国模式下的法国、日本优先权立法,以及德国模式下的德国、我国台湾地区的优先权立法进行了阐述,回顾了优先权制度的发展历程。《法国民法典》在继承罗马法上法定抵押权制度的同时,又首次正式规定了优先权制度;《日本民法典》以先取特权制度和留置权制度的形式发展并完善了优先权制度;《德国民法典》没有系统的优先权制度,只是以法定质权的形式规定了部分动产优先权的内容;我国台湾地区“民法典”以特别法上的优先权、法定抵押权、法定留置权的形式实现了优先权的功能。英美国家以及我国没有优先权制度,对优先权的继受是实质上的,而非形式上的,有留置权、先行给付权、清偿顺序等形式。 第四部分:我国建立优先权制度的必要性。法国模式下的优先权制度具有保障人权、实现公平和保护社会弱势群体等功能。而在没有实行优先权制度的德国模式下,通过一些替代制度如禁止扣押与扣押保护制度、清偿顺序制度、留置权制度、法定抵押和法定质权制度、社会保障制度也可实现优先权的社会职能。但由于清偿顺序制度对特种债权的保护力度不够、我国没有法定抵押权和法定质权的传统、留置权制度范围过窄、我国社会保障制度落后等原因,优先权的替代制度还不能满足我国对优先权的现实需求。另外,由于优先权制度在功能实现上有利于更合理地解释特种债权优先受偿的理论、有利于强化对特种债权的保护、有利于立法的体系化及立法资源的节约等比较优势,因此在我国引入优先权制度无疑是一种明智的选择。 第五部分:建立我国优先权制度的立法建议。欲建立我国的优先权制度,必须先扫平一些理论障碍:优先权的秘密性与物权公示原则的冲突与协调、优先权与其他担保物权之间的冲突与协调。通过分析研究,笔者规划了我国未来的担保物权体系应该是:抵押权、质权、留置权与优先权并行的局面,并大胆提出了具体的优先权制度立法框架。

学科:

民商法学

提交日期

2019-04-11

引用参考

刘天洲. 优先权制度研究[D]. 西南政法大学,2007.

全文附件授权许可

知识共享许可协议-署名

  • dc.title
  • 优先权制度研究
  • dc.title
  • Priority system research
  • dc.contributor.schoolno
  • 20040000917
  • dc.contributor.author
  • 刘天洲
  • dc.contributor.affiliation
  • 民商法学院(知识产权学院)
  • dc.contributor.degree
  • 硕士
  • dc.contributor.childdegree
  • 法律硕士
  • dc.contributor.degreeConferringInstitution
  • 西南政法大学
  • dc.identifier.year
  • 2007
  • dc.contributor.advisor
  • 孙鹏
  • dc.contributor.advisorAffiliation
  • 民商法学院(知识产权学院)
  • dc.language.iso
  • 其他
  • dc.subject
  • 优先权 ; 法定抵押权 ;留置权 ;人权保护;民法
  • dc.subject
  • Priority;legal hypothec;lien;the protection of human rights;civil law
  • dc.description.abstract
  • 自19世纪末以来,近代民法实现了向现代民法的嬗变,在民法理念上的重要体现即为从形式正义到实质正义,从抽象人格到具体人格的转变。优先权制度就是在这样的背景下走向繁荣的。优先权,又称先取特权,是指特定债权人基于法律的直接规定而享有的就债务人的总财产或特定动产、不动产的价值优先受偿的担保权利。优先权以利益衡量为依据,基于社会公益和社会政策,赋予特定债权人以优先受偿之“特权”,并以此破除债权人之平等地位,从而使某些特殊债权得到更有力的保障。 优先权制度在人权保障、弱者利益保护及公共和共同利益实现等方面都发挥着重要作用。在不规定优先权制度的国家,优先权的相应功能也需由其他制度替代。也就是说,优先权的作用和功能在任何国家都存在,只是以不同形式存在而已。随着我国市场经济的建立和完善,利益多元化及由此引发的利益冲突不断加剧,优先权的功能日益体现,因此,以何种制度或方式来实现优先权的功能,必须做出回答。这就要求对优先权制度进行深入的研究。 第一部分:优先权概述。此部分介绍了优先权的概念、特征、历史演变以及优先权的种类。优先权是指特定债权人基于法律的直接规定而享有的就债务人的总财产或特定动产、不动产的价值优先受偿的权利。讨论了优先权与优先权受偿权、优先权购买权的区别与联系,优先权区别于其他担保物权的特征在于被担保债权的特殊性、法定性、客体的相对稳定性以及秘密性。现代优先权制度起源于罗马法上的法定抵押权,罗马法最初设立优先权制度的目的在于保护弱者,维护公平正义和适应现实的需要。优先权有多种分类,以权利客体是否特定为标准,分为一般优先权、特别优先权、特别法上的优先权。 第二部分:优先权的性质与效力。优先权并非特殊债权的一种特殊效力,也不是特殊债权的清偿顺序,更不是一种程序性权利,而是一项独立的实体性权利,是一项法定担保物权。优先权具有担保物权的一般属性:物权性、价值权性、担保性。优先权效力的内容包括追偿效力、物上代位效力和追及效力。结合法国、日本优先权(先取特权)的立法例,重点讨论了优先权相互之间、优先权与其他担保物权之间效力的竞合,并根据公平、正义、人权等价值取向,提出一般优先权先于特别优先权、一般优先权之中工资优先权居于最优先地位、诉讼费用不应纳入优先权等主张。 第三部分:优先权制度的立法例。优先权制度起源于罗马法,后世在对优先权的继受过程中形成了法国模式和德国模式。文章通过对法国模式下的法国、日本优先权立法,以及德国模式下的德国、我国台湾地区的优先权立法进行了阐述,回顾了优先权制度的发展历程。《法国民法典》在继承罗马法上法定抵押权制度的同时,又首次正式规定了优先权制度;《日本民法典》以先取特权制度和留置权制度的形式发展并完善了优先权制度;《德国民法典》没有系统的优先权制度,只是以法定质权的形式规定了部分动产优先权的内容;我国台湾地区“民法典”以特别法上的优先权、法定抵押权、法定留置权的形式实现了优先权的功能。英美国家以及我国没有优先权制度,对优先权的继受是实质上的,而非形式上的,有留置权、先行给付权、清偿顺序等形式。 第四部分:我国建立优先权制度的必要性。法国模式下的优先权制度具有保障人权、实现公平和保护社会弱势群体等功能。而在没有实行优先权制度的德国模式下,通过一些替代制度如禁止扣押与扣押保护制度、清偿顺序制度、留置权制度、法定抵押和法定质权制度、社会保障制度也可实现优先权的社会职能。但由于清偿顺序制度对特种债权的保护力度不够、我国没有法定抵押权和法定质权的传统、留置权制度范围过窄、我国社会保障制度落后等原因,优先权的替代制度还不能满足我国对优先权的现实需求。另外,由于优先权制度在功能实现上有利于更合理地解释特种债权优先受偿的理论、有利于强化对特种债权的保护、有利于立法的体系化及立法资源的节约等比较优势,因此在我国引入优先权制度无疑是一种明智的选择。 第五部分:建立我国优先权制度的立法建议。欲建立我国的优先权制度,必须先扫平一些理论障碍:优先权的秘密性与物权公示原则的冲突与协调、优先权与其他担保物权之间的冲突与协调。通过分析研究,笔者规划了我国未来的担保物权体系应该是:抵押权、质权、留置权与优先权并行的局面,并大胆提出了具体的优先权制度立法框架。
  • dc.description.abstract
  • Since the nineteenth century, and the modern civil law to realize the transformation of the modern civil law, in the civil law concept on the important embodiment of that is from the form to justice for substantial justice, from the abstract to the change of specific character personality. Priority in this system is under the background of the boom. Priority, and calls the first take privilege, it is to point to specific creditors of the law stipulated directly based on a total property of the obligor or specific movable property and real property value of priorities are the guarantee of the right. Priority to interest measure as the basis, based on social welfare and social policy, give specific creditors priorities are to the "privilege", and to break the creditors equal status, so that some special claims get more powerful security. Priority system in human rights and interests protection and the weak public and common interests realization play an important role. No provisions in the national priority system, the corresponding function also need to priority by other system instead. That is, the role and function of priority in any country are exist, just presence in various forms just. Along with our country market economy the establishment and perfection of interests diversified and which caused conflicts of interest are growing, the function of the priority reflected day by day, so, in what way to realize the system or the function of the priority, must make the answer. This requires priority system to conduct in-depth research. The first part: overview of priority. This section describes the priority of the concept, characteristics, historical evolution and the type of priority. The priority is to point to specific creditors of the law stipulated directly based on a total property of the obligor or specific movable property and real property value of preferred payments from the right. Discusses the priority priority and the right of indemnity by, the distinction between the right of priority, priority is different from other real rights for security is characteristic of the obligee's rights as special, FaDingXing, object of relative stability and secret sex. Modern priority system originated in Roman law legal mortgage right, the Roman law established the first priority system aims to protect the weak and justice and equity and adapt to the needs of the reality. There are a variety of classes of priority to right object whether specific for the standard, divided into general priority, special priority, on the state of the right of priority. The second part: the nature of the priority and effectiveness. Priority is not special claims a special effect, also not special claims liquidation sequence, more is not a procedural rights, but a separate entity right, is a legal real rights for security. Priority has real rights for security of the general properties: sex, the value of real right, guarantee sex. The effect of the priority include recovery effectiveness, the SAN effectiveness and chase a thing and the effect. Combined with France, Japan priority (first take privileges) the legislative cases were discussed, and the priority between each other, priority and other security over the effectiveness of competition between, and according to the fairness, justice, value orientation of human rights, this paper puts forward general lien special priority, general priority priority of the priority in salary, the cost of litigation should not be included in that priority, etc. Part 3: the priority system legislation. Priority system originated in Roman law, for the right of priority in the later by in the process of developing the French model and the German model. Based on the French model under the French, Japanese legislative priority, and the German model of Germany, Taiwan area of our country legislative priority described, reviews the development course of the priority system. The French civil code in the inheritance Roman law legal hypothec system at the same time, and the first official stipulated the priority system; "Japanese civil code" based on first take privilege system and the form of the lien system and perfect the system of priority; "German civil code" no system priority system, just to the form of the legal right of priority of the provisions of movable property content; Taiwan "civil code" to the state of the priority, the mortgage and legal form of legal lien realized the function of the priority. British and American countries as well as our country has no priority system, to the right of priority by is essentially, rather than the form, has a lien, first payment, the right of liquidation sequence and other forms. Part four: the establishment of China's priority the necessity of the system. The French model of the system has the priority of protecting the human rights, fairness and protect social vulnerable groups, and other functions. And in did not execute the priority system under the mode of Germany, through some alternatives such as preventing seizure and detention system protection system, liquidation sequence system, lien system, legal mortgage and legal system, and the pledge of social security system can also be based on the social functions of priority. But because the liquidation sequence of special claims system not enough protection, our country has no legal mortgage and legal right of traditional, lien system through the narrow scope of social security in China, backward reasons, right of priority in our country can not meet the replacement system still to the practical needs of priority. In addition, because the system function realization of priority in the more reasonable to explain the special claims preferred payments from the theory, to strengthen the protection of the creditor's rights of special, and benefit to the legislation and the style of legislation resources such as saving comparative advantage, so in introducing the priority system is undoubtedly a wise choice. Part 5: establish China's priority system the legislative proposals. To the establishment of China's priority system, must first quashed some theoretical obstacle: the secret of the priority principle of sex and property publication of the conflict and coordination, priority and other real rights for security of the conflict and coordination between. Through the analysis, the author planning the China's future real rights for security system should be: mortgage, pledge, lien and priority parallel situation, and bold put forward specific legislation framework of priority.
  • dc.subject.discipline
  • D913
  • dc.date.issued
  • 2026-03-06
  • dc.date.oralDefense
  • 2007-05-12
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