期待可能性理论研究

Look forward to the possibility of theory research

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归属院系:

法学院

作者:

厉文华

导师:

李邦友

导师单位:

行政法学院

学位:

硕士

语种:

其他

关键词:

期待可能性;犯罪构成;危机理论;特别防卫权;刑法理论

摘要:

期待可能性在许多大陆法系国家或地区的刑法理论里占有相当重要的地位,并在刑事立法和司法领域中得益体现。近年来,我国刑法界有很多学者涉足这一理论,由于我国的犯罪构成理论与大陆法系传统的犯罪构成理论存在许多差异,使得能否借鉴、怎样借鉴这一理论存在诸多疑惑。本文简要地介绍了期待可能性理论的基本内容,并对这一理论进行了全面而深入的评价。文章提出,我国刑法应批判地继承期待可能性理论,不能盲目扩大期待可能性理论的适用范围。 本文的结构如下: 引言部分:期待可能性必要性和迫切性。在简要介绍了期待可能性理论的司法实践和理论研究现状后,论证了对该问题进行研究的必要性和迫切性。 第一部分:期待可能性的概念及其理论根源。首先,本文从广义和狭义两个方面深入的比较期待可能性。德意志帝国法院第四刑事部所作的“癖马案”的判决,引起各国学者对期待可能性理论进行探讨与研究,使期待可能性理论发端于德国,风靡于日本,影响到法国刑法典、意大利刑法典、瑞士联邦刑法典俄罗斯刑法典等众多国家的刑事立法。在人类思想史上,期待可能性的思想由来已久。在浩如烟海的古代法学资料中,如《尚书》、《周礼》等古籍中,既包含大量的法律思想,又记载了若干法律规定。期待可能性思想观念的古老雏形,在中国主要表现为狱议缓死制、报父仇宽赦、亲亲相隐制度以及有关的诏令中。因此,容隐制度其实与现代刑法上的期待可能性理论有暗合之处。 第二部分:期待可能性的价值。以期待可能性的价值为视角,从期待可能性理论具有固有的法学根据——规范指引功能、刑法的谦抑性、罪刑相适应原则和刑事责任的目的等方面探讨期待可能性引入的必要性。再次,则从我国的刑事司法的具体规定为基础说明我国刑法的某些规定正是期待可能性思想的体现。 第三部分:意志自由与期待可能性。该部分详细阐述了期待可能性条件下的意志自由,提出的相对意志自由观点为具体情况下期待基于可能性刑事责任能力的判断提供了条件。 第四部分:期待可能性的判断标准。首先,立足于期待者标准的各种学说进行比较,得出期待可能性的判定标准——类型人标准说。再次,则对具体情形下期待可能性大小的判断提出了自己的看法。 第五部分我国犯罪构成要件理论引入期待可能性的构想。由于我国的刑法理论体系是受苏联刑法理论的影响下形成的,采取的是主观和客观相统一的犯罪构成要件体系,因此存在一定的缺陷。而引入期待可能性,可以解决行为人负刑事责任的最基本的主观恶性因素的判定。若行为时具有意志自由,在一定程度上说明了行为人具有主观恶性,但是,意志自由反映的并不是主观恶性的全部,因为主观恶性范围较广,它包括罪过、犯罪动机、犯罪目的、意志自由等。因此,意志自由大小不一定与主观恶性成正比。期待可能性具有大小之分,期待可能性大小应以行为时行为人的责任能力、心理态度和当时各种客观状态所形成的综合条件为依据来判断。 第六部分:期待可能性与我国司法实践的反思。首先,以我国刑法第二十条特别防卫权的规定为依托,探讨期待可能性的引入来弥补我国刑法关于特别防卫规定的不足之处。再次从紧急避险中的角度探讨期待可能性。从我国刑法第21条第1款规定到著名刑法学家陈兴良教授所举的案例分析我国现行刑法规定的不足,提出紧急避险即为典型的阻却责任的原因行为。最后,对特定义务人身体受强制下的期待可能性问题做探讨。在绝对强制状态下,行为人毫无任何意思自由可言,缺乏意思支配的可能性,不属于犯罪判断的对象,不存在期待可能性的问题。相对强制按行为人心理上遭受强制是否达到丧失对意志支配程度又分为两种:一是强制未达到不可抗拒的地步,此时可对对方进行正当防卫,则不具有期待可能性;第二种强制达到不可抗拒,但又有相对自由意志时,此时才有可能考虑期待可能性的问题,但对于紧急避险是否可引用期待可能性则有争议。在普通人存在行为的可选择性的情况下,行为人却选择了造成损害结果发生的行为,必然有其一定的原因,这种原因实际上源于行为人求自保的脆弱人性。如果这种脆弱人性能够得到社会的怜悯、恕宥,则应认定对行为人无期待可能性。如果这种脆弱人性不能得到社会的怜恕,则应认定对行为人存在期待可能性。 第七部分;作为一种危机理论,期待可能性理论对我们具有重要的借鉴意义。期待可能性理论体现了对人性的尊重与关怀,它有利于拉近法与老百姓的距离,培养公众对法的认同和忠诚,因此应当成为完善我国刑事立法的一个指导思想。笔者提出一点不成熟的设想,那就是在刑法总则增加一个类似如下的条款:“行为人依其行为当时的具体情状,若不能或难以期待其作出适法行为的,得免除或减轻处罚。”虽然较之具体的规范,仍有超法规的味道,但从总则与分则的关系来看,却也为期待可能性的适用提供了法律依据。

学科:

刑法学

提交日期

2019-04-11

引用参考

厉文华. 期待可能性理论研究[D]. 西南政法大学,2007.

全文附件授权许可

知识共享许可协议-署名

  • dc.title
  • 期待可能性理论研究
  • dc.title
  • Look forward to the possibility of theory research
  • dc.contributor.schoolno
  • 2004173
  • dc.contributor.author
  • 厉文华
  • dc.contributor.affiliation
  • 法学院
  • dc.contributor.degree
  • 硕士
  • dc.contributor.childdegree
  • 法律硕士
  • dc.contributor.degreeConferringInstitution
  • 西南政法大学
  • dc.identifier.year
  • 2007
  • dc.contributor.advisor
  • 李邦友
  • dc.contributor.advisorAffiliation
  • 行政法学院
  • dc.language.iso
  • 其他
  • dc.subject
  • 期待可能性 ; 犯罪构成; 危机理论;特别防卫权; 刑法理论
  • dc.subject
  • Look forward to the possibility ; Constitute a crime ;Crisis theory;Special defense right; Criminal law theory
  • dc.description.abstract
  • 期待可能性在许多大陆法系国家或地区的刑法理论里占有相当重要的地位,并在刑事立法和司法领域中得益体现。近年来,我国刑法界有很多学者涉足这一理论,由于我国的犯罪构成理论与大陆法系传统的犯罪构成理论存在许多差异,使得能否借鉴、怎样借鉴这一理论存在诸多疑惑。本文简要地介绍了期待可能性理论的基本内容,并对这一理论进行了全面而深入的评价。文章提出,我国刑法应批判地继承期待可能性理论,不能盲目扩大期待可能性理论的适用范围。 本文的结构如下: 引言部分:期待可能性必要性和迫切性。在简要介绍了期待可能性理论的司法实践和理论研究现状后,论证了对该问题进行研究的必要性和迫切性。 第一部分:期待可能性的概念及其理论根源。首先,本文从广义和狭义两个方面深入的比较期待可能性。德意志帝国法院第四刑事部所作的“癖马案”的判决,引起各国学者对期待可能性理论进行探讨与研究,使期待可能性理论发端于德国,风靡于日本,影响到法国刑法典、意大利刑法典、瑞士联邦刑法典俄罗斯刑法典等众多国家的刑事立法。在人类思想史上,期待可能性的思想由来已久。在浩如烟海的古代法学资料中,如《尚书》、《周礼》等古籍中,既包含大量的法律思想,又记载了若干法律规定。期待可能性思想观念的古老雏形,在中国主要表现为狱议缓死制、报父仇宽赦、亲亲相隐制度以及有关的诏令中。因此,容隐制度其实与现代刑法上的期待可能性理论有暗合之处。 第二部分:期待可能性的价值。以期待可能性的价值为视角,从期待可能性理论具有固有的法学根据——规范指引功能、刑法的谦抑性、罪刑相适应原则和刑事责任的目的等方面探讨期待可能性引入的必要性。再次,则从我国的刑事司法的具体规定为基础说明我国刑法的某些规定正是期待可能性思想的体现。 第三部分:意志自由与期待可能性。该部分详细阐述了期待可能性条件下的意志自由,提出的相对意志自由观点为具体情况下期待基于可能性刑事责任能力的判断提供了条件。 第四部分:期待可能性的判断标准。首先,立足于期待者标准的各种学说进行比较,得出期待可能性的判定标准——类型人标准说。再次,则对具体情形下期待可能性大小的判断提出了自己的看法。 第五部分我国犯罪构成要件理论引入期待可能性的构想。由于我国的刑法理论体系是受苏联刑法理论的影响下形成的,采取的是主观和客观相统一的犯罪构成要件体系,因此存在一定的缺陷。而引入期待可能性,可以解决行为人负刑事责任的最基本的主观恶性因素的判定。若行为时具有意志自由,在一定程度上说明了行为人具有主观恶性,但是,意志自由反映的并不是主观恶性的全部,因为主观恶性范围较广,它包括罪过、犯罪动机、犯罪目的、意志自由等。因此,意志自由大小不一定与主观恶性成正比。期待可能性具有大小之分,期待可能性大小应以行为时行为人的责任能力、心理态度和当时各种客观状态所形成的综合条件为依据来判断。 第六部分:期待可能性与我国司法实践的反思。首先,以我国刑法第二十条特别防卫权的规定为依托,探讨期待可能性的引入来弥补我国刑法关于特别防卫规定的不足之处。再次从紧急避险中的角度探讨期待可能性。从我国刑法第21条第1款规定到著名刑法学家陈兴良教授所举的案例分析我国现行刑法规定的不足,提出紧急避险即为典型的阻却责任的原因行为。最后,对特定义务人身体受强制下的期待可能性问题做探讨。在绝对强制状态下,行为人毫无任何意思自由可言,缺乏意思支配的可能性,不属于犯罪判断的对象,不存在期待可能性的问题。相对强制按行为人心理上遭受强制是否达到丧失对意志支配程度又分为两种:一是强制未达到不可抗拒的地步,此时可对对方进行正当防卫,则不具有期待可能性;第二种强制达到不可抗拒,但又有相对自由意志时,此时才有可能考虑期待可能性的问题,但对于紧急避险是否可引用期待可能性则有争议。在普通人存在行为的可选择性的情况下,行为人却选择了造成损害结果发生的行为,必然有其一定的原因,这种原因实际上源于行为人求自保的脆弱人性。如果这种脆弱人性能够得到社会的怜悯、恕宥,则应认定对行为人无期待可能性。如果这种脆弱人性不能得到社会的怜恕,则应认定对行为人存在期待可能性。 第七部分;作为一种危机理论,期待可能性理论对我们具有重要的借鉴意义。期待可能性理论体现了对人性的尊重与关怀,它有利于拉近法与老百姓的距离,培养公众对法的认同和忠诚,因此应当成为完善我国刑事立法的一个指导思想。笔者提出一点不成熟的设想,那就是在刑法总则增加一个类似如下的条款:“行为人依其行为当时的具体情状,若不能或难以期待其作出适法行为的,得免除或减轻处罚。”虽然较之具体的规范,仍有超法规的味道,但从总则与分则的关系来看,却也为期待可能性的适用提供了法律依据。
  • dc.description.abstract
  • Look forward to the possibility to play a rather important role in many civil law countries or areas of criminal law theory, and benefit embodied in the criminal legislation and judicial spheres. In recent years, many scholars of the Criminal Law sector involved in this theory of crime constitutes a theory of the civil law tradition crime theory there are many differences, the ability to draw, how to draw on this theory, there are many doubts. This article briefly describes the basic content of the anticipated possibility theory and the theory of a comprehensive and in-depth evaluation. The article suggested that China's criminal law should be critically inheriting look forward to the possibility theory, and not blindly expand the scope of the anticipated possibility theory. This paper is structured as follows: Introduction Part I: look forward to the possibility of the necessity and urgency. In brief look forward to the possibility of the theory of judicial practice and theoretical study of the status quo, the necessity and urgency of the issues. Part I: look forward to the possibility of the concept and its theoretical roots. First of all, from the broad and narrow two in-depth comparative look forward to the possibility of Addiction horse race "judgments made by the Crime Wing of the German Empire Court, caused by scholars from various countries to explore and examine the theory of anticipated possibility, so look forward to the possibility of theory originated in Germany, is popular in Japan, affecting the French Penal Code, Italy Penal Code, the Swiss Federal Penal Code of the Russian Penal Code and other criminal legislation of many countries. Look forward to the possibility of thinking for a long time in the history of human thought. Data of a broad array of ancient jurisprudence, such as in the ancient books of the "Book of History", "Zhou", both contain a large number of legal thought, but also recorded a number of legal provisions. Look forward to the possibility of the ancient prototype of the ideas, the slow death of the system in China mainly as a prison meeting reported Fu Chou clemency, kiss Relatives system as well as the edict. Concealment System actually look forward to the possibility of theory in the modern criminal law of Restorative Justice. Part II: looking forward to the possibility of value. To look forward to the possibility of the value of the perspective from looking forward to the possibility of theory inherently Law - specification guidelines for functionality, the modesty of criminal law, crime, adapt to the need to explore looking forward to the possibility of the introduction of the principles and the purpose of criminal responsibility . Again, the specific provisions of our criminal justice from certain provisions of our criminal law based on exactly looking forward to the possibility of manifestation of the thought. Part III: the freedom of the will and look forward to the possibility. The section described in detail under the condition of looking forward to the possibility of free will, a libertarian point of view put forward by relative specific circumstances expect based on the judgment of the possibility of criminal responsibility. Part IV: looking forward to the possibility of criteria. First of all kinds of theories, based on the expectant standard, come to look forward to the possibility of criteria - the type of person standard. Again, look forward to the possibility of the size of the judgment in the specific circumstances of their own views. The fifth part of our crime constitute the elements of theory into looking forward to the possibility of conception. Our system of criminal law theory under the influence of the Soviet criminal law theory, to take the subjective and objective unity elements of the crime system, so there are some defects. The introduction look forward to the possibility can solve the perpetrator is criminally responsible for the most basic subjective vicious factors to determine. Behavior has the freedom of the will, to some extent, the actor has subjective malignant, however, is not subjective freedom of the will reflect malignant subjective malignant a wider scope, which includes the sin, the motive for the crime, the criminal purpose, will freedom. Therefore, the freedom of the will size is not necessarily proportional to the subjective malignant. Look forward to the possibility of various sizes and look forward to the possibility of size should be the behavior of those responsible for capacity, mental attitude and the objective state as the basis to judge. Part VI: looking forward to the reflection of the possibility of judicial practice. First, the provisions of the Criminal Law Article 20 Special Defense Right as the basis, and explore the introduction of the anticipated possibility to compensate for the inadequacies of the Criminal Law of the provisions of the special defense. Discussed from the perspective of the emergency again look forward to the possibility. From the Criminal Law Article 21, paragraph 1 to the case studies cited by the well-known criminal law expert Professor Chen Xingliang lack of current criminal law, the emergency is the typical behavior of negates the responsibility of the reasons. Finally, look forward to the possibility of compulsory under the specific obligations of the human body by doing explore. Absolutely mandatory condition, behavior, there is no any meaning of freedom to speak, the lack of meaning the possibility of disposable, does not belong to the object of the criminal judgment, not looking forward to the possibility exists. Relative mandatory perpetrator psychological Persons from Enforced whether the loss of the possibility of the degree is divided into two kinds: First, the force has not reached the point of irresistible will to dominate, then self-defense on the other side not to expect; species to achieve mandatory irresistible, but there are relatively free will, then will it be possible to consider looking forward to the possibility of problems, but the possibility of emergency hedge can invoke expect controversial. Optional behavior of ordinary existence, the behavior of people chose to cause damage results to behavior, there must be some reason, this reason is actually due to the vulnerability of humanity that actors seek to protect themselves. If this fragile human nature can be the mercy of society, Shu Yu-should be identified on the actors look forward to the possibility. If this fragile human nature can not pity Shu, by society should be identified on the behavior of people look forward to the possibility exists. Part VII; look forward to the possibility of theory as a kind of crisis theory, we have an important reference. Look forward to the possibility of theory reflects the respect and care for humanity, which is conducive to narrow the distance between France and the people, to foster public recognition and loyalty of the law, and therefore should serve as a guiding ideology to improve our criminal legislation. The author puts forward a little immature idea, that is, increase in the Penal Code General Provisions similar to the following terms: "behavior according to their behavior of the specific situation like if it can not be difficult to expect to appropriate the law, may waive or reduce the punishment." than specific norms, there is still a super regulations taste, but the general provisions and points are relations but also look forward to the possibility of the applicable legal basis.
  • dc.subject.discipline
  • D914
  • dc.date.issued
  • 2026-03-06
  • dc.date.oralDefense
  • 2007-05-23
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