中国古代推类思想及其司法应用

Analogous Inference in Ancient China and Its Exercise in Justice

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作者:

赵超男

导师:

卢景德

学位:

硕士

语种:

中文

关键词:

推类;类;古代逻辑;比附援引;罪刑法定

摘要:

推类是中国古代的主导推理类型,最早萌芽于《周易》,历经春秋,后由墨家将其发展为具有鲜明特色的中国古代逻辑推理类型。惠施的“夫说者,固以其所知喻其所不知而使人知之”是对推类最准确的定性概括。古人运用推类进行由此及彼、由已知到未知的推理,和现代类比是一脉相承的。也正因为这样的特征,推类在历史上得到了深入的研究和广泛的应用。 在古代,人们特别热衷论辩,而推类作为一种特殊的思维方式,能以最浅显的道理论证复杂的难题,所以往往成为求知、论辩的工具。虽然古人在很多方面十分重视推类所发挥的指导性作用,但却甚少关注推类在司法过程中的运用。推类运用于司法,能有效提高法律适用的灵活性,加快司法办案效率,并在一定程度上保证司法公正的实现。 本文的研究主要从两个方面入手——对古代推类思想的细致阐释和对推类思想运用于司法实践的具体探究,其中最主要、也最有意义的部分是研究推类思想作用于司法实践的具体方式。具体来说,文章内容分为四个部分: 第一部分是对古代推类思想的综合阐述,从对推类思想产生的社会历史根源的探寻,到系统论述各个时期、各家思想中推类思想的逐步产生、完善,最后通过与亚氏三段论的比较总结出推类是中国古代特色鲜明的主导推理类型。 第二部分是对古代推类思想的具体阐释,包括推类应遵守的“同类相推,异类不比”的规则、“譬、侔、援、推”四种主要的推类方法,以及尝试根据“类可推而不可必推”的结果对推类的性质进行定位。 第三部分开始尝试将推类与司法实践相联系,通过对古代司法裁判过程的关注,探求其中的推类指导思想。古代司法中推类适用的前提是“断罪无正条”,适用的方式是比附援引,比附援引又分为在定罪时“举轻以明重,举重以明轻”的比附,以及在量刑时对概括性禁律、成案等的援引。 第四部分是文章的创新部分,主要思考古代推类思想对现代司法的启示。古代推类与现代类比虽然一脉相承,但又不完全同于现代类比。推类所具有的一些不同于类比的特性,也可能对现代司法过程的完善有所裨益。侦查中运用推类的两条基本原则,侦查实验强调同类相推,并案侦查注重异类不比;法庭论辩中借鉴推类思维中的人文性因素,使推理论证更关注人的情感诉求;最后,通过对推类和罪刑法定价值的比较分析,结合判例法和案例指导制度发展的现状,探究怎样解决二者的冲突。

学科:

法学理论

提交日期

2018-01-11

引用参考

赵超男. 中国古代推类思想及其司法应用[D]. 西南政法大学,2012.

全文附件授权许可

知识共享许可协议-署名

  • dc.title
  • 中国古代推类思想及其司法应用
  • dc.title
  • Analogous Inference in Ancient China and Its Exercise in Justice
  • dc.contributor.schoolno
  • 20090301210847
  • dc.contributor.author
  • 赵超男
  • dc.contributor.degree
  • 硕士
  • dc.contributor.degreeConferringInstitution
  • 西南政法大学
  • dc.identifier.year
  • 2012
  • dc.contributor.advisor
  • 卢景德
  • dc.language.iso
  • 中文
  • dc.subject
  • 推类;;类;;古代逻辑;;比附援引;;罪刑法定
  • dc.subject
  • Analogous inference;;Category;;Ancient logic;;Analogy and quote;;Conviction and penalty according to law
  • dc.description.abstract
  • 推类是中国古代的主导推理类型,最早萌芽于《周易》,历经春秋,后由墨家将其发展为具有鲜明特色的中国古代逻辑推理类型。惠施的“夫说者,固以其所知喻其所不知而使人知之”是对推类最准确的定性概括。古人运用推类进行由此及彼、由已知到未知的推理,和现代类比是一脉相承的。也正因为这样的特征,推类在历史上得到了深入的研究和广泛的应用。 在古代,人们特别热衷论辩,而推类作为一种特殊的思维方式,能以最浅显的道理论证复杂的难题,所以往往成为求知、论辩的工具。虽然古人在很多方面十分重视推类所发挥的指导性作用,但却甚少关注推类在司法过程中的运用。推类运用于司法,能有效提高法律适用的灵活性,加快司法办案效率,并在一定程度上保证司法公正的实现。 本文的研究主要从两个方面入手——对古代推类思想的细致阐释和对推类思想运用于司法实践的具体探究,其中最主要、也最有意义的部分是研究推类思想作用于司法实践的具体方式。具体来说,文章内容分为四个部分: 第一部分是对古代推类思想的综合阐述,从对推类思想产生的社会历史根源的探寻,到系统论述各个时期、各家思想中推类思想的逐步产生、完善,最后通过与亚氏三段论的比较总结出推类是中国古代特色鲜明的主导推理类型。 第二部分是对古代推类思想的具体阐释,包括推类应遵守的“同类相推,异类不比”的规则、“譬、侔、援、推”四种主要的推类方法,以及尝试根据“类可推而不可必推”的结果对推类的性质进行定位。 第三部分开始尝试将推类与司法实践相联系,通过对古代司法裁判过程的关注,探求其中的推类指导思想。古代司法中推类适用的前提是“断罪无正条”,适用的方式是比附援引,比附援引又分为在定罪时“举轻以明重,举重以明轻”的比附,以及在量刑时对概括性禁律、成案等的援引。 第四部分是文章的创新部分,主要思考古代推类思想对现代司法的启示。古代推类与现代类比虽然一脉相承,但又不完全同于现代类比。推类所具有的一些不同于类比的特性,也可能对现代司法过程的完善有所裨益。侦查中运用推类的两条基本原则,侦查实验强调同类相推,并案侦查注重异类不比;法庭论辩中借鉴推类思维中的人文性因素,使推理论证更关注人的情感诉求;最后,通过对推类和罪刑法定价值的比较分析,结合判例法和案例指导制度发展的现状,探究怎样解决二者的冲突。
  • dc.description.abstract
  • Analogous inference, as the chief inference type of ancient China, Originated in “ZhouYi” earliest, and after the dynasty of Chun Qiu, Monist doctrine made it the special inferencetype of ancient Chinese logic. Hoi Shih said:” Speaking is making a metaphor between whatis known and what is not known, and the purpose is making listeners known.” It is a veryaccurate generalization of analogous inference. The ancients made such inference----from theone to the other, from the known to the unknown by analogous inference, and this came downin one continuous line with modern analogy. Also because of such feature, analogousinference was deeply researched and extensively applied in Chinese history. In ancient times, people were highly keen in argument. Analogous inference, as a specialway of thinking, can illustrate complicated problem by facile example, so it often became thetool of seeking knowledge and debating. Although the ancients extremely valued the guidingrole of analogous inference at many field, they didn’t pay enough attention on its function inthe judicial process. Drawing analogous inference in justice can effectively improve theflexibility of law, and speed up the trial of cases. All of these can assure the achievement ofjudicial justice. The article mainly concerns on two aspects----detailed explaining the theory ofanalogous inference and specific exploring how apply analogous inference to justice. Themost important and meaningful part is researching the special pattern of analogous inferenceaffecting justice. Specifically, the article contains four parts: The first part is a summarization of ancient analogous inference. From exploring thehistorical root of analogous inference, to systematically discussing its emerging andperfecting in different period and different thinking system, and at last by comparing it withAristotelian logic, summarizing analogous inference is a chief and special inference type ofancient China. The second part is the specific elaboration of analogous inference, including the rule of“the same category can inference and the different category can’t inference”, the four mainmethod----“pi,mou, yuan, tui”, and trying define the character of analogous inference on thebasis of such result as “analogy can lead to some conclusion, but the conclusion is notcertainly correct”. The third part starts connecting analogous inference with justice. Through analyzing theprocess of ancient justice, the article attempts to search for the guiding thinking----analogousinference. In ancient justice, the premise of using analogous inference is “There is no law tojudge by”, and the way of using analogous inference is analogy and quote. Analogy and quotemoreover contains “listing the light to show the serious, and listing the serious to show thelight” when declaring crime, and quoting recapitulative forbidden law、judicial precedentwhen measuring penalty. The forth part is innovation, mainly thinking ancient analogous inference can bring whatenlightenment to modern justice. Though ancient analogous inference and modern analogycome down in one continuous line, they aren’t completely same. Some features of analogousinference, which are different from modern analogy, may help perfecting modern justiceprocess. Investigation follows the two rules of analogous inference. Investigation testemphasizes “the same category can inference”, and putting cases together concerns “thedifferent category can’t inference”. In court debate, because of the humanity in analogousinference, reasoning further concerns people’s feeling. At last, through comparing the value ofanalogous inference with the principle of conviction and penalty according to law, besides,and considering current situation of legal precedent law and cases guiding system,the articletry to deal with the conflict between them.
  • dc.subject.discipline
  • D90-051
  • dc.date.issued
  • 2012-03-20
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