修辞学及其在法庭论辩中的应用

The Rhetoric and Its Application in Judicial Argument

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归属院系：

行政法学院（纪检监察学院）

作者：

王志伟

导师：

卢景德

学位：

硕士

语种：

中文

关键词：

修辞学;修辞论证;法庭论辩;情感论证;信誉论证;论理论证

摘要：

修辞学源于古希腊的诉讼演说,在以后两千多年的发展过程中,由于后世修辞理论学家的卓越贡献,今天修辞学的可适用范围已远远超出了它的发源领域,不再局限于诉讼演说。这说明,一门有生命力的学问,必将被历史充分挖掘出潜力,使之发挥对社会的最大效能。在这方面,欧美国家的修辞理论学家走在了前列。尤其是19世纪末20世纪初以来,随着法律现实主义对法律形式主义的批判,严格的形式逻辑推理因其适用范围的局限性,不能满足法律人的要求。而关注日常交流论辩的修辞学重新受到重视,它满足了法律现实主义时代以来对法律论证推理的更多要求。有眼光的理论学家不断创新,进一步扩大了修辞学理论的适用领域,以至于形成西方修辞学今天的繁荣局面。而在中国,修辞学这一舶来品,已引起逻辑学界一些学者的关注,但并没有得到更深一步地理论研究和充分的实践运用。即使在它的滥觞之地——诉讼演说中也没有得到充分的运用。着眼于这种现实,本文从介绍西方修辞学理论开始,结合我国法庭论辩指导理论不完善的现状,借鉴西方修辞学理论在论证推理中的作用,希望能对增强律师在法庭论辩中的辩护能力有所助益。 本文择取律师这一法律人作为主体,选用法庭论辩这一角度论述修辞学理论在增强说服力方面的重要作用,这与我国法庭论辩的现状不无关联。改革开放以来,我国法律理论迅速发展,法律实务也不断进步。市场经济的繁荣催生了个人主义的发展,进而加深了人们对个人权利的认识,增强了人们对自己合法权益的保护意识。伴随而来的是,律师队伍持续壮大,律师事务所数量连年增加。即使这样,人们仍有权益未被维护之虞,正义未被伸张之时。毕竟我国现代律师制度起步较晚,律师数量方面的盲目增加并没有带来律师素质的提高和辩护能力的增强,以至于在面对国家公权力质问时,当事人很难得到强有力的辩护。而修辞学就是一门以形式逻辑推理为后盾,通过各种论证的方式达到说服目的的理论。本文的重心在于介绍西方修辞学理论,并为现代律师的法庭演说和辩护提供一些技巧指导。期待律师在不为当事人的辩护留下遗憾的基础上,如有可能,进一步直言并说服法官,以维护当事人的合法权益。 修辞学发展到今天,其学说已枝繁叶茂,理论已博大精深,其敏锐的触角也伸向了心理学、文学、语言分析学、传播学,乃至社会生活中的交际行为等领域。这既证明了修辞学所取得的成就,也显示了修辞学的重要应用价值,这也是许多修辞学者喜闻乐见的局面。为论述需要,本文所介绍的修辞学理论,仅限于其应用价值有益于律师法庭论辩的理论学说。 畅游于修辞学理论的历史海洋中,笔者发现对法庭论辩有益的真知卓见,像珍珠一样散落地点缀在历史的不同时期。在修辞学的源头古希腊时期,亚里士多德对修辞学进行了综合整理,他对修辞学理论影响之大可能无出其右者,他对修辞论证理论基础的完善,对后世影响至为深远。之后的修辞学家肯尼斯·伯克提出了以“同一性”为中心概念的修辞理论。与以“说服”为目的的古典修辞理论相比较,他的理论视野更为宽广,因为他追求的是更多数人的同一利益、观念和价值,这就为崇高价值追求奠定理论基础。比利时哲学家、逻辑学家和修辞学家Ch.佩雷尔曼对修辞理论的贡献在于提出一种“新修辞学”形式的论辩理论构想。这种理论构想以对日常论辩结构的分析与关于受众的理论最为出色,为论辩理论增添了许多论辩出发点和技巧。当代哲学家图尔敏在亚里士多德的修辞论证的基础上发展出一种新的论证模式。这种论证模式使演绎推理的过程更为具体化,有利于论辩者掌握更为清晰的论辩结构。图尔敏为扩充修辞学的基础理论,推动修辞学的发展作出重要贡献。上面这些修辞学理论,将在文章中进行重点介绍,它们对律师论辩的不同阶段都有裨益。如,根据亚里士多德所想,“信誉是最好的证明”,律师树立良好的信誉,为得是给人一种正直的感觉,一种正义的象征,为的是增加其说话的分量;如同伯克“同一性”观点,律师考虑法官在案件中所蕴涵的价值需求,以追求同样的价值,使法官能够听取自己的辩护意见;图尔敏实践论证模式的运用,让法庭论辩结构清晰,有理有据,有攻有守;佩雷尔曼的论辩修辞学理论,丰富了律师的论辩手段,为论辩准备了多种选择。这种种途径都为律师论辩提供了技巧指导,提高了论辩水平,最终受益的是当事人,因为得到了高水平、高质量的辩护。 本文研究的重点,一方面在于对西方修辞学理论的选择介绍,另一方面在于律师对这些理论的借鉴运用。将这些理论串联起来并运用在诉讼程序的不同阶段,是本文的创新之处。“实践是检验真理的唯一标准”,任何一种理论学说,只有在实践中有其用武之地,有其价值实现之时,才是一门有顽强生命力的学问。笔者希望以本文为起点,进一步加深对修辞学理论的研究。

学科：

法学理论

提交日期：

2018-01-11

引用参考：

王志伟. 修辞学及其在法庭论辩中的应用[D]. 西南政法大学,2011.

全文附件授权许可：

知识共享许可协议-署名

  • dc.title
  • 修辞学及其在法庭论辩中的应用
  • dc.title
  • The Rhetoric and Its Application in Judicial Argument
  • dc.contributor.schoolno
  • 20080301210864
  • dc.contributor.author
  • 王志伟
  • dc.contributor.degree
  • 硕士
  • dc.contributor.degreeConferringInstitution
  • 西南政法大学
  • dc.identifier.year
  • 2011
  • dc.contributor.advisor
  • 卢景德
  • dc.language.iso
  • 中文
  • dc.subject
  • 修辞学;;修辞论证;;法庭论辩;;情感论证;;信誉论证;;论理论证
  • dc.subject
  • rhetoric;;rhetoric reasoning;;judicial argument;;pathos;;ethos;;logos
  • dc.description.abstract
  • 修辞学源于古希腊的诉讼演说,在以后两千多年的发展过程中,由于后世修辞理论学家的卓越贡献,今天修辞学的可适用范围已远远超出了它的发源领域,不再局限于诉讼演说。这说明,一门有生命力的学问,必将被历史充分挖掘出潜力,使之发挥对社会的最大效能。在这方面,欧美国家的修辞理论学家走在了前列。尤其是19世纪末20世纪初以来,随着法律现实主义对法律形式主义的批判,严格的形式逻辑推理因其适用范围的局限性,不能满足法律人的要求。而关注日常交流论辩的修辞学重新受到重视,它满足了法律现实主义时代以来对法律论证推理的更多要求。有眼光的理论学家不断创新,进一步扩大了修辞学理论的适用领域,以至于形成西方修辞学今天的繁荣局面。而在中国,修辞学这一舶来品,已引起逻辑学界一些学者的关注,但并没有得到更深一步地理论研究和充分的实践运用。即使在它的滥觞之地——诉讼演说中也没有得到充分的运用。着眼于这种现实,本文从介绍西方修辞学理论开始,结合我国法庭论辩指导理论不完善的现状,借鉴西方修辞学理论在论证推理中的作用,希望能对增强律师在法庭论辩中的辩护能力有所助益。 本文择取律师这一法律人作为主体,选用法庭论辩这一角度论述修辞学理论在增强说服力方面的重要作用,这与我国法庭论辩的现状不无关联。改革开放以来,我国法律理论迅速发展,法律实务也不断进步。市场经济的繁荣催生了个人主义的发展,进而加深了人们对个人权利的认识,增强了人们对自己合法权益的保护意识。伴随而来的是,律师队伍持续壮大,律师事务所数量连年增加。即使这样,人们仍有权益未被维护之虞,正义未被伸张之时。毕竟我国现代律师制度起步较晚,律师数量方面的盲目增加并没有带来律师素质的提高和辩护能力的增强,以至于在面对国家公权力质问时,当事人很难得到强有力的辩护。而修辞学就是一门以形式逻辑推理为后盾,通过各种论证的方式达到说服目的的理论。本文的重心在于介绍西方修辞学理论,并为现代律师的法庭演说和辩护提供一些技巧指导。期待律师在不为当事人的辩护留下遗憾的基础上,如有可能,进一步直言并说服法官,以维护当事人的合法权益。 修辞学发展到今天,其学说已枝繁叶茂,理论已博大精深,其敏锐的触角也伸向了心理学、文学、语言分析学、传播学,乃至社会生活中的交际行为等领域。这既证明了修辞学所取得的成就,也显示了修辞学的重要应用价值,这也是许多修辞学者喜闻乐见的局面。为论述需要,本文所介绍的修辞学理论,仅限于其应用价值有益于律师法庭论辩的理论学说。 畅游于修辞学理论的历史海洋中,笔者发现对法庭论辩有益的真知卓见,像珍珠一样散落地点缀在历史的不同时期。在修辞学的源头古希腊时期,亚里士多德对修辞学进行了综合整理,他对修辞学理论影响之大可能无出其右者,他对修辞论证理论基础的完善,对后世影响至为深远。之后的修辞学家肯尼斯·伯克提出了以“同一性”为中心概念的修辞理论。与以“说服”为目的的古典修辞理论相比较,他的理论视野更为宽广,因为他追求的是更多数人的同一利益、观念和价值,这就为崇高价值追求奠定理论基础。比利时哲学家、逻辑学家和修辞学家Ch.佩雷尔曼对修辞理论的贡献在于提出一种“新修辞学”形式的论辩理论构想。这种理论构想以对日常论辩结构的分析与关于受众的理论最为出色,为论辩理论增添了许多论辩出发点和技巧。当代哲学家图尔敏在亚里士多德的修辞论证的基础上发展出一种新的论证模式。这种论证模式使演绎推理的过程更为具体化,有利于论辩者掌握更为清晰的论辩结构。图尔敏为扩充修辞学的基础理论,推动修辞学的发展作出重要贡献。上面这些修辞学理论,将在文章中进行重点介绍,它们对律师论辩的不同阶段都有裨益。如,根据亚里士多德所想,“信誉是最好的证明”,律师树立良好的信誉,为得是给人一种正直的感觉,一种正义的象征,为的是增加其说话的分量;如同伯克“同一性”观点,律师考虑法官在案件中所蕴涵的价值需求,以追求同样的价值,使法官能够听取自己的辩护意见;图尔敏实践论证模式的运用,让法庭论辩结构清晰,有理有据,有攻有守;佩雷尔曼的论辩修辞学理论,丰富了律师的论辩手段,为论辩准备了多种选择。这种种途径都为律师论辩提供了技巧指导,提高了论辩水平,最终受益的是当事人,因为得到了高水平、高质量的辩护。 本文研究的重点,一方面在于对西方修辞学理论的选择介绍,另一方面在于律师对这些理论的借鉴运用。将这些理论串联起来并运用在诉讼程序的不同阶段,是本文的创新之处。“实践是检验真理的唯一标准”,任何一种理论学说,只有在实践中有其用武之地,有其价值实现之时,才是一门有顽强生命力的学问。笔者希望以本文为起点,进一步加深对修辞学理论的研究。
  • dc.description.abstract
  • Rhetoric originated trial speeches in Ancient Greece. From then on, it became more and more mature for more than two thousand years. Today the rhetoric is not only used in the trial speeches of the time, but also used in other fields, owe to the outstanding contributions which were made by numerous rhetoricians. This means that a branch of knowledge with enormous vitality, would be destined to explore its potential in the long history, in order to performance its highest capacity to the society. In this aspect, the rhetorician of Europe and America lead in the world. Especially after the late 1800's and early 1900's, the Legal Realism began to criticize the Legal Formalism. At the same time, the exacted formal logic inference could not meet the requirements of the lawyers, because of its limited scope of application. However, the rhetoric was paid much attention to by lawyers, because it was involved with the daily communication and argument, and it met the needs for more legal reasoning and inference in the days of the Legal Realism. The wise rhetoricians continued to innovate the rhetoric theories and spread the scope of its application. As a result, the theories are very prosperous today. In China, the exotic rhetoric has called some attention from logic scholar, but it has not been studied further or applied completely in practice. Even in the trial field where it originated, the rhetoric has not applied completely. Due to the reality, this thesis begins with the introduction of the west rhetoric theories, on the basis of the imperfect theories about argument, mirrors the effect of the west rhetoric theories in the argument and reasoning, hopes to help enhance the lawyers’ability of argument in the trials. The thesis chooses the lawyers as the subject of the article and definitely discusses the importance of the rhetoric theories to enhance the ability of argument. It is also on the ground of the current situation of the argument in Chinese trials. Since the reform and opening-up policy in China, the legal theories have developed fast and the legal practice has made great progress. The prosperous market economy promotes the development of the individualism, deepens the citizens’knowledge of the individual rights, and strengthens their awareness of protecting lawful benefit. At the same time, the number of the lawyers and the law firms is bigger and bigger. But it is still possible that the citizens’rights not be defended and the justice not be done. Above all, the modern lawyers’system of our country started late. The more and more lawyers have not brought the improvement of quality and the ability of the argument. As a result, It is not easy for the parties to get successful defense when they met the question of the public power. The rhetoric, however, is such a theory that it depends on the formal logic, and reaches the aim of persuading by various ways. The emphasis of the thesis is the introduction of the west rhetoric theories, and it also provides special directions for the lawyers to address and defend in the court. We hope that the lawyers would not regret their defense for the parties, and if possible, they can persuade the judges to achieve the parties’claim. Today, the theories of rhetoric are at their best time, and have extensive and profound knowledge. Their keen feeler have trended to the psychology, literature, linguistic analysis, communicology, the communicative act and so on. They all prove the achievement of the rhetoric, and demonstrate the important value in practice. This is what the rhetoricians want to see. Excited for the rhetoric, however, according to the thesis, I have to choose to introduce some of their theories which can help to improve the lawyers’defense in the court. And the other theories, I have to quit in this article. That paddles in the sea of the rhetoric theories, we can find that the remarkable knowledge beneficial to the argument, unorganized embellished like pearls in the different time in history. In the originated Ancient Greece, Aristotle had listed systematically the rhetoric. He contributed so much to the rhetoric that no one could exceed him, and also that his devotion to the foundation of the rhetoric, affected profound and lasting. Kenneth Burke, the rhetoric after Aristotle’s time, proposed a rhetoric theory that centered around“identification”. Compared with ancient rhetoric theory with a view to“persuasion”, his theory with a better, smarter version, because what he pursued was the identical benefit, conception and value. This laid the foundation for pursuing the sublime value. Belgian philosopher, logician, and rhetorician, Chaim Perelman added to the rhetoric theories an idea about argument theory, which was called“the new rhetoric”. This idea was famous for its analysis about structure of daily argument and its concept of audience. So, it brought many initial points and skills to the body of theory. The philosopher of the modern time, Stephen Toulmin, developed a new method of argument on the base of rhetoric reasoning created by Aristotle. This method made the deductive reasoning more specific, and it was good for the person to master the structure of the argument. Toulmin devoted too much to the rhetoric theory for extending the foundational theory and pushing the rhetoric to develop. All of the theories will be introduced importantly in the article, they also will do good to the lawyers in different time of argument in trials. For example, according to the Aristotle,“Good credit is the best testimony”, a lawyer with good credit will be believed to be honest, and righteous, and his address will be important to the audience. As what Kenneth Burke believed, the lawyer considers the judge’s value propositions in the case, aims to pursue the same appeal, and persuade the judge. The practical method of argument, created by Toulmin, can make the trial argument structure clear, reasonable. The Perelman’s theory can provide the lawyers more methods and more choices in the trial argument. All the means direct the lawyers to argue, raise the lawyers’level of argument. As a result, the parties get what they need, the defense of high level and high quality. The focal point of this article, on one hand, is the introduction of the west rhetoric theory; on the other hand, is how to use the theory in the trial for the Chinese lawyers. The innovation of the article is merging all the rhetoric theory introduced and using them in the different section in the whole trial.“Practice is the sole criterion for testing truth.”Every theory, which can only be used and can realize its value in the practice, is a vigorous knowledge. I wish to study the rhetoric theory further beginning with this article.
  • dc.subject.discipline
  • D90-051
  • dc.date.issued
  • 2011-03-31
  • dc.date.oralDefense
  • 2011-05-01
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