法律推理大前提构建之新进路

The New Theory for the Major Premise's Constructing of Legal Logic

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作者:

吕存诚

导师:

卢景德

学位:

硕士

语种:

中文

关键词:

大前提构建;新进路;实践性;效用

摘要:

法律推理的大前提构建问题是法律逻辑学一个重要的研究领域。大前提构建问题,本质上是司法审判中由于法官不得拒绝裁判的规则存在,法官在面对法律规范不明、冲突、缺失等情形下,而必须对所裁案件依据的法律规范予以选择的问题。这种选择是基于法官的自由裁量权,但并不意味着其是一种任意选择或解释的结果,而必须是基于一种合理的,为当事人所能接受和理解的论证方法。大前提构建问题就是为了构建这样一些理论,为法官的最终选择提供有力的依据。但在目前已有的大前提构建理论中,并不能完全合理的解决上述问题,反而遭遇了类似“明希豪森困境”等的难题,本文在批判相关大前提构建理论的基础上,旨在从一个全新的角度,探寻更加合理,更具实践意义的理论进路,以期满足法官在现实审判中的需求。本文选题的实践意义在于:(1)满足裁判者裁判的实际需求。即在遭遇疑难案件,尤其是法律规范缺失、冲突,法律语言模糊、不明等情况下,为困境解决提供一条可行之路;(2)为司法裁判改革,尤其是为司法文书内容具体化、推理逻辑化的改革要求提供思路,以真正实现透明的司法正义。其理论意义在于超越逻辑系统本身,解决法律逻辑大前提论证中的“明希豪森困境”,构建合理的司法三段论体系,实现法律推理的正当性。 本文第一部分,旨在探讨法律推理大前提构建问题的由来。首先,从法律逻辑学的基本研究对象入手,阐述了逻辑学的研究对象与现实发展状况,并进而对现阶段争议颇多的法律逻辑学的研究对象予以探讨,肯定了大前提构建问题在当前法律逻辑学范畴内的研究价值。其次,针对上述结论,一是从大前提构建的必要性方面,二是从大前提构建的可能性方面予以论证。大前提构建的必要性,是当下关于大前提构建的相关论证理论的局限性,以及迫切的司法实践需求两大原因促成;而大前提构建之所以具有可能性,则是由于现实层面我国法官本身具有一定的案件自由裁量权与理论层面中不断兴起的相关论证理论予以支持。 本文的第二部分,旨在阐述并分析法律逻辑学领域内相关大前提构建的论证理论,同时就此提出一条更为合理的大前提构建的理论进路,本部分对目前学术界具有较大影响并代表不同研究方向的三个大前提构建论证理论予以评介。卡尔·拉伦茨的大前提构建理论详细分析了大前提构建中存在的各类情形,针对不同情形提出了与之相适应的简明的构建方法与标准,同时在存在多种构建方法时清晰的排列了应遵循的位阶,从而可以有效的解决大前提构建的理论困境,但在司法实践中缺乏更加具体的规则,阻碍了这一方法论的适用效果;罗伯特·阿列克西的大前提构建理论中,程序性法律论证理论是其理论基点,现代逻辑的演算系统在其论证理论中的充分运用,展现了该理论进路严谨性的特色,但是由于过分的唯理性,使得其在以内容为核心的法律大前提构建中遭遇困境;法律解释学以哲学解释学为理论背景,提出了司法者本身之于法律解释的主体性,强调了法官自身理解(本体)对于法律解释的重要性,但该理论自身的体系矛盾与艰深,造成了其在司法审判实践中的适用困难。 针对上述各种理论自身存在的缺陷,本文引介了实用主义理论的相关要素,提出了大前提构建的一条新的理论进路。该理论进路具备以多元性与开放性为标识,以相对合理性为论证标准,以实践性为目的,以审判结果实效性为诉求的特征。多元性与开放性的特征,表现为面对当下法律逻辑大前提构建,各类论证理论众说纷纭的局面,该新进路以一种开放性的胸怀,容纳各种不同论证理论的争议,平息各种不同气质的哲学思想的冲突,它并不排斥其他思维进路,而是认为各种理论可以通过一定的方式而共存;在大前提构建中坚持一种相对合理性的论证标准,是为了克服“明希豪森困境”带来的知识之根的难题,强调只要获得的司法裁判能有效的解决纠纷,便无需过分追究大前提证成的真理性;以实践性为目的,则表现为针对当下的理论存在着过于艰深,实践性不强的问题,期望以一种更注重实践的“平民式”哲学精神来解决大前提构建的困境,其偏重方法在司法审判实践中的适用性与可推广性,始终坚持以实践为理论研究的基础;以审判结果实效性,表现为我们当以存在冲突的各方理论、原则所最终可能导致的结果进行比照,凡是能解决案件实际争议,有效实现案件公正审判后,就应予以选择,从而作为前提构建的论证标准。 本文的第三部分是关于大前提构建的新进路在司法实践中的具体应用。分别选取了具有代表性的民法案例、刑法案例及婚姻法案例,比较其他大前提构建的论证理论在案例中的适用,将该理论进路具体应用方式予以展现,论证其在司法实践中的可行性。 大前提构建的新进路以法的实际效果为根本衡量标准,法官考虑依据不同的法律规范所可能产生的不同法律效果,来判断究竟适用何种规范。其优势在于:(1)衡量标准的明晰,不存在繁琐深邃的理论,易于为我国司法实践者所掌握、适用;(2)能有效平息案件纠纷,尤其适用于调解结案的案件中,可以使当事人双方都获得满意的实际法律效果,从而有利于和谐社会、和谐司法的构建;(3)可以使法院的审理程序得以简化,避免不必要的司法程序,节约司法资源。但是,大前提构建这一新进路并不具有完全取代其他大前提构建理论的功能,也绝非一种具有普适性的理论进路;它不为追求个案的结果而破坏整个司法系统的平衡;不会为达到案件的最佳近期效果而忽略了远期的后果——即对法治的追求。 本文的研究重点在于大前提构建的理论进路,以司法判例实证分析为重点,解决理论适用实践问题。本文研究的思路是从法律推理大前提构建的实践必要性与理论可能性入手,提出重构大前提的问题。并在考察、批判国内外各类法律推理大前提构建的理论基础上,提出大前提构建存在的缺陷及改进目标。研究方法在于引入西方有益的相关思想作为理论进路,以解决大前提构建的理论缺陷和实现研究目的。并以司法判例的实证分析方法,论证该思想进路在司法实践适用中的可行性与有益性。其创新点一方面在于对实用主义的批判基础上,借鉴其可行之点解决大前提构建的困境,另一面在于加强对司法判例的实证研究,摆脱以外法律逻辑学重理论轻实证研究的窠臼。

学科:

法学理论

提交日期

2018-01-11

引用参考

吕存诚. 法律推理大前提构建之新进路[D]. 西南政法大学,2009.

全文附件授权许可

知识共享许可协议-署名

  • dc.title
  • 法律推理大前提构建之新进路
  • dc.title
  • The New Theory for the Major Premise's Constructing of Legal Logic
  • dc.contributor.schoolno
  • 20060301211149
  • dc.contributor.author
  • 吕存诚
  • dc.contributor.degree
  • 硕士
  • dc.contributor.degreeConferringInstitution
  • 西南政法大学
  • dc.identifier.year
  • 2009
  • dc.contributor.advisor
  • 卢景德
  • dc.language.iso
  • 中文
  • dc.subject
  • 大前提构建;;新进路;;实践性;;效用
  • dc.subject
  • Major premise's construction;; New hypothesis;; Practice;; Effectiveness
  • dc.description.abstract
  • 法律推理的大前提构建问题是法律逻辑学一个重要的研究领域。大前提构建问题,本质上是司法审判中由于法官不得拒绝裁判的规则存在,法官在面对法律规范不明、冲突、缺失等情形下,而必须对所裁案件依据的法律规范予以选择的问题。这种选择是基于法官的自由裁量权,但并不意味着其是一种任意选择或解释的结果,而必须是基于一种合理的,为当事人所能接受和理解的论证方法。大前提构建问题就是为了构建这样一些理论,为法官的最终选择提供有力的依据。但在目前已有的大前提构建理论中,并不能完全合理的解决上述问题,反而遭遇了类似“明希豪森困境”等的难题,本文在批判相关大前提构建理论的基础上,旨在从一个全新的角度,探寻更加合理,更具实践意义的理论进路,以期满足法官在现实审判中的需求。本文选题的实践意义在于:(1)满足裁判者裁判的实际需求。即在遭遇疑难案件,尤其是法律规范缺失、冲突,法律语言模糊、不明等情况下,为困境解决提供一条可行之路;(2)为司法裁判改革,尤其是为司法文书内容具体化、推理逻辑化的改革要求提供思路,以真正实现透明的司法正义。其理论意义在于超越逻辑系统本身,解决法律逻辑大前提论证中的“明希豪森困境”,构建合理的司法三段论体系,实现法律推理的正当性。 本文第一部分,旨在探讨法律推理大前提构建问题的由来。首先,从法律逻辑学的基本研究对象入手,阐述了逻辑学的研究对象与现实发展状况,并进而对现阶段争议颇多的法律逻辑学的研究对象予以探讨,肯定了大前提构建问题在当前法律逻辑学范畴内的研究价值。其次,针对上述结论,一是从大前提构建的必要性方面,二是从大前提构建的可能性方面予以论证。大前提构建的必要性,是当下关于大前提构建的相关论证理论的局限性,以及迫切的司法实践需求两大原因促成;而大前提构建之所以具有可能性,则是由于现实层面我国法官本身具有一定的案件自由裁量权与理论层面中不断兴起的相关论证理论予以支持。 本文的第二部分,旨在阐述并分析法律逻辑学领域内相关大前提构建的论证理论,同时就此提出一条更为合理的大前提构建的理论进路,本部分对目前学术界具有较大影响并代表不同研究方向的三个大前提构建论证理论予以评介。卡尔·拉伦茨的大前提构建理论详细分析了大前提构建中存在的各类情形,针对不同情形提出了与之相适应的简明的构建方法与标准,同时在存在多种构建方法时清晰的排列了应遵循的位阶,从而可以有效的解决大前提构建的理论困境,但在司法实践中缺乏更加具体的规则,阻碍了这一方法论的适用效果;罗伯特·阿列克西的大前提构建理论中,程序性法律论证理论是其理论基点,现代逻辑的演算系统在其论证理论中的充分运用,展现了该理论进路严谨性的特色,但是由于过分的唯理性,使得其在以内容为核心的法律大前提构建中遭遇困境;法律解释学以哲学解释学为理论背景,提出了司法者本身之于法律解释的主体性,强调了法官自身理解(本体)对于法律解释的重要性,但该理论自身的体系矛盾与艰深,造成了其在司法审判实践中的适用困难。 针对上述各种理论自身存在的缺陷,本文引介了实用主义理论的相关要素,提出了大前提构建的一条新的理论进路。该理论进路具备以多元性与开放性为标识,以相对合理性为论证标准,以实践性为目的,以审判结果实效性为诉求的特征。多元性与开放性的特征,表现为面对当下法律逻辑大前提构建,各类论证理论众说纷纭的局面,该新进路以一种开放性的胸怀,容纳各种不同论证理论的争议,平息各种不同气质的哲学思想的冲突,它并不排斥其他思维进路,而是认为各种理论可以通过一定的方式而共存;在大前提构建中坚持一种相对合理性的论证标准,是为了克服“明希豪森困境”带来的知识之根的难题,强调只要获得的司法裁判能有效的解决纠纷,便无需过分追究大前提证成的真理性;以实践性为目的,则表现为针对当下的理论存在着过于艰深,实践性不强的问题,期望以一种更注重实践的“平民式”哲学精神来解决大前提构建的困境,其偏重方法在司法审判实践中的适用性与可推广性,始终坚持以实践为理论研究的基础;以审判结果实效性,表现为我们当以存在冲突的各方理论、原则所最终可能导致的结果进行比照,凡是能解决案件实际争议,有效实现案件公正审判后,就应予以选择,从而作为前提构建的论证标准。 本文的第三部分是关于大前提构建的新进路在司法实践中的具体应用。分别选取了具有代表性的民法案例、刑法案例及婚姻法案例,比较其他大前提构建的论证理论在案例中的适用,将该理论进路具体应用方式予以展现,论证其在司法实践中的可行性。 大前提构建的新进路以法的实际效果为根本衡量标准,法官考虑依据不同的法律规范所可能产生的不同法律效果,来判断究竟适用何种规范。其优势在于:(1)衡量标准的明晰,不存在繁琐深邃的理论,易于为我国司法实践者所掌握、适用;(2)能有效平息案件纠纷,尤其适用于调解结案的案件中,可以使当事人双方都获得满意的实际法律效果,从而有利于和谐社会、和谐司法的构建;(3)可以使法院的审理程序得以简化,避免不必要的司法程序,节约司法资源。但是,大前提构建这一新进路并不具有完全取代其他大前提构建理论的功能,也绝非一种具有普适性的理论进路;它不为追求个案的结果而破坏整个司法系统的平衡;不会为达到案件的最佳近期效果而忽略了远期的后果——即对法治的追求。 本文的研究重点在于大前提构建的理论进路,以司法判例实证分析为重点,解决理论适用实践问题。本文研究的思路是从法律推理大前提构建的实践必要性与理论可能性入手,提出重构大前提的问题。并在考察、批判国内外各类法律推理大前提构建的理论基础上,提出大前提构建存在的缺陷及改进目标。研究方法在于引入西方有益的相关思想作为理论进路,以解决大前提构建的理论缺陷和实现研究目的。并以司法判例的实证分析方法,论证该思想进路在司法实践适用中的可行性与有益性。其创新点一方面在于对实用主义的批判基础上,借鉴其可行之点解决大前提构建的困境,另一面在于加强对司法判例的实证研究,摆脱以外法律逻辑学重理论轻实证研究的窠臼。
  • dc.description.abstract
  • The problem for the major premise's constructing of legal logic is an important research field in the legal logic study.The problem of the major premise's construction,in essence,is a choice problem to the cases based on the legal criticize in the circumstances that in the face of unknown、conflict and loss of the legal critera,the judge shall not refuse the existence of the juridical rules in the judical trial.This selection is based on the judge's discretion,but this does not mean that it is an arbitrarily selected or interpretative result.This must be a reasoning method which is based on reasonable,acceptable and understandable by parties.The problem of the major premise's constructing is to build some theories and provid some powerful argumentations for the judges' final selection.However,in the recent theories about the major premise's constructing,there is not a solution can entirely solve the above problem reasonable, but suffered some difficult problems such as "Münchhausen Dilemma",etc.Based on criticizing related theories of the major premises,in order to satisfy the judges' demands in the real trial,this article aims at exploring a more reasonable and more practical academic road in a new point of view. The first part of this article is to investigate the origin of the problem about the major premise's constructing of the legal logic.First of all,from the basic object of the research in the legal logic study,this article expatiates on the object of the research and the realical developing situation of the legal logic,and furthermore,discusses the objects of the legal logic research which are full of disputes presently and affirms the research value of the major premise in the range of the modern legal logic area.Secondly,in view of the above conclusions,this article will give a demonstration both from the aspect of the necessity and the aspect of the possibility of the major premise's constructing.The necessity of the major premise's constructing is the result of the limitation of the related argumentation theories about the major premise's constructing,as well as the urgent requirement of the judical practice.The major premise's constructing has the possibility because that our judges have their own free discretions on the cases in the reality and related theories have been supported in the theory area. The second part of this article aims to expatiate and analyze the argumentation theory related the major premise,and meanwhile,present a more reasonable theory avenue of the major premise that is inverted measurement of the conclusion.This section gives a valuation of the three main major premises which are on behalf of different directions and have huge impact on academia.Karl·Larenz's constructing theory of the major premise gives a detailed analysis of various situations existed in the major premise's construction.For different situations,this theory provides some simple methods and criteria,and clearly builds up the order of hierarchy among various constructing methods.But there is a shortage of the more concrete rules which hinder the applicable effect of this methodology in the judicial practice. Robert Alexy's construction theory of the major premise is based on the theory of procedural legal argumentation in which the calculation system of modern logic is full used and the rigorous speciality of this theory is deeply exhibited.But because of overrational,this theory encounters embarrassment in the process of legal major premise's construction with the core of its content.Having the background of philosophical interpretation study,legal interpretation which emphasizes the importance of the interpretation which is made by the judges themshelves puts forward main body's quality which is about the judge should be the main body of legal interpretation.But there is a deep self conflict which creats hardness in the judicial trial practice. Facing defects of the above various theories,this article introduces the related elements of the theory of pragmatism and puts forward the theory approach of the measurement of conclusion's inversion.This theory approach possesses the signs of diversity and openness, the criteria of relative reason,the aims of practice and the characters that suit is set up on the effectiveness of trial result.Insisting on the argumentation's criteria is the result of overcoming the problem of "Munchhausen difficulties" which is about if it can resolve the conflicts effectively,there is no necessary to seek the truth thoroughly.There is the problem of over difficult and lack of practice in the current theories.To solve this problem,this article wants to use a more practice method named "civilian style" philosophy spirit.The effectiveness of the trial result which is about we should compare for the final results caused by the conflict between the various theories and the principles is reflected to us.Choose argumentation criterion whatever it can solve the disputes and realize the equal trial of the case. The third part of this article is about the specific application of the measurement of conclusion's inversion in the judicial practice.This part chooses some representative civil cases,criminal cases and marriage cases,compares applications in the other cases,presents the conerete applicable methods of the measurement of conclusion's inversion,and finally, demonstrates the feasibility in its judicial practice. The measurement of conclusion's inversion adopts the practical effectiveness of law as its basical measurement criteria.Depending on the different effectiveness,judge decides which kind of rules should be used.Its advantage lies in:firstly,there is clear measurement criteria but no complicated and deep theory so that it can be seasily mastered and applied by our judicial practice;secondly,both of parties can get satisfactory effects and it is useful for the society and judicial construction's harmonious;thirdly,the court procedures can be strimed to avoid unnecessary judicial proceedings and save the judicial resources.However, the measurement of conclusion's inversion can not completely replace the major premise.It is not yet a universal theory approach.It can't destroy the balance of the entire judicial system for seeking the outcome of cases' and it can't neglect the further consequence that is the pursuit for the rule of law for achieving the best short-term effect of cases'. The study pays its attention to the premise of the theoretical framework,and it takes the judicial precedents to analysis and to testify the hypothesis,and eventually,it intends to solve the practical problems.The basic idea of the study is to reconstruct the theoretical framework, and it starts from the practical and theoretical potentiality,and proposes the theoretical framework.The study also critically takes the experiences of many methodologies conducted by many different scholars in various countries into consideration,based on the experiences, the study talks about the purpose and the drawbacks of the theoretical framework.The theoretical framework intends to borrow the research method from the west,and then,it is designed to solve the theoretical drawbacks and realize its purpose.The study takes the judicial precedents as a case study to testify the potentiality and possibility of the theoretical framework of the present study.The study criticizes the drawbacks of pragmatism and borrows its feasible points to reconstruct the theory,and eventually solve its theoretical dilemma at present,which is also the innovative point of the present study.On the other hand, the study also takes the judicial precedents to conduct a case study,which is a pragmatic case study.This goes beyond the drawback in legal research,which only takes the logic but the pragmatic in legal research.
  • dc.subject.discipline
  • D90-051
  • dc.date.issued
  • 2009-04-10
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