论案件事实认定与证据运用

On Fact-finding in the Court and Evidence

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作者:

陈家旭

导师:

卢景德

学位:

硕士

语种:

中文

关键词:

事实;案件事实;事实认定;证据;推理;真实性

摘要:

“以事实为依据”是我国司法裁判的准则,然而事实并不能自动地摆在裁判者面前,必须借助一定的手段,这个手段就是证据。在已经过去的现实生活中的司法裁判说明了事实与证据之间的联系,尤其在现代诉讼中,证据已经成为事实的基础。从“以事实为依据”到“以证据为基础”的转变见证了证据在事实认定中功能的彰显,而用证据说话的司法模式迫切要求我们对证据与事实认定的影响路径做出清楚的分析。本文正是以证据运用和案件事实认定为研究对象,将整个案件事实的认定视为一个推理的过程,在对案件事实和证据进行界定的基础上,对裁判者认定案件事实的逻辑方法做了尽可能的阐述,并揭示了案件事实的认定具有相对性,作为裁判依据的案件事实是裁判者依据法律在证据评价的基础上对事实的重构,希望对司法实践中裁判者认定案件事实起到一定的参考作用。 论文正文共分为四个部分: 第一部分探讨案件事实认定及相关概念的界定。在对“事实”内涵做出探讨的基础上,遵循事实进入诉讼程序的路径,笔者将事实分为三个层面:生活事实、法律事实以及案件事实。并将案件事实界定为,由法律所规定的,通过诉讼主体的证明活动,由法官遵循法定程序对案件实际情况做出的断定。最后对案件事实认定和诉讼证明活动做出区分,提出证明是为认定服务的,案件事实认定是在诉讼证明基础上的认定。 第二部分探讨作为案件事实认定依据的证据。首先从静态方面对诉讼视野中证据的相关原理做出阐述。在现代诉讼制度中,证据裁判已经成为一个公认的原则,以证据作为探知事实的手段已经作为证据法学的基础理论确定下来。但是,并非所有的事实认定都需要证据,证据裁判原则存在三个例外:司法认知、自认和事实推定。鉴于证据一词定义上的混乱,为避免陷入概念之争,笔者仅根据证据运用的不同阶段和不同场合,将其区分为作为“证明材料”的证据和作为“定案依据”的证据,并对作为“定案依据”的证据的形成展开动态分析。证据材料必须经过法庭调查、质证等环节,经查证在法官心中确信为真实之后方能最终转化为作为定案依据的证据。这一查证过程,就是对证据的审核认定,具体表现为对证据客观性、关联性、合法性的认定。证据确定了,就可以进行下一步的工作,即对案件事实的推理。 第三部分探讨证据在案件事实认定中的具体运用,即案件事实认定中的推理。在事实认定过程中,裁判者的认定往往表现为一种径直从已知事实“跳跃”到未知事实的推理过程。裁判者不自觉地使用着自己头脑中预先储备的经验知识,并以其作为推理的大前提将未知事实与已知事实衔接了起来。因此,裁判者在运用证据进行事实认定时由已知到未知的推理过程几乎都可以还原简化为一个包括大前提、小前提和结论的三段论的演绎推理的形式。从这个角度上看,如果某个推理过程在逻辑结构上是正确的,其前提又足够令人信服,则这个推理过程就能够被用来支持某个结论。笔者首先探讨个别事实认定中的推理,根据推理方向的不同,将其分为“认证推理”和“否证推理”。接着指出事实的整体认定并不是对若干个别事实的简单相加,而是要对全部证据有全方位的认定,重点探讨了在直接证据缺失的情况下,运用间接证据组成的证据体系独立认定案件事实的推理。 第四部分在前文论述的基础上,探讨案件事实认定的结果。从应然和理想的角度来讲,案件事实应当达到客观真实的程度,即作为认定结论的案件事实与实际发生的案件的真实情况达到同一。然而,实际上,事实认定是个复杂、困难的过程,受到证据、法官个人能力及法律规范等多种主客观因素和价值判断的影响,最终认定的案件事实是法官依照法定程序,对证据进行审查、判断、分析、推理所得出的事实论断,其真实性是有限的。只能达到“法律真实”。

学科:

诉讼法学

提交日期

2018-01-11

引用参考

陈家旭. 论案件事实认定与证据运用[D]. 西南政法大学,2009.

全文附件授权许可

知识共享许可协议-署名

  • dc.title
  • 论案件事实认定与证据运用
  • dc.title
  • On Fact-finding in the Court and Evidence
  • dc.contributor.schoolno
  • 20060301211150
  • dc.contributor.author
  • 陈家旭
  • dc.contributor.degree
  • 硕士
  • dc.contributor.degreeConferringInstitution
  • 西南政法大学
  • dc.identifier.year
  • 2009
  • dc.contributor.advisor
  • 卢景德
  • dc.language.iso
  • 中文
  • dc.subject
  • 事实;;案件事实;;事实认定;;证据;;推理;;真实性
  • dc.subject
  • Fact;; Fact of a Case;; Fact-finding;; Evidence;; Reasoning;; Truth
  • dc.description.abstract
  • “以事实为依据”是我国司法裁判的准则,然而事实并不能自动地摆在裁判者面前,必须借助一定的手段,这个手段就是证据。在已经过去的现实生活中的司法裁判说明了事实与证据之间的联系,尤其在现代诉讼中,证据已经成为事实的基础。从“以事实为依据”到“以证据为基础”的转变见证了证据在事实认定中功能的彰显,而用证据说话的司法模式迫切要求我们对证据与事实认定的影响路径做出清楚的分析。本文正是以证据运用和案件事实认定为研究对象,将整个案件事实的认定视为一个推理的过程,在对案件事实和证据进行界定的基础上,对裁判者认定案件事实的逻辑方法做了尽可能的阐述,并揭示了案件事实的认定具有相对性,作为裁判依据的案件事实是裁判者依据法律在证据评价的基础上对事实的重构,希望对司法实践中裁判者认定案件事实起到一定的参考作用。 论文正文共分为四个部分: 第一部分探讨案件事实认定及相关概念的界定。在对“事实”内涵做出探讨的基础上,遵循事实进入诉讼程序的路径,笔者将事实分为三个层面:生活事实、法律事实以及案件事实。并将案件事实界定为,由法律所规定的,通过诉讼主体的证明活动,由法官遵循法定程序对案件实际情况做出的断定。最后对案件事实认定和诉讼证明活动做出区分,提出证明是为认定服务的,案件事实认定是在诉讼证明基础上的认定。 第二部分探讨作为案件事实认定依据的证据。首先从静态方面对诉讼视野中证据的相关原理做出阐述。在现代诉讼制度中,证据裁判已经成为一个公认的原则,以证据作为探知事实的手段已经作为证据法学的基础理论确定下来。但是,并非所有的事实认定都需要证据,证据裁判原则存在三个例外:司法认知、自认和事实推定。鉴于证据一词定义上的混乱,为避免陷入概念之争,笔者仅根据证据运用的不同阶段和不同场合,将其区分为作为“证明材料”的证据和作为“定案依据”的证据,并对作为“定案依据”的证据的形成展开动态分析。证据材料必须经过法庭调查、质证等环节,经查证在法官心中确信为真实之后方能最终转化为作为定案依据的证据。这一查证过程,就是对证据的审核认定,具体表现为对证据客观性、关联性、合法性的认定。证据确定了,就可以进行下一步的工作,即对案件事实的推理。 第三部分探讨证据在案件事实认定中的具体运用,即案件事实认定中的推理。在事实认定过程中,裁判者的认定往往表现为一种径直从已知事实“跳跃”到未知事实的推理过程。裁判者不自觉地使用着自己头脑中预先储备的经验知识,并以其作为推理的大前提将未知事实与已知事实衔接了起来。因此,裁判者在运用证据进行事实认定时由已知到未知的推理过程几乎都可以还原简化为一个包括大前提、小前提和结论的三段论的演绎推理的形式。从这个角度上看,如果某个推理过程在逻辑结构上是正确的,其前提又足够令人信服,则这个推理过程就能够被用来支持某个结论。笔者首先探讨个别事实认定中的推理,根据推理方向的不同,将其分为“认证推理”和“否证推理”。接着指出事实的整体认定并不是对若干个别事实的简单相加,而是要对全部证据有全方位的认定,重点探讨了在直接证据缺失的情况下,运用间接证据组成的证据体系独立认定案件事实的推理。 第四部分在前文论述的基础上,探讨案件事实认定的结果。从应然和理想的角度来讲,案件事实应当达到客观真实的程度,即作为认定结论的案件事实与实际发生的案件的真实情况达到同一。然而,实际上,事实认定是个复杂、困难的过程,受到证据、法官个人能力及法律规范等多种主客观因素和价值判断的影响,最终认定的案件事实是法官依照法定程序,对证据进行审查、判断、分析、推理所得出的事实论断,其真实性是有限的。只能达到“法律真实”。
  • dc.description.abstract
  • "Fact-based" is the criteria for the administration of justice in our country, but the fact does not automatically appear on the front, we must use some means-the evidence. The administration of justice in the real life had shown the link between the evidence and fact, especially in modern litigation, the evidence has become the foundation of fact. The change from the "fact-based" to "evidence-based" has witnessed the changes of the evidence's function in fact-finding in the court,and the speaking with evidence mode of judicial urgently requests us to make clear analysis of the path that how the evidence influnces fact-fining. On the study of the use of evidence in fact-finding in the court, this article will identify the entire fact-finding as a reasoning process, describe the logic ways that the judge uses in fact-finding as much as possible on the base of definition of the evidence and fact of the case, then reveal the relativeness of fact-finding, refer that the fact of the case which the judge is based on actually is the reconstruction of the fact on the basis of evidence according to the law, hoping these discussion would play a role in judicial practice. Besides the preface, this thesis is divided into four parts: Part one analyzes the definition of the fact-finding in the court and other related concepts. This part starts from fact, the fact is divided into three levels: the living fact, the legal fact and the case fact, followed by the path which the fact come into litigation procedure. From the viewpoint of the author, the "case fact" should be defined as the judge's conclusion on the physical truth, which is made on the proof of the subject of litigation through litigation procedure. Fact-finding is different from litigation proof, proof gives service to fact-finding, and fact-finding is based on litigation proof. The second part is to analyze the evidence as the basis of fact-finding. First, explain the relative principium about the evidence in litigation by static perspective. In modern litigation system, the principle of evidentiary adjudication has become a recognized principle of the theorem, using evidence to find out the truth has been seen as the basic theory of law of evidence. But, not all the fact-finding need evidence. There are three exceptions to the principle of evidentiary adjudication: admission of facts, judicial cognition and the presumption of truth. In view of confusion on the definition of the evidence, to avoid plunging into struggle of concept, the writer devides the evidence into "evidence as probative stuff" and "evidence as verdict basis" in accordance with the different stages and occasions in evidence using, then dynamiclly anylyzes the formation of the "evidence as verdict basis". The "evidence as probative stuff" would be transformed to the "evidence as verdict basis" only if it is verified to be trusted by the judge through the cross-examination in the court. This verification process, the review and verification of the evidence, specifically manifests tobe the judge on the legitimacy, objectivity, relevance of the evidence. With evidence confirmed, the next step is reasoning to the facts of the case. Part three discusses the concrete application of the evidence in fact-finding. In the process of fact-finding, the finding activity always represents to be a reasoning process from the known fact to the unknown fact. In this reasoning process, the judge link up the known and unknown facts by using the experiential knowledge reserved in advance as the major premise of the reasoning. Therefore, all of the reasoning process can almost simplified to be a form of a syllogism which includes a major premise, a minor premise and a conclusion. On this point, if the logic structure of one reasoning is correct, and the premises are trustful, then the reasoning could be used to support the conclusion. First, the writer discuss the reasoning of single fact, divides it into "attestative reasoning" and "negative reasoning". Then point out that the finding of the whole fact is not only the simple sum of individual facts, but also the roudly evaluationg on all evidences, especially explains the reasoning of indirect evidence in lack of direct evidence. Part four mainly talks about the result of fact-finding. Ideally, the fact found in the court should be objectively true, which means the fact should be exactly the same as what had actually happened in the past. Therefore, actually, the fact-finding process which is influced by A variety of objective and subjective factors such as the evidence, The capacity of individual judges and legal norms, is quite a complex, difficult process. The fact which is finally found is judgement that made on the verification, analysis and reasoning of the evidence , could only be "legal true".
  • dc.subject.discipline
  • D915.13
  • dc.date.issued
  • 2009-04-10
  • dc.date.oralDefense
  • 2009-06-01
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