法治视野下的刑事搜查制度研究

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归属院系：

法学院

作者：

刘继雁

导师：

冯涛

导师单位：

西南政法大学

学位：

硕士

语种：

中文

关键词：

刑事搜查;无证搜查;司法审查;司法令状主义;非法证据排除规则

摘要：

在刑事诉讼活动中,搜查是一种重要的侦查手段,对查获犯罪嫌疑人、获取犯罪证据起到了重要的作用。但同时,搜查不仅可能对犯罪嫌疑人、被告人的人身、财产、隐私造成侵犯,还有可能侵犯案外人的财产权和隐私权。现代法治社会中,各国不仅在刑事诉讼法中规定搜查的运行程序,而且一些法治国家还将其上升到宪法的高度,对这种可能严重侵犯公民基本人权的国家权力进行严格限制,力求在侦查权力与个人权利之间保持适当平衡。我国现行《刑事诉讼法》第109条至113条共5个条文对搜查作了专节规定,内容涉及搜查的主体、目的、对象,被搜查单位、个人的配合义务,搜查时的见证、搜查笔录的制作等。但由于特殊的政治哲学和诉讼理念,我国长期以来对控制犯罪的目标孜孜以求,人权保障价值却没有得到足够重视。由此导致我国现行搜查制度立法过于粗疏,缺乏一些重要制度的规定;搜查的决定权和执行权合二为一,缺乏司法权的制约;搜查程序缺乏必要的限制,程序的自治性和独立性不足;缺乏对非法搜查行为的救济措施等。这种搜查模式既不利于惩罚犯罪目的的实现,更不利于人权保障功能的发挥。随着我国刑事诉讼模式和刑事诉讼价值理念的转变,以犯罪控制为价值目标的侦查制度逐渐向兼顾人权保障转变,修正现行搜查制度势在必行,这也是建设尊重和保障人权的法治国家的内在要求。如何借鉴法治国家成熟的刑事搜查基本理论,结合中国国情,完善我国刑事搜查制度,也就成为中国刑事搜查制度改革必须面对的重要课题。 本文拟从搜查制度概述入手,通过对主要法治国家和我国台湾地区的搜查制度立法和实务状况进行比较考察,从法治的角度来研究搜查的基本理论和搜查程序的合理运行,总结出正当搜查制度的最低限度要求,分析我国搜查制度的现状和问题,并对完善符合我国观实国情的正当性的搜查制度进行思考与建构,以期为我国刑事搜查制度的改革与发展提供一些有益的参考。 本文共五个部分,正文约三万五千字。 文章在引言部分简要介绍了本文的理论前提及写作目的。文章认为,刑事搜查作为一种侦查手段,具有存在的必要性和正当性,但同样也会对公民的基本权利造成侵犯,因此需要受到法律的严格规制。文章简要交代了写作的思路,指出搜查权缺少制约是我国现有刑事搜查制度存在问题的根源所在,应以制约刑事搜查权为重点对其进行系统的改进。 本文第一部主要是对刑事搜查制度作概括性述评。首先阐明我国搜查制度的源流,指出我国古代典籍中虽有与搜查近似的概念,但我国现代搜查制度的产生与封建制度的瓦解、权利观念和人权思想的出现有着直接的关系,将搜查作为一种司法制度加以规定是清末立法者向西方学习的结果。其次论述搜查的传统涵义和内涵发展,指出法律对于搜查的概念,应随着科技的日新月异而稍作调整。然后文章归纳了搜查的三个特征:搜查行为具有强制性,搜查程序具有法定性,搜查结果具有双重性;接着对搜查行为从不同角度、按不同标准进行了划分;最后论述了搜查程序授权和限权的双重功能。 本文第二部分是搜查制度的比较法考察,考察美、英、德、法、日、意等主要法治国家和我国台湾地区的搜查制度,从搜查启动程序、搜查执行程序和搜查的救济程序等方面比较分析了搜查制度的具体运行。 本文第三部分在具体制度考察分析的基础上,归纳了正当性搜查程序所具有的几大原则:令状主义原则、比例性原则、特定性原则、程序法定原则、人权保障原则,指出无论是何种诉讼模式或法律制度的国家都普遍认为追求事实真相的诉讼目的不能是刑事诉讼唯一的、绝对的和毫无限制的价值,它应该受到保护公民基本权利等价值的限制,法律的制定应给这些价值的平衡留有空间。 本文第四部分首先介绍了我国的搜查制度现状,然后指出了我国搜查制度所存在的几大缺陷:搜查决定权与执行权集中,缺乏中立司法权的审查;搜查程序轻易启动,缺乏应有的证明标准;搜查证不符合“特定性”要求,违法搜查严重;执行程序粗陋,程序自治性和独立性不足;无证搜查语意不清,范围模糊,缺乏相应的制约机制;对搜查相对人的救济途经不畅。从总体上来看,我国现行搜查制度既不能在有效查控犯罪,获取证据和查获犯罪人方面发挥应有效用,在人权保障方面更是存在重大缺陷,不符合法治化的要求。 本文第五部分提出了完善我国搜查制度的构想。通过对搜查制度的理论基础、各国家和地区的比较法考察以及评析我国现行搜查制度缺陷的基础上,对整个搜查制度的改革与构建作了详细论述。主要思路是:以制约搜查权为切入点,通过构建对搜查程序的司法审查机制,以审查机关的权力制约搜查权;明确搜查的实质条件,严格搜查的启动程序,强化搜查证的特定性要求,完善搜查的程序规则,以程序制约搜查权;明确非法搜查获取证据的效力,完善非法搜查的救济途径,以被搜查人的权利制约搜查权。同时,为了满足警察对社会公共安全和秩序维护的需求,引入同意搜查制度,完善附带搜查和紧急搜查制度,兼顾侦查效率与人权保障。

学科：

诉讼法学

提交日期：

2018-01-11

引用参考：

刘继雁. 法治视野下的刑事搜查制度研究[D]. 西南政法大学,2008.

全文附件授权许可：

知识共享许可协议-署名

  • dc.title
  • 法治视野下的刑事搜查制度研究
  • dc.contributor.schoolno
  • 20051276
  • dc.contributor.author
  • 刘继雁
  • dc.contributor.degree
  • 硕士
  • dc.contributor.degreeConferringInstitution
  • 西南政法大学
  • dc.identifier.year
  • 2008
  • dc.contributor.advisor
  • 冯涛
  • dc.contributor.advisorAffiliation
  • 西南政法大学
  • dc.language.iso
  • 中文
  • dc.subject
  • 刑事搜查;;无证搜查;;司法审查;;司法令状主义;;非法证据排除规则
  • dc.subject
  • Criminal search;; Search without warranty;; Judicial review;; Judicial writ doctrine;; Exclusionary rule of illegal proof
  • dc.description.abstract
  • 在刑事诉讼活动中,搜查是一种重要的侦查手段,对查获犯罪嫌疑人、获取犯罪证据起到了重要的作用。但同时,搜查不仅可能对犯罪嫌疑人、被告人的人身、财产、隐私造成侵犯,还有可能侵犯案外人的财产权和隐私权。现代法治社会中,各国不仅在刑事诉讼法中规定搜查的运行程序,而且一些法治国家还将其上升到宪法的高度,对这种可能严重侵犯公民基本人权的国家权力进行严格限制,力求在侦查权力与个人权利之间保持适当平衡。我国现行《刑事诉讼法》第109条至113条共5个条文对搜查作了专节规定,内容涉及搜查的主体、目的、对象,被搜查单位、个人的配合义务,搜查时的见证、搜查笔录的制作等。但由于特殊的政治哲学和诉讼理念,我国长期以来对控制犯罪的目标孜孜以求,人权保障价值却没有得到足够重视。由此导致我国现行搜查制度立法过于粗疏,缺乏一些重要制度的规定;搜查的决定权和执行权合二为一,缺乏司法权的制约;搜查程序缺乏必要的限制,程序的自治性和独立性不足;缺乏对非法搜查行为的救济措施等。这种搜查模式既不利于惩罚犯罪目的的实现,更不利于人权保障功能的发挥。随着我国刑事诉讼模式和刑事诉讼价值理念的转变,以犯罪控制为价值目标的侦查制度逐渐向兼顾人权保障转变,修正现行搜查制度势在必行,这也是建设尊重和保障人权的法治国家的内在要求。如何借鉴法治国家成熟的刑事搜查基本理论,结合中国国情,完善我国刑事搜查制度,也就成为中国刑事搜查制度改革必须面对的重要课题。 本文拟从搜查制度概述入手,通过对主要法治国家和我国台湾地区的搜查制度立法和实务状况进行比较考察,从法治的角度来研究搜查的基本理论和搜查程序的合理运行,总结出正当搜查制度的最低限度要求,分析我国搜查制度的现状和问题,并对完善符合我国观实国情的正当性的搜查制度进行思考与建构,以期为我国刑事搜查制度的改革与发展提供一些有益的参考。 本文共五个部分,正文约三万五千字。 文章在引言部分简要介绍了本文的理论前提及写作目的。文章认为,刑事搜查作为一种侦查手段,具有存在的必要性和正当性,但同样也会对公民的基本权利造成侵犯,因此需要受到法律的严格规制。文章简要交代了写作的思路,指出搜查权缺少制约是我国现有刑事搜查制度存在问题的根源所在,应以制约刑事搜查权为重点对其进行系统的改进。 本文第一部主要是对刑事搜查制度作概括性述评。首先阐明我国搜查制度的源流,指出我国古代典籍中虽有与搜查近似的概念,但我国现代搜查制度的产生与封建制度的瓦解、权利观念和人权思想的出现有着直接的关系,将搜查作为一种司法制度加以规定是清末立法者向西方学习的结果。其次论述搜查的传统涵义和内涵发展,指出法律对于搜查的概念,应随着科技的日新月异而稍作调整。然后文章归纳了搜查的三个特征:搜查行为具有强制性,搜查程序具有法定性,搜查结果具有双重性;接着对搜查行为从不同角度、按不同标准进行了划分;最后论述了搜查程序授权和限权的双重功能。 本文第二部分是搜查制度的比较法考察,考察美、英、德、法、日、意等主要法治国家和我国台湾地区的搜查制度,从搜查启动程序、搜查执行程序和搜查的救济程序等方面比较分析了搜查制度的具体运行。 本文第三部分在具体制度考察分析的基础上,归纳了正当性搜查程序所具有的几大原则:令状主义原则、比例性原则、特定性原则、程序法定原则、人权保障原则,指出无论是何种诉讼模式或法律制度的国家都普遍认为追求事实真相的诉讼目的不能是刑事诉讼唯一的、绝对的和毫无限制的价值,它应该受到保护公民基本权利等价值的限制,法律的制定应给这些价值的平衡留有空间。 本文第四部分首先介绍了我国的搜查制度现状,然后指出了我国搜查制度所存在的几大缺陷:搜查决定权与执行权集中,缺乏中立司法权的审查;搜查程序轻易启动,缺乏应有的证明标准;搜查证不符合“特定性”要求,违法搜查严重;执行程序粗陋,程序自治性和独立性不足;无证搜查语意不清,范围模糊,缺乏相应的制约机制;对搜查相对人的救济途经不畅。从总体上来看,我国现行搜查制度既不能在有效查控犯罪,获取证据和查获犯罪人方面发挥应有效用,在人权保障方面更是存在重大缺陷,不符合法治化的要求。 本文第五部分提出了完善我国搜查制度的构想。通过对搜查制度的理论基础、各国家和地区的比较法考察以及评析我国现行搜查制度缺陷的基础上,对整个搜查制度的改革与构建作了详细论述。主要思路是:以制约搜查权为切入点,通过构建对搜查程序的司法审查机制,以审查机关的权力制约搜查权;明确搜查的实质条件,严格搜查的启动程序,强化搜查证的特定性要求,完善搜查的程序规则,以程序制约搜查权;明确非法搜查获取证据的效力,完善非法搜查的救济途径,以被搜查人的权利制约搜查权。同时,为了满足警察对社会公共安全和秩序维护的需求,引入同意搜查制度,完善附带搜查和紧急搜查制度,兼顾侦查效率与人权保障。
  • dc.description.abstract
  • In criminal procedure, the criminal search is one of the important investigation measures for finding out suspects and collectting crime evidence. But as a coin have two sides, it's easily abused. This would not only cause great damage to the rights of criminal suspects, but also infringe the fundamental rights of other citizens. For these reasons, those law developed countries and rigions have set up strict rules on the criminal search, such as rules of the initiation, process of search and the legal consequence of the illegal criminal search, some countries even rose to the height of the Constitution. Looking through the criminal search of China, we can find that the current system is too summary and lacking of some important rules. In addition, the current system lacks the necessary restrictive rules for the activity of criminal search. Thus, it is inevitable that the criminal search will be abused and the rights of the citizens' be seriously injured. Therefore, it's an important problem how to perfect China's criminal search rules combining with China's situation. With the means of comparative research, this thesis investegates the system of search in the main law developed countries and regions and sums up the general principles, then the thesis analysies the current system of search in our country and finally points out the main defects and proposes some suggestions to set up a scientific and resonable system of search. This thesis amounts to about 35,000 words, including five parts. In the introduction, the article briefly introduced the theoretical premise of this thesis and the writing purposes. The article maintains that, as a criminal investigation to find criminal evidence and to seize the suspects, the search is necessary and justify, but it also infringes the rights of the suspects and others. So the search needs to be strict regulaed. The article points out that lacking of constraints is the source of the problem existing in our criminal search system , we should focuse on restricting the power of criminal search to improve it. The first part is the general theory of criminal search. Firstly the thesis clarify the origins of China's search system. There are concepts similar to search in ancient books, but our modern search system has a direct relationship with the collapse of the feudal system, the concept of human rights. The search as a justice system is the result of studying from the western by the Qing dynasty legislators. Secondly the author elaborates the traditional meanings and connotations of development of the concept of search, and pointed out that the legal concept of the search shoud make a slight adjustment with the rapid growth of technology. The article then summarized three characteristics of the search: search behavior is mandatory, search procedures is statutory, the result of the search is duality. The search can be categorized into many classifications according to different norms. At last the thesis discourses the functions of search procedureon which including authorization function and limited function. In chapter two, by looking through the criminal search systems of America, Britain, Germany, France, Italy, Japan and TaiWan, the author investegates the system of search in those law developed countries and rigions in the following aspects: the grounds to initiate the criminal search, the range of the object for the criminal search, the distribution of power, the procedure rules for criminal search, illegal search and evidence-forbidden. In part three, the thesis sums up the essential principles of due process of criminal search. The essential principles should include judicial writ doctrine, proprtion principle, principle of deciding procedure by law and principle of safeguarding citizens' basic rights, which embody the basic spiritual belief of the search in modern criminal litigation. In part four, the author analyzed the short comings and main problems of China's criminal search system. By comparison with the legislation practice of the law developed countries and regions in the world, the thesis pointed out that the defect of our system searches mainly lies in: lacking of neutrality judicial review in search; the standard of proof in search is rather low which can't protect the citizen properly; the search warrant do not comply with a "specific" requirements; the enforcement procedures is humble, lacking of autonomy and independence; the warrantless search lacks of a mechanism of check and balance; ignoring the safeguard of citizens' basic right in legislation ortentation; and last laws and regulations can not meet practical needs effectively. In general, China's current system can not work effectivily in detecting crime, accessing evidence and finding the suspects. It is a major defect in the protection human rights which is not in line with the requirements of the rule of law. In part five, The part is the perfection of search system in our country. On the base of above analysis, the author claims that the criminal search system of our country should be perfected from following aspects. Firstly, we must change the legislation orientation and really take respection and safeguarding human rights into consideration. Secondly, we should pefect the regulations about the principles of search, perfection of starting search procedure, discussing it mainly from defining the reason, adopting writ doctrine, restricting search time ,subdividing the regulation about body search, ordaining different conditions according to different object, undertaking to keeping secret and judicial review for search. The third, it is necessary to establish perfect supervisory mechanism for search at the present time. The fourth, discussing that the perfect remedy system for illegal search should be established in our country. We can do it from following three aspects: giving the officers substantive sanctions who carry out illegal search, perfecting state compensation system and establishing perfect exclusionary rules for illegal evidence. And last, we should reconstruct the Attached search, set up the system of Emergent Search independently, and add the system of Consent Search to reconstruct a search procedure which can not only ensure freedom and safety of the citizen but also realize the need of the criminal control.
  • dc.subject.discipline
  • D925.2
  • dc.date.issued
  • 2008-04-01
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