拒证权研究

传播影响力
本库下载频次:
本库浏览频次:
CNKI下载频次:0

作者:

谢国忠

导师:

冯涛

导师单位:

西南政法大学

学位:

硕士

语种:

中文

关键词:

刑事证人;证人作证;拒证权;价值平衡

摘要:

证据是法官裁判的基础,运用证据的过程也就是回溯、发现事实真相的过程。几乎所有的证据规则都是在尽可能地排除带有偏见的证据对发现真实的影响。为此,法治国家的法律普遍规定了证人的作证义务和违反义务的制裁措施,但同时也规定证人在符合法律规定的条件或情况下有权拒绝作证。这里我们不禁要问:为什么既要最大限度地发现真实,同时又赋予证人拒证权“阻碍”事实的发现?我国有没有拒证权制度?我国要不要赋予证人拒证权?我国的拒证权制度如何建构?带着这些问题,笔者拟从拒证权的内涵与特征入手,追溯拒证权的起源与发展,考察法治国家拒证权的不同规定,结合我国的实际情况,分析我国确立证人拒证权制度的必要性,进而就我国证人拒证权制度的建构提出自己的设想。 本文正文约三万字,分为四个部分: 第一部分是拒证权概述。在这部分内容中,笔者首先对拒证权的概念进行了界定。所谓拒证权,在刑事诉讼中是指公民在法律规定的情形或条件下可拒绝充当证人或对某些问题拒绝陈述的权利。然后分析了拒证权的特征,进而追根溯源,从中西方古代亲亲相隐传统开始,对拒证权的起源与发展的脉络作了梳理,在辨析有关拒证权性质的不同学说的基础上,指出拒证权从本质上讲是一种权利,证人可以行使也可以放弃。最后简要介绍了拒证权的内容,主要包括不被强迫自证其罪拒证权、亲属关系拒证权、职业秘密拒证权和公务秘密拒证权等。 第二部分分析了我国证人拒证权制度的现状、原因以及拒证权缺失的弊端。在文中,笔者首先对我国现行法律规定进行了分析,认为我国并没有真正意义上的拒证权制度。然后从历史和现实等方面分析了我国拒证权制度缺失的原因,主要有:第一,过于追求“发现真实”,第二,“国家本位”观念的影响,第三,对证人拒证权认识上的偏见,第四,经济社会发展状况的制约。最后,笔者对拒证权缺失已经或可能造成的弊端进行了分析,包括:可能导致和谐稳定的家庭关系受到冲击,部分证人证言在诉讼上的可采性值得怀疑,职业的信誉和发展将受到严重影响,可能导致公务秘密泄露和国家利益受损,可能侵害证人不被强迫自证其罪的基本人权。 第三部分论述了在我国确立证人拒证权制度的必要性。主要从以下六个方面阐释了我国确立证人拒证权制度的必要性:第一,构建和谐稳定社会关系的要求。毫无疑问,确立证人拒证权对稳定社会关系,推动我国社会主义和谐社会的建设具有重大意义。第二,保证证人证言可靠性的需要。由于证人与当事人有某种关系,可能影响其证言的真实性。强迫某些具有特定身份的证人作证,不但不利于发现真实,还会影响诉讼效率。第三,平衡利益冲突的需要。拒证权存在的一个基本理由就是为了保护那些社会认为比发现真实更为重要的价值,以在相互冲突的不同价值之间寻求一种平衡。第四,实现刑事诉讼双重价值目标的要求。刑事诉讼价值目标是惩罚犯罪和保障人权的统一,二者缺一不可。证人拒证权的确立,是对特定社会关系的维护,也是人权保障的重要体现。第五,提高证人出庭率的现实需要。明确享有拒证权的证人范围,可以使其他不符合拒绝作证条件的证人失去拒证的“借口”而必须出庭作证,从而有助于解决实践中证人出庭率低的问题。第六,推进审判方式改革、提高诉讼效益的需要。确立拒证权制度可以节约一定的诉讼成本,减少甚至避免作证所造成的不良后果和大量司法投入,提高司法效益,进而实现司法公正。 第四部分笔者在比较借鉴法治国家拒证权规定的基础上对我国证人拒证权制度的建构进行了详细论证。这是本文的重点。首先,明确了享有拒证权的主体范围,包括近亲属以及曾有过近亲属关系的人、监护人,律师、医生、公证人员,公务人员等,便于符合条件的证人行使拒证权。其次,阐述了证人拒证权的行使,包括拒证权的告知、申请、核准等,为证人享有和行使拒证权提供了程序上的保障。再次,指出了拒证权的例外情形,包括国家安全和社会公共利益的例外,利用拒证权策划犯罪的丧失拒证权,对与自己有亲属关系的人以外的共同犯罪人不得拒绝作证,涉及秘密的事项与本案有重大关系或已经公开的例外,与职业秘密有关的权利人同意的例外,公务人员主管机关同意的例外等。最后,阐述了证人不当拒证的法律后果,包括罚款、拘留、追究刑事责任等,以法律制裁措施为后盾防止证人不当拒绝作证。 笔者在本文结语部分呼吁,要以此次《刑事诉讼法》再修正为契机,在《刑事诉讼法》中对证人的拒证权做出明确规定,以实现刑事诉讼惩罚犯罪和保障人权之双重价值目标。

学科:

诉讼法学

提交日期

2018-01-11

引用参考

谢国忠. 拒证权研究[D]. 西南政法大学,2008.

全文附件授权许可

知识共享许可协议-署名

  • dc.title
  • 拒证权研究
  • dc.contributor.schoolno
  • 20051208
  • dc.contributor.author
  • 谢国忠
  • dc.contributor.degree
  • 硕士
  • dc.contributor.degreeConferringInstitution
  • 西南政法大学
  • dc.identifier.year
  • 2008
  • dc.contributor.advisor
  • 冯涛
  • dc.contributor.advisorAffiliation
  • 西南政法大学
  • dc.language.iso
  • 中文
  • dc.subject
  • 刑事证人;;证人作证;;拒证权;;价值平衡
  • dc.subject
  • Criminal witness;; Witness to give evidence;; Privilege;; Value-balanced
  • dc.description.abstract
  • 证据是法官裁判的基础,运用证据的过程也就是回溯、发现事实真相的过程。几乎所有的证据规则都是在尽可能地排除带有偏见的证据对发现真实的影响。为此,法治国家的法律普遍规定了证人的作证义务和违反义务的制裁措施,但同时也规定证人在符合法律规定的条件或情况下有权拒绝作证。这里我们不禁要问:为什么既要最大限度地发现真实,同时又赋予证人拒证权“阻碍”事实的发现?我国有没有拒证权制度?我国要不要赋予证人拒证权?我国的拒证权制度如何建构?带着这些问题,笔者拟从拒证权的内涵与特征入手,追溯拒证权的起源与发展,考察法治国家拒证权的不同规定,结合我国的实际情况,分析我国确立证人拒证权制度的必要性,进而就我国证人拒证权制度的建构提出自己的设想。 本文正文约三万字,分为四个部分: 第一部分是拒证权概述。在这部分内容中,笔者首先对拒证权的概念进行了界定。所谓拒证权,在刑事诉讼中是指公民在法律规定的情形或条件下可拒绝充当证人或对某些问题拒绝陈述的权利。然后分析了拒证权的特征,进而追根溯源,从中西方古代亲亲相隐传统开始,对拒证权的起源与发展的脉络作了梳理,在辨析有关拒证权性质的不同学说的基础上,指出拒证权从本质上讲是一种权利,证人可以行使也可以放弃。最后简要介绍了拒证权的内容,主要包括不被强迫自证其罪拒证权、亲属关系拒证权、职业秘密拒证权和公务秘密拒证权等。 第二部分分析了我国证人拒证权制度的现状、原因以及拒证权缺失的弊端。在文中,笔者首先对我国现行法律规定进行了分析,认为我国并没有真正意义上的拒证权制度。然后从历史和现实等方面分析了我国拒证权制度缺失的原因,主要有:第一,过于追求“发现真实”,第二,“国家本位”观念的影响,第三,对证人拒证权认识上的偏见,第四,经济社会发展状况的制约。最后,笔者对拒证权缺失已经或可能造成的弊端进行了分析,包括:可能导致和谐稳定的家庭关系受到冲击,部分证人证言在诉讼上的可采性值得怀疑,职业的信誉和发展将受到严重影响,可能导致公务秘密泄露和国家利益受损,可能侵害证人不被强迫自证其罪的基本人权。 第三部分论述了在我国确立证人拒证权制度的必要性。主要从以下六个方面阐释了我国确立证人拒证权制度的必要性:第一,构建和谐稳定社会关系的要求。毫无疑问,确立证人拒证权对稳定社会关系,推动我国社会主义和谐社会的建设具有重大意义。第二,保证证人证言可靠性的需要。由于证人与当事人有某种关系,可能影响其证言的真实性。强迫某些具有特定身份的证人作证,不但不利于发现真实,还会影响诉讼效率。第三,平衡利益冲突的需要。拒证权存在的一个基本理由就是为了保护那些社会认为比发现真实更为重要的价值,以在相互冲突的不同价值之间寻求一种平衡。第四,实现刑事诉讼双重价值目标的要求。刑事诉讼价值目标是惩罚犯罪和保障人权的统一,二者缺一不可。证人拒证权的确立,是对特定社会关系的维护,也是人权保障的重要体现。第五,提高证人出庭率的现实需要。明确享有拒证权的证人范围,可以使其他不符合拒绝作证条件的证人失去拒证的“借口”而必须出庭作证,从而有助于解决实践中证人出庭率低的问题。第六,推进审判方式改革、提高诉讼效益的需要。确立拒证权制度可以节约一定的诉讼成本,减少甚至避免作证所造成的不良后果和大量司法投入,提高司法效益,进而实现司法公正。 第四部分笔者在比较借鉴法治国家拒证权规定的基础上对我国证人拒证权制度的建构进行了详细论证。这是本文的重点。首先,明确了享有拒证权的主体范围,包括近亲属以及曾有过近亲属关系的人、监护人,律师、医生、公证人员,公务人员等,便于符合条件的证人行使拒证权。其次,阐述了证人拒证权的行使,包括拒证权的告知、申请、核准等,为证人享有和行使拒证权提供了程序上的保障。再次,指出了拒证权的例外情形,包括国家安全和社会公共利益的例外,利用拒证权策划犯罪的丧失拒证权,对与自己有亲属关系的人以外的共同犯罪人不得拒绝作证,涉及秘密的事项与本案有重大关系或已经公开的例外,与职业秘密有关的权利人同意的例外,公务人员主管机关同意的例外等。最后,阐述了证人不当拒证的法律后果,包括罚款、拘留、追究刑事责任等,以法律制裁措施为后盾防止证人不当拒绝作证。 笔者在本文结语部分呼吁,要以此次《刑事诉讼法》再修正为契机,在《刑事诉讼法》中对证人的拒证权做出明确规定,以实现刑事诉讼惩罚犯罪和保障人权之双重价值目标。
  • dc.description.abstract
  • The evidence is the basis of judgment, and the process of applying evidence is also a process of looking back to the truth. Almost all the evidence law gets rid of the prejudiced-witness as possible, because it will affect find out the truth. So, in the law-governed countries', it rules that the witness has the obligation to give evidence, and on the other hand, if he objects to do that, he will be punished. But at the same time, the law also rules that the witness has the right of refusing to give evidence in legal condition. Then someone will ask: why we need to find out the truth at most but give the privilege to "affect" to find out the truth? Do we have the law of privilege in our country? How does it construct? With these questions, the writer analyses the concept and the feature of the privilege, looking back its origin and development, referring to the rules about privilege in the law-governed countries, enforcing it into our country, analyzing the necessity of privilege in our country, and then states the conception of the construction of privilege in our country. The whole passage is about 30,000 words, which contains four parts: The first part is a brief instruction about privilege. In this part, first of all, the writer gives the concept of privilege: in the criminal procedure, privilege is the right of witness, who has the right of refusing to give evidence and as a witness in the condition of the law. Then the writer analyses the feature of privilege, looking back its origin, from the beginning of old times of oriental and western's relative-protect tradition, the writer analyses the origin and development, on the base of analyzing the feature of it in different thesis, then the writer demonstrates that privilege is a right by itself, witness can share it or give it up. Last, the writer introduces the content of privilege briefly, including privilege against self-incrimination, relative privilege, profession privilege and public interest immunity, and so on. The second part mainly analyses the state, cause and the defect of privilege in our country. First, the writer analyzing the present rules in our country, and then point out that there is no real privilege in our country. The writer analyses the shortcoming cause from the view of history and society. Last, the cause mainly includes: first, seeking for "inquiry into the truth" too much; second, the effect of "country-first" thought; third, the prejudiced awareness of the privilege; fourth, the confinement of the development of the economy and society. Last, the writer analyses the possible effect result of shortcoming of privilege. It includes it may effect the harmony relative relationship, the witness competency in the court doubtfully, the profession's sincerity and development will be affected, even cause the public interest and nation's interest be damaged, it can also damage the witness' basic human-right of privilege against self-incrimination. In the third part, the writer states the necessity of constructing the privilege in our country. It includes six parts: first, it is necessary of constructing harmony society relationship. Without doubt, privilege is very important to improve the society relationship and to impulse the construction of the socialism-harmony society. Second, it is a need to make sure the reality of the witness. Because the witness may has the relation with the accused, which may affect the reality of the witness. But if force the witness who has link with the case to give evidence, it is not only bad for discovering the fact, but also affect the effect of procedure. Third, it is the need of balancing the conflict of different interest. The basic reason that privilege existence is to protect the more important values than to find out the truth, which is to look for a balance between different conflict value. Fourth, it is a need to realize the double-value aims of criminal procedure. The aim of the criminal procedure is to punish the crime and protect the basic human-right, both of them are united. The aim of Privilege which is protects the society relationship, and the human right, too. Fifth, it is a reality need to improve the witness's presence rate. Through refine the scope of witness who has privilege, it can make the witness who has no real reason for refusing to give evidence, so it can resolve the low presence rate of witness. Sixth, it is a need of impulse the reform of judgment method, and improving the procedure effect. Privilege can reduce procedure price, reduce even avoid the passive result of the witness give evidence, and realize law justice. In the fourth part, the writer states the construction of privilege in detail on the base of analyzing the rules of the law-governed countries about privilege. It is the point of this passage. Firstly, the writer states the sphere of privilege, including the relatives and like-relatives, guardian, lawyer, doctor, public worker, and so on. This is beneficial for witness to obey the privilege. Secondly, it states the use of privilege, including inform, application, permission, and so on, it offers a procedure security for the witness to use and share the privilege. Thirdly, it states the exception of privilege, including the country's security and society's interest; someone who use the privilege to plan a crime will lose his privilege; someone who does not permit to refuse to give witness if he has no relation with the accused; if the case referring to the secret or have link with the case or have been published is an exception; having link with the profession-secret and the accused agrees; the public worker's chief department permit, and so on. Lastly, the writer states the result of the witness who refuses to give evidence but no real reason, which includes fire, refine freedom, seeking for the criminal responsibility, and so on, in order to avoid witness refusing to give evidence for no real reason, on the base of the passive result of the law. At the end of the passage, the writer calls for the whole society should give privilege a clear rule at the time of the reform of the criminal procedure, so that we can realize the double value aims: both punishing crimes and security the human rights.
  • dc.subject.discipline
  • D925.2
  • dc.date.issued
  • 2008-04-01
回到顶部