论弱者的尊严

On Dignity of the Weak

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归属学者:

周力 ; 周力

作者:

周力

导师:

付子堂

导师单位:

行政法学院(纪检监察学院)

学位:

博士

语种:

中文

关键词:

弱者;弱势群体;尊严;权利;能力

摘要:

无论何种形态的社会都有可能存在弱者群体,正视这一客观事实是制度得到合理设计和社会能够良性运行的前提。当前,“弱者”这一称谓有外延扩大、强弱对调的趋势,一些人群的“弱势心态”蔓延,似乎弱者不再仅仅是指那些经济水平低下或物质生活状态脆弱的人。与此同时,公众对尊严的需要更胜于权利,而社会弱者在这种需要上表现得尤为突出;尽管人的尊严已逐渐为各个国家的制度和法律所确认,但是各国在认知和重视程度上存在一定的差异。因此,弱者及其尊严问题需要认真审视。本文以弱者的尊严为题展开讨论,通过对三类传统弱者和三类边缘人群进行分析,重识弱者的特征,并且尝试在词义和观念两个层面来认识“人的尊严”,归纳其基本构成,在此基础上,分析弱者尊严容易遭受侵犯的根源,阐述其在现实中的具体状况,据此总结如何通过法律来维护弱者的尊严。如果把弱者作为一个相对概念来理解,可能存在“时空转换”、“场域转换”、“具体处境中的转换”、“规范与事实之间的转换”四种强弱对调,某一场景中的弱者可能成为另一场景中的强者。因此,不能由具体且单一的范畴作为标准来识别弱者,而应当提出更为综合的范畴。伦理学、政治学、经济学分别从善恶、利弊、效率的基点来论证弱者问题,社会学和法学则侧重于从现实条件、资源分配和权利的角度来关切弱者。概括而言,弱者之“弱"蕴含在能力、权利、尊严以及自然环境、社会状况和制度体系六个范畴之中,虽然这六个范畴之间的因果逻辑有待澄清,但可以认为,对弱者的判断并非是以“与他人相较”的相对标准,而是以人的内在素质的脆弱性和外在条件的风险性这样的绝对标准。三类传统的弱者和三类边缘人群的存在均表明了这一点。灾民、难民、贫困群体和特殊群体的主要特征是内在的能力或外在的政治、社会条件遭到一定程度的剥夺,从而造成了在自主行为上的不自由、在自然性资源和社会性资源占有上的不平等,难以达成有尊严的生活;少数群体、"LGBT"群体、“特定人群”的主要特征是遭受了歧视,这种精神上或心理上的排斥是一种区别对待,常常与受歧视者的实际活动并不相关,在国际人权文书中,对人的任何歧视行为均被认为侵犯了人的尊严。总的来说,人所具有的属性、生存的环境、现实的处境、占有的资源等构成了人的综合条件,对人的能力、权利、尊严、自然环境、社会状况、制度体系六个范畴的认识,可进而划分为人的内在素质(能力、权利、尊严)和外在条件(自然环境、社会状况、制度体系)两类,成为弱者认识中“经济困难——能力受限、权利贫困、尊严缺失——自然、社会和制度剥夺或歧视”模式。在此之中,每一个条件的变化,都可能影响到尊严的实现。“尊严”常被用在与人相关的语境之中,指代“人的尊严”,但与“人的尊严”又有所不同。就“尊严”的词义而言,无论中西,都表示尊贵威严,象征着崇高的身份或地位,是一种内在价值的自我认识或外在评价。其不仅用于人,也用于人以外的主体,标志着某些独特品质,具有这些品质的主体获得超越于其他不具这些品质的主体的较高等级,它是一个关涉程度的名词,反映了现实世界中各种主体的层次体系。与“尊严”不同,“人的尊严”只对人类整体使用,为每一个人所固有,是人至高无上的内在价值的外在表现,它不承认任何的程度差异,人人平等,是对层次体系的否定。从“尊严”到“人的尊严”的过程,凝聚着人对自身的反省,也昭示着人的地位的提升。从观念的角度来看,我国古代关于尊严的认识强调人因为身份、地位而拥有的尊贵,必须在道德上、义务上以一定的行为举止加以呈现。儒家重视君子人格,以仁义为核心原则,道家提倡回归人的本性,以无为为最高要求,墨家则强调兼爱互利,法家从法的角度提供了一种维护尊严的视角。人的尊严的获得,需要人努力实现自我完善,表现为人的德性尊严观。西方认识人的尊严有一条“斯多亚学派式——基督教式——康德哲学式”的线索,传统的尊严观强调人作为“类”,因为某种特质或能力而具有相对于自然万物的尊严,进而要求个人内在的自我克制和外在的自我表现,基本属于德性尊严观;现代的尊严观则突出人内在的、至高无上的价值和天赋权利的不可侵犯性,为个人主张权利及向国家、社会和其他个人提出权利要求提供了理论依据,可以归结为权利尊严观。“人的尊严”的整个演变历史是一个从依附到固有、从少数到普遍、从外在到内在、从偶然到必然、从观念到概念的过程。在当代,学者们普遍承认“固有的尊严”这一事实,着重关注“可以实现的尊严”,旨在发现人可能受到影响的各种内在、外在条件。人是能够自由地并负责任地自主决定的主体,具有参与各种关系和自我发展的能力,他不可替代而又有脆弱性,对于能够让人自由地、完全地成为人的条件和机会,拥有不移的权利。缺少了权利的支撑和保障,便不可能拥有人的尊严。实现人的尊严,在积极意义上,要维护自我;在消极意义上,要避免侮辱、亵渎、蔑视、侮辱和侵害。由于人的能力是人类物质生活的根本,尊严是人类精神生活的极致,因此,就要求在起码的社会共识之下,构建尊重人的能力、维护人的尊严的制度。但是,从一开始,对弱者的保护只看到了弱者在物质、身体方面的伤害,而忽略了心理情感方面。当社会发展到了一定水平,对弱者的保护仅仅停留在物质帮助层面还远远不够,更应当给予其情感支持,在经济状况与精神状态、生理与心理的双重维度上展开。在公共生活中,当弱者无法施展其能力、平等获得各种资源、融入社会关系,以及遭受制度产生的剥夺和忽略、经历人际中存在的伤害和冷漠,都可能使尊严无存。给予弱者扶助和尊重,不能当作是一种施舍和恩赐,帮助弱者就是帮助我们自己,促进整个社会的和谐发展。“人的尊严”的理念伴随着一些国家的人权制度架构而逐渐得到彰显,以《联合国宪章》和《世界人权宣言》的宣示而真正确立。尊严与权利共同构成人权不可分离的两个方面内容。从法律内容来看,弱者的尊严要求法律应至少保证人在基本生活条件、独立自主的人格和安全三个方面的内容,因为这是人最基本的需要,也是人的脆弱性所在。法律维护弱者的尊严,就是通过权利来保证人能过有意义的生活。当前,在适足生活水准权、公民的隐私权、受教育权、人格平等、人身自由等方面仍然存在保障不足,弱者问题不能仅仅通过“权利"而得到解决,对于公共生活中的人来说,保护弱者的权利与尊严,需要在国家法律中和社会生活里体现出人权的核心俭值——“尊严、自由、平等、友爱”。总的看来,维护弱者的尊严,应当提升尊严在宪法中的地位,确立人的尊严基础上的权利体系。处理好能力、权利、尊严和资源四者的平衡、缩小贫富差距、正确对待不同需求,减少贫富对立;纠正“以利为本”的态度,真正实现“以人为本”;以能力实现机会公平。为此,更重要的是,营造自尊与尊重他人的社会氛围,使每一个人的尊严都能够在国家和社会层面得以实现。

学科:

法学理论

提交日期

2018-01-11

引用参考

周力. 论弱者的尊严[D]. 西南政法大学,2014.

全文附件授权许可

知识共享许可协议-署名

  • dc.title
  • 论弱者的尊严
  • dc.title
  • On Dignity of the Weak
  • dc.contributor.schoolno
  • B2011030101002
  • dc.contributor.author
  • 周力
  • dc.contributor.affiliation
  • 行政法学院(纪检监察学院)
  • dc.contributor.degree
  • 博士
  • dc.contributor.childdegree
  • 法学博士
  • dc.contributor.degreeConferringInstitution
  • 西南政法大学
  • dc.identifier.year
  • 2014
  • dc.contributor.advisor
  • 付子堂
  • dc.contributor.advisorAffiliation
  • 行政法学院(纪检监察学院)
  • dc.language.iso
  • 中文
  • dc.subject
  • 弱者;弱势群体;尊严;权利;能力
  • dc.subject
  • the Weak;the Disadvantaged Group;Dignity;Rights
  • dc.description.abstract
  • 无论何种形态的社会都有可能存在弱者群体,正视这一客观事实是制度得到合理设计和社会能够良性运行的前提。当前,“弱者”这一称谓有外延扩大、强弱对调的趋势,一些人群的“弱势心态”蔓延,似乎弱者不再仅仅是指那些经济水平低下或物质生活状态脆弱的人。与此同时,公众对尊严的需要更胜于权利,而社会弱者在这种需要上表现得尤为突出;尽管人的尊严已逐渐为各个国家的制度和法律所确认,但是各国在认知和重视程度上存在一定的差异。因此,弱者及其尊严问题需要认真审视。本文以弱者的尊严为题展开讨论,通过对三类传统弱者和三类边缘人群进行分析,重识弱者的特征,并且尝试在词义和观念两个层面来认识“人的尊严”,归纳其基本构成,在此基础上,分析弱者尊严容易遭受侵犯的根源,阐述其在现实中的具体状况,据此总结如何通过法律来维护弱者的尊严。如果把弱者作为一个相对概念来理解,可能存在“时空转换”、“场域转换”、“具体处境中的转换”、“规范与事实之间的转换”四种强弱对调,某一场景中的弱者可能成为另一场景中的强者。因此,不能由具体且单一的范畴作为标准来识别弱者,而应当提出更为综合的范畴。伦理学、政治学、经济学分别从善恶、利弊、效率的基点来论证弱者问题,社会学和法学则侧重于从现实条件、资源分配和权利的角度来关切弱者。概括而言,弱者之“弱"蕴含在能力、权利、尊严以及自然环境、社会状况和制度体系六个范畴之中,虽然这六个范畴之间的因果逻辑有待澄清,但可以认为,对弱者的判断并非是以“与他人相较”的相对标准,而是以人的内在素质的脆弱性和外在条件的风险性这样的绝对标准。三类传统的弱者和三类边缘人群的存在均表明了这一点。灾民、难民、贫困群体和特殊群体的主要特征是内在的能力或外在的政治、社会条件遭到一定程度的剥夺,从而造成了在自主行为上的不自由、在自然性资源和社会性资源占有上的不平等,难以达成有尊严的生活;少数群体、"LGBT"群体、“特定人群”的主要特征是遭受了歧视,这种精神上或心理上的排斥是一种区别对待,常常与受歧视者的实际活动并不相关,在国际人权文书中,对人的任何歧视行为均被认为侵犯了人的尊严。总的来说,人所具有的属性、生存的环境、现实的处境、占有的资源等构成了人的综合条件,对人的能力、权利、尊严、自然环境、社会状况、制度体系六个范畴的认识,可进而划分为人的内在素质(能力、权利、尊严)和外在条件(自然环境、社会状况、制度体系)两类,成为弱者认识中“经济困难——能力受限、权利贫困、尊严缺失——自然、社会和制度剥夺或歧视”模式。在此之中,每一个条件的变化,都可能影响到尊严的实现。“尊严”常被用在与人相关的语境之中,指代“人的尊严”,但与“人的尊严”又有所不同。就“尊严”的词义而言,无论中西,都表示尊贵威严,象征着崇高的身份或地位,是一种内在价值的自我认识或外在评价。其不仅用于人,也用于人以外的主体,标志着某些独特品质,具有这些品质的主体获得超越于其他不具这些品质的主体的较高等级,它是一个关涉程度的名词,反映了现实世界中各种主体的层次体系。与“尊严”不同,“人的尊严”只对人类整体使用,为每一个人所固有,是人至高无上的内在价值的外在表现,它不承认任何的程度差异,人人平等,是对层次体系的否定。从“尊严”到“人的尊严”的过程,凝聚着人对自身的反省,也昭示着人的地位的提升。从观念的角度来看,我国古代关于尊严的认识强调人因为身份、地位而拥有的尊贵,必须在道德上、义务上以一定的行为举止加以呈现。儒家重视君子人格,以仁义为核心原则,道家提倡回归人的本性,以无为为最高要求,墨家则强调兼爱互利,法家从法的角度提供了一种维护尊严的视角。人的尊严的获得,需要人努力实现自我完善,表现为人的德性尊严观。西方认识人的尊严有一条“斯多亚学派式——基督教式——康德哲学式”的线索,传统的尊严观强调人作为“类”,因为某种特质或能力而具有相对于自然万物的尊严,进而要求个人内在的自我克制和外在的自我表现,基本属于德性尊严观;现代的尊严观则突出人内在的、至高无上的价值和天赋权利的不可侵犯性,为个人主张权利及向国家、社会和其他个人提出权利要求提供了理论依据,可以归结为权利尊严观。“人的尊严”的整个演变历史是一个从依附到固有、从少数到普遍、从外在到内在、从偶然到必然、从观念到概念的过程。在当代,学者们普遍承认“固有的尊严”这一事实,着重关注“可以实现的尊严”,旨在发现人可能受到影响的各种内在、外在条件。人是能够自由地并负责任地自主决定的主体,具有参与各种关系和自我发展的能力,他不可替代而又有脆弱性,对于能够让人自由地、完全地成为人的条件和机会,拥有不移的权利。缺少了权利的支撑和保障,便不可能拥有人的尊严。实现人的尊严,在积极意义上,要维护自我;在消极意义上,要避免侮辱、亵渎、蔑视、侮辱和侵害。由于人的能力是人类物质生活的根本,尊严是人类精神生活的极致,因此,就要求在起码的社会共识之下,构建尊重人的能力、维护人的尊严的制度。但是,从一开始,对弱者的保护只看到了弱者在物质、身体方面的伤害,而忽略了心理情感方面。当社会发展到了一定水平,对弱者的保护仅仅停留在物质帮助层面还远远不够,更应当给予其情感支持,在经济状况与精神状态、生理与心理的双重维度上展开。在公共生活中,当弱者无法施展其能力、平等获得各种资源、融入社会关系,以及遭受制度产生的剥夺和忽略、经历人际中存在的伤害和冷漠,都可能使尊严无存。给予弱者扶助和尊重,不能当作是一种施舍和恩赐,帮助弱者就是帮助我们自己,促进整个社会的和谐发展。“人的尊严”的理念伴随着一些国家的人权制度架构而逐渐得到彰显,以《联合国宪章》和《世界人权宣言》的宣示而真正确立。尊严与权利共同构成人权不可分离的两个方面内容。从法律内容来看,弱者的尊严要求法律应至少保证人在基本生活条件、独立自主的人格和安全三个方面的内容,因为这是人最基本的需要,也是人的脆弱性所在。法律维护弱者的尊严,就是通过权利来保证人能过有意义的生活。当前,在适足生活水准权、公民的隐私权、受教育权、人格平等、人身自由等方面仍然存在保障不足,弱者问题不能仅仅通过“权利"而得到解决,对于公共生活中的人来说,保护弱者的权利与尊严,需要在国家法律中和社会生活里体现出人权的核心俭值——“尊严、自由、平等、友爱”。总的看来,维护弱者的尊严,应当提升尊严在宪法中的地位,确立人的尊严基础上的权利体系。处理好能力、权利、尊严和资源四者的平衡、缩小贫富差距、正确对待不同需求,减少贫富对立;纠正“以利为本”的态度,真正实现“以人为本”;以能力实现机会公平。为此,更重要的是,营造自尊与尊重他人的社会氛围,使每一个人的尊严都能够在国家和社会层面得以实现。
  • dc.description.abstract
  • Persons in the society, because of various natural endowment and opportunity, are hard to possess resources and engage in life. So, no matter what society is, there would be the weak. To face up to this is the premise of design of institution and operation of society. At present, the weak seems not to indicate persons who are low in economic level or fragile in life condition. At the same time, the public in society need dignity more than rights, this appears to be more serious in the weak. Although dignity is confirmed in institutions and laws of nations by degrees, there are differences in the recognition and emphysis of nations. The weak and dignity needs to be scrutinized carefully. This article holds a discussion on dignity of the weak, to reacquaint the features of the weak through analysis of three types of traditional weakers and three types of marginal populations. Tries to perceive the concept of human dignity at lexical meaning and conception levels, and concludes its basic compositions. Besides, points out the reasons why the dignity of the weak is easily offended, and demonstrates the dignity of the weak missing in real life. On these grounds, gives the conclusion that how law can raise the dignity of the weak.According to current definition, the weak is a relative concept, there are "time and space conversion", "field conversion", "circumstances conversion" and "norm-fact conversion" four possibilities of conversions. As soon as condition changes, it is difficult to distinguish strong or weak. That is to say, it can't identify the weak by specific and single standard; someone should be disadvantage in one aspect, but advantage in another, the identification of the weak needs comprehensive standard.Ethics, politics and economics respectively gives proofs to the weak from good and evil, pros and cons, efficiency, sociology from realistic conditions, as well as jurisprudence emphysize the institutions and rights. The reasons of becoming the weak in sociology turn to characteristics of the weak in jurisprudence. General speaking, the weak points of the weak exist in capabilities, rights, dignity, nature, social conditions and institution systems. Although the causal link among this six categories is await clarification, it can be said, that persons to become the weak is not by comparision, but by the fragility of inner quality and the risk of outer qualification.The states briefly that the weak in a society, given its universality exists in various periods and places, have received attentions from researchers in fields such as economics and sociology, while becoming the core concept of these fields. These effects have discussed how to provide the weak the social support in living quality, economic issue, social resources, market competition. However, titles like "the weak" usually are taken into contrastive scene consisted by the stronger side and weaker side, causing expansion of extension of the weak and contagion of so called "mentality of disadvantage". For human is such a aggregation made by multiple factors, and one man can have advantages in certain filed while having disadvantages in the rest, it is difficult for us to identify the weak only by single factor. Therefore, related factors or a group of factor should be choose as standards of indentify the weak just like two figures are needed to determine a specific coordinate or two point can determine a straight line on a flat.The first chapter will focus on a redefinition of the weak. The universal existences of the weak in various periods and places have bought dynamics and historic characters to this group. Repeated usages of this concept in various specific contexts have, as well, brought relativity and randomness to itself. Such variations according to social change and different scenes have caused overexpansion of extensions of the weak, weakening the empirical meaning of this very word.So, new features of the weak can be drawn if examinations and clarifications are made toward certain related concepts. By comparing features of the weak with features of victims of disaster or war, special group, "minority group", "LGBT group", or "poorer group", it can be deduced that human is, based on his capacity, aggregation consisted by environment properties, which reflect the interaction between human and outside world, natural properties and social properties, which reflect the communication between humans. Human show his dignity by developing his capacity to possess and make use of resources. And becoming the weak is the pause of such course, also the disconnection between capacity and dignity. Hence to study the weak is to move toward increasing sophistication——"limited capacity—resources deficiencies/economic issue—poverty of rights—the lack of dignity"The second chapter will discuss protections for rights and dignity of the weak. The weak is made by factors such as human properties, related environment, specific situation and possession of resource. Given the individual difference and relative scarcity of social resource, institutional arrangement and policy direction, by which balance between social demand and real resource can be achieved, are needed to maintain order and peace of society. It is unreasonable to consider, however, that such maintaining can be achieved only by giving every social member equal rights and duties without a widely accepted agreement of conventional morality. That is to claim that in order to protect the weak, daily ethical norms is needed to build a society in which rights and dignities can be preserved.Besides, it is considered as irrational that one gets material benefits at cost of mental damage, or survives at the cost of personal insults, because such costs will jeopardize the completeness of one's personality. While giving the weak material aids, it is important for us to give them emotional care. The proper integrated care provided to the weak should be given in various ways, which might include economic, mental, behavioral, psychological methods.The third chapter will claim that, according to studying cases that have brought wide social effects, to protect human right is to realize dignity by such protection. To those who live in public community, the weak issue is not just a matter of fact concerns the realization of rights. It can be resolved only if dignity and right are both realized. To protect the rights and dignity of the weak, we should present the core value of the human right, that is "dignity", "liberty", "equality" and "friendship", in national law and society life."The original type of human rights is the kind of right that human should have according to his/her nature and his/her personality and dignity." As a human of completeness, taken perspective from legal study, his/her right should have sufficient protections so that he or she can have internally unified rights and dignity. But when someone become the weak, he or she must have been suffer from insufficient protection of human right therefore can't realize dignity by rights. According to international document and domestic legislation, this is proved by analysis of issues such as rights of adequate standard of living, discrimination of employment, personal freedom of internee and the educational or privacy right of citizens.Human dignity, accompany with the human rights framework set by some countries, is gradually manifested, and its really establishment is from "Charter of the United Nations" and "Universal Declaration of Human Rights". Dignity and rights jointly consists inseparable parts of human rights. As to the law regulation, human dignity asks for people's basic life condition, independent personality, and safety, and on this basis to design corresponding rights. This is fundamental needs, and is where fragilities lie at the same time. To protect dignity by law, is to ensure person can live like a real person.At present, there are still problems of inadequate protection in an adequate standard of living, right to privacy, right to education, personality equality and employment discrimination, freedom of person and illegal detention. From widely influence cases, we can see that the weak problems can't be solved only by rights, for any person in public life, to protect rights and dignity of the weak on an equal basis means core values of human rights such as "dignity, freedom, equality, friendship" could be shown in law and life.We need to control the balance among capabilities, rights, dignity and resources, to shorten distance between the poor and the rich, treat different needs of the poor and the first-rich, and to reduce the confrontation between the poor and the rich, to correct interest-oriented to people-oriented, to emphysize capabilities to realize fair opportunity. For this end, we should elevate status of human dignity in constitution, build human dignity based rights system, more importantly is to construct a self-respect and respect every member social circumstance so that human dignity can be realized at nation and society level.
  • dc.subject.discipline
  • D90-052
  • dc.date.issued
  • 2026-01-14
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