人权视野中的罪刑法定原则

The Principle of Legality in the View of Human Rights

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归属学者:

蔡英

归属院系:

法学院

作者:

蔡英

导师:

陈忠林

导师单位:

法学院

学位:

博士

语种:

中文

关键词:

人权;罪刑法定原则;法治;宪政

摘要:

罪刑法定原则是古典人权理论召唤下在刑法领域形成的法治原则,有着200多年的发展历史,它关系到国家刑罚权行使的范围,关系着公民自由的界限。对罪刑法定的理解,如果只是习惯于直接采纳结论性的意见,而忘却了其内涵更为丰富的背景和前提,疏于探寻它两个世纪以来的运行轨迹,忽略关注支撑罪刑法定发挥有益作用的制度设计,那么就很容易对罪刑法定作形式主义的、片面和教条的理解;以这样的罪刑法定指导立法和司法活动,必然不会产生我们憧憬的人权保障效果。罪刑法定在中国立法化十余年来遭遇的主观期望与客观现实之间的巨大差距,充分说明在人权背景下研究罪刑法定何以保障人权、以何保障人权、能否保障人权、在人权保障上利弊何在的必要性。 本文将罪刑法定放置在人权理论发展演变的历史大背景下,采用历史研究方法,以开阔的视野观察罪刑法定在两个世纪以来的运行特点,总结罪刑法定在实现人权保障目标过程中的利弊得失,力图在一幅综合的历史图景中还原罪刑法定的本来面目,求得对于罪刑法定正本清源的准确认识。在此基础上,运用比较研究方法、理论分析方法,针对刑法理论界就罪刑法定原则形成的一些“共识”或“通说”的可靠性进行理论廓清,对罪刑法定原则与我国刑法理论中的若干重大范畴的关系作出分析与说明,并就如何实现罪刑法定原则预定的人权保障价值,分别从观念保障、立法和司法中的制度保障的角度进行了论证与构想。 全文共有五章。在导论部分,针对罪刑法定原则在历史发展过程中曾经遭遇的“N”字形运行轨迹的反差,以及罪刑法定原则落户中国以来遭遇的理想和现实日益背离的反差,提出了本文所要讨论的问题,界定了罪刑法定原则的范围,说明了本文的整体思路与结构安排,并综述了关于罪刑法定原则的现有理论。 文章的第二部分是对人权理论背景下罪刑法定原则诞生和发展历史的全景式展现。指出:罪刑法定原则是古典人权理论召唤下在刑法领域形成的法治原则,伴随着人权理论发展历史的两起一落,罪刑法定也划出了相同的运行轨迹。以建构理性主义、国家法律实证主义和严格的三权分立原则为哲学、法学和政治学基础的罪刑法定原则,将追求法律的确定性作为保障人权的唯一手段,在出生伊始就潜藏着无力防范“立法暴政”的危险弱点。罪刑法定原则在法西斯统治时期能够和具有犯罪内容的恶法安然共处,甚至沦为暴政工具的灰暗历史,是进化论人权理论鼓噪下罪刑法定两面性的集中体现和潜在危险的集中爆发。二战后自然法思想的复兴和普遍人权理论的确立使法治成为基本人权之治,法治奠基于尊重人性的伦理基础,罪刑法定原则也得到国际人权公约和人权文件的多次肯定和强调。为了防止历史悲剧重演,欧洲各国纷纷制定了以维护基本人权至上为内容的刚性宪法,创建了各具特色的违宪审查制度,通过公布和援引司法判例扩大了法院解释法律的权利,同类案件同样审判的做法在事实上得到普通法院的坚持,这些举措使罪刑法定原则无力防止立法为恶的内在局限得到有效克服,罪刑法定藉此获得新生。 这一部分的研究澄清了理论上对罪刑法定原则形成的诸多美好误解,为下文的研究奠定了基础。 文章的第三部分是对罪刑法定原则与正当法律程序关系的廓清。针对刑法学界认为1215年英国《自由大宪章》第39条是罪刑法定原则的最早思想渊源、大陆法系的罪刑法定原则在英美法系的发展模式就是正当法律程序、罪刑法定原则不仅有形式的侧面,还有“刑罚法规的实体正当性”要求即实质侧面的通说,文章提出了完全不同的观点:1215年英国《自由大宪章》第39条并非意指定罪量刑必须要依据国王事先颁布的实体成文刑法的规定,而是仅指刑事诉讼必须采取正式的起诉方式并保障被告人接受陪审裁判的权利,只有与嫌疑人具有同等身份的邻居宣誓组成的调查团才能提出指控,法官不能仅凭自己个人之见开始起诉和审判的程序,这条规定主要用以在刑事诉讼中对封建贵族和教士的权利进行保护。因此,以强调定罪量刑必须依据立法者颁布的实体法规进行的罪刑法定原则,和强调刑事诉讼必须按照规定的方式开始和进行的大宪章第39条,实际上分属刑事实体法与程序法两个领域,它们之间没有什么源与流的关系。大宪章第39条所蕴含的正当程序思想实际上是程序正义观念的最初来源。在大宪章基础上生发的正当法律程序,在美国尽管有程序性正当法律程序和实体性正当法律程序之别,但无论是就产生的历史渊源、具体内容、哲学观、法律观、人权观而言,还是就对立法者态度、对法官的角色定位、对个人与国家的关系以及实践效果来说,都无法得出正当法律程序是罪刑法定原则在英美法系的发展模式的结论。相应地,要求“刑法实体正当”也只是实体性正当法律程序的内容之一,而并非罪刑法定原则在二战后增添的实质侧面。 文章的第四部分对中国人权话语下“中国特色”式罪刑法定原则的确立背景、理解与适用中存在的问题进行了分析。指出:人权话语的解冻是罪刑法定原则能够在我国立法化的观念要素,但“双面表述”的罪刑法定违背了人权概念的主流精神,容易导向权力本位的价值取向和刑罚权的积极扩张,在理论和实际上都可能产生负面效应。罪刑法定原则从诞生至今只具有消极的自由保障机能,而不具有积极的社会保护机能。我国混合的犯罪概念不仅不违背罪刑法定原则的要求,而且社会危害性理论和但书的存在还能够克服形式主义罪刑法定原则无力防止立法为恶的缺陷,将不值得受刑罚处罚的行为排除在犯罪圈外。为了在坚持罪刑法定原则的同时实现实质合理性,就必须要对犯罪构成要件作应受刑罚惩罚性的实质理解,在刑法解释立场的选择上,固守难以确证的立法原意不可能实现对个人自由的保护,在刑法规定的整体文义可能的范围内进行符合社会客观需要的合理解释,才是既遵循罪刑法定要求又能够实现刑罚实质正义的正确立场选择。当前司法实践中对罪刑法定的机械理解以及对刑法规定“明确性”的不合理追求,似乎正在重演理性万能的神话,而对立法至上观念的绝对信奉,也可能陷入僵化执法的危险误区。 文章的第五部分回答了我们还有没有必要坚持罪刑法定原则,以及在实现罪刑法定原则的过程中,应该以怎样的观念牵引、以怎样的制度来保障罪刑法定预定价值的有效发挥,使该原则真正成为善良公民和犯罪人的大宪章的问题。本文认为,罪刑法定原则通过追求刑法适用的确定性来控制刑罚权、保障公民自由,是规则之治的形式法治原则的反映,它传达出法律至上的形式合理性观念,具有值得被我们坚持下去的重大价值。但是,罪刑法定本身并不包括对刑事立法权进行实质性限制的内容,故而需要我们警惕并防止其两面性可能存在的潜在危险。要充分实现罪刑法定原则预定的人权保障价值,在观念上,就不能不以现代法治的核心精神——基本人权至上,为罪刑法定的运行提供观念指导和牵引,以制定和运用刑法的不得已原则对罪刑法定原则进行修正;在立法层面,一方面要以基本人权至上为民主的立法设防,以不得已原则作为判断一个行为是否有必要犯罪化的标准,另一方面,还亟需建立起以人权保障为中心的宪政制度,从制度上对立法之恶加以防范;在司法层面,为防止机械理解罪刑法定而导致的僵化执法问题,亟需对我国现有的人民陪审员制度进行彻底改造,汲取英美法系陪审制度对促进司法民主和司法公正的合理内核,以更有效解决当前司法实务中法官只讲“法”(立法者之法)而不讲“理”(常识、常情、常理)、只顾维护法律权威(立法权威)而不顾维护法律价值(基本人权至上)的突出司法问题。

学科:

刑法学

提交日期

2018-01-11

引用参考

蔡英. 人权视野中的罪刑法定原则[D]. 西南政法大学,2010.

全文附件授权许可

知识共享许可协议-署名

  • dc.title
  • 人权视野中的罪刑法定原则
  • dc.title
  • The Principle of Legality in the View of Human Rights
  • dc.contributor.schoolno
  • B2003030104742
  • dc.contributor.author
  • 蔡英
  • dc.contributor.affiliation
  • 法学院
  • dc.contributor.degree
  • 博士
  • dc.contributor.childdegree
  • 法学博士
  • dc.contributor.degreeConferringInstitution
  • 西南政法大学
  • dc.identifier.year
  • 2010
  • dc.contributor.advisor
  • 陈忠林
  • dc.contributor.advisorAffiliation
  • 法学院
  • dc.language.iso
  • 中文
  • dc.subject
  • 人权;罪刑法定原则;法治;宪政
  • dc.subject
  • Human Rights;The Principle of Legality;Rule of Law;Constitutionalism
  • dc.description.abstract
  • 罪刑法定原则是古典人权理论召唤下在刑法领域形成的法治原则,有着200多年的发展历史,它关系到国家刑罚权行使的范围,关系着公民自由的界限。对罪刑法定的理解,如果只是习惯于直接采纳结论性的意见,而忘却了其内涵更为丰富的背景和前提,疏于探寻它两个世纪以来的运行轨迹,忽略关注支撑罪刑法定发挥有益作用的制度设计,那么就很容易对罪刑法定作形式主义的、片面和教条的理解;以这样的罪刑法定指导立法和司法活动,必然不会产生我们憧憬的人权保障效果。罪刑法定在中国立法化十余年来遭遇的主观期望与客观现实之间的巨大差距,充分说明在人权背景下研究罪刑法定何以保障人权、以何保障人权、能否保障人权、在人权保障上利弊何在的必要性。 本文将罪刑法定放置在人权理论发展演变的历史大背景下,采用历史研究方法,以开阔的视野观察罪刑法定在两个世纪以来的运行特点,总结罪刑法定在实现人权保障目标过程中的利弊得失,力图在一幅综合的历史图景中还原罪刑法定的本来面目,求得对于罪刑法定正本清源的准确认识。在此基础上,运用比较研究方法、理论分析方法,针对刑法理论界就罪刑法定原则形成的一些“共识”或“通说”的可靠性进行理论廓清,对罪刑法定原则与我国刑法理论中的若干重大范畴的关系作出分析与说明,并就如何实现罪刑法定原则预定的人权保障价值,分别从观念保障、立法和司法中的制度保障的角度进行了论证与构想。 全文共有五章。在导论部分,针对罪刑法定原则在历史发展过程中曾经遭遇的“N”字形运行轨迹的反差,以及罪刑法定原则落户中国以来遭遇的理想和现实日益背离的反差,提出了本文所要讨论的问题,界定了罪刑法定原则的范围,说明了本文的整体思路与结构安排,并综述了关于罪刑法定原则的现有理论。 文章的第二部分是对人权理论背景下罪刑法定原则诞生和发展历史的全景式展现。指出:罪刑法定原则是古典人权理论召唤下在刑法领域形成的法治原则,伴随着人权理论发展历史的两起一落,罪刑法定也划出了相同的运行轨迹。以建构理性主义、国家法律实证主义和严格的三权分立原则为哲学、法学和政治学基础的罪刑法定原则,将追求法律的确定性作为保障人权的唯一手段,在出生伊始就潜藏着无力防范“立法暴政”的危险弱点。罪刑法定原则在法西斯统治时期能够和具有犯罪内容的恶法安然共处,甚至沦为暴政工具的灰暗历史,是进化论人权理论鼓噪下罪刑法定两面性的集中体现和潜在危险的集中爆发。二战后自然法思想的复兴和普遍人权理论的确立使法治成为基本人权之治,法治奠基于尊重人性的伦理基础,罪刑法定原则也得到国际人权公约和人权文件的多次肯定和强调。为了防止历史悲剧重演,欧洲各国纷纷制定了以维护基本人权至上为内容的刚性宪法,创建了各具特色的违宪审查制度,通过公布和援引司法判例扩大了法院解释法律的权利,同类案件同样审判的做法在事实上得到普通法院的坚持,这些举措使罪刑法定原则无力防止立法为恶的内在局限得到有效克服,罪刑法定藉此获得新生。 这一部分的研究澄清了理论上对罪刑法定原则形成的诸多美好误解,为下文的研究奠定了基础。 文章的第三部分是对罪刑法定原则与正当法律程序关系的廓清。针对刑法学界认为1215年英国《自由大宪章》第39条是罪刑法定原则的最早思想渊源、大陆法系的罪刑法定原则在英美法系的发展模式就是正当法律程序、罪刑法定原则不仅有形式的侧面,还有“刑罚法规的实体正当性”要求即实质侧面的通说,文章提出了完全不同的观点:1215年英国《自由大宪章》第39条并非意指定罪量刑必须要依据国王事先颁布的实体成文刑法的规定,而是仅指刑事诉讼必须采取正式的起诉方式并保障被告人接受陪审裁判的权利,只有与嫌疑人具有同等身份的邻居宣誓组成的调查团才能提出指控,法官不能仅凭自己个人之见开始起诉和审判的程序,这条规定主要用以在刑事诉讼中对封建贵族和教士的权利进行保护。因此,以强调定罪量刑必须依据立法者颁布的实体法规进行的罪刑法定原则,和强调刑事诉讼必须按照规定的方式开始和进行的大宪章第39条,实际上分属刑事实体法与程序法两个领域,它们之间没有什么源与流的关系。大宪章第39条所蕴含的正当程序思想实际上是程序正义观念的最初来源。在大宪章基础上生发的正当法律程序,在美国尽管有程序性正当法律程序和实体性正当法律程序之别,但无论是就产生的历史渊源、具体内容、哲学观、法律观、人权观而言,还是就对立法者态度、对法官的角色定位、对个人与国家的关系以及实践效果来说,都无法得出正当法律程序是罪刑法定原则在英美法系的发展模式的结论。相应地,要求“刑法实体正当”也只是实体性正当法律程序的内容之一,而并非罪刑法定原则在二战后增添的实质侧面。 文章的第四部分对中国人权话语下“中国特色”式罪刑法定原则的确立背景、理解与适用中存在的问题进行了分析。指出:人权话语的解冻是罪刑法定原则能够在我国立法化的观念要素,但“双面表述”的罪刑法定违背了人权概念的主流精神,容易导向权力本位的价值取向和刑罚权的积极扩张,在理论和实际上都可能产生负面效应。罪刑法定原则从诞生至今只具有消极的自由保障机能,而不具有积极的社会保护机能。我国混合的犯罪概念不仅不违背罪刑法定原则的要求,而且社会危害性理论和但书的存在还能够克服形式主义罪刑法定原则无力防止立法为恶的缺陷,将不值得受刑罚处罚的行为排除在犯罪圈外。为了在坚持罪刑法定原则的同时实现实质合理性,就必须要对犯罪构成要件作应受刑罚惩罚性的实质理解,在刑法解释立场的选择上,固守难以确证的立法原意不可能实现对个人自由的保护,在刑法规定的整体文义可能的范围内进行符合社会客观需要的合理解释,才是既遵循罪刑法定要求又能够实现刑罚实质正义的正确立场选择。当前司法实践中对罪刑法定的机械理解以及对刑法规定“明确性”的不合理追求,似乎正在重演理性万能的神话,而对立法至上观念的绝对信奉,也可能陷入僵化执法的危险误区。 文章的第五部分回答了我们还有没有必要坚持罪刑法定原则,以及在实现罪刑法定原则的过程中,应该以怎样的观念牵引、以怎样的制度来保障罪刑法定预定价值的有效发挥,使该原则真正成为善良公民和犯罪人的大宪章的问题。本文认为,罪刑法定原则通过追求刑法适用的确定性来控制刑罚权、保障公民自由,是规则之治的形式法治原则的反映,它传达出法律至上的形式合理性观念,具有值得被我们坚持下去的重大价值。但是,罪刑法定本身并不包括对刑事立法权进行实质性限制的内容,故而需要我们警惕并防止其两面性可能存在的潜在危险。要充分实现罪刑法定原则预定的人权保障价值,在观念上,就不能不以现代法治的核心精神——基本人权至上,为罪刑法定的运行提供观念指导和牵引,以制定和运用刑法的不得已原则对罪刑法定原则进行修正;在立法层面,一方面要以基本人权至上为民主的立法设防,以不得已原则作为判断一个行为是否有必要犯罪化的标准,另一方面,还亟需建立起以人权保障为中心的宪政制度,从制度上对立法之恶加以防范;在司法层面,为防止机械理解罪刑法定而导致的僵化执法问题,亟需对我国现有的人民陪审员制度进行彻底改造,汲取英美法系陪审制度对促进司法民主和司法公正的合理内核,以更有效解决当前司法实务中法官只讲“法”(立法者之法)而不讲“理”(常识、常情、常理)、只顾维护法律权威(立法权威)而不顾维护法律价值(基本人权至上)的突出司法问题。
  • dc.description.abstract
  • The principle of legality, with more than 200 years development, is the principle of rule of law formed in the field of criminal law by the call of the classical human rights theory. It is concerned about the implement scope of the State's punitive power and the freedom margin of citizens. It is likely to interpret the principle of legality mechanically, partially and dogmatically if people are used to taking the conclusive opinions directly, forgetting its more ample background information and prerequisites, neglecting to probe into its development track in the past two centuries, paying no attention to focusing on the system design which supported this principle to exert the beneficial function. If the legislative and judicial activities are guided by such principle formed in this way, it is certain that it cannot produce the guarantee effect of human rights as we have been expecting. This dissertation intends to find out the authentic and accurate understanding thoroughly about the principle of legality, with an effort to restore its original meaning against the complete and all-side historical background by changing the research methods of "breaking apart the history" and "taking the conclusion only" which are applied in the field of criminal law. The principle of legality would be placed in the tremendous historical background of human rights evolvement, with the broad view to survey its development features in the past two centuries, and conclude the merits and wrongs in the process of realizing the objective of human rights guarantee. Based on above materials, this dissertation continues to clarify theoretically those so-called "common knowledge" and "general theory" concerned with this principle in the field of criminal law, and analyze and explain the relationship between the principle of legality and those vital categories in the field of criminal law theory in our country. It also demonstrates and pictures how to realize the predicted value of human rights guarantee from the perspective of notion safeguard, legislative and judicial systems respectively. This dissertation is composed of 5 chapters. The first chapter is the introduction part in which the issue to be discussed in this paper is raised by presenting the wavy track like "N" that the principle of legality experienced in its historical development and the sharp contrast between the ideal and reality it encountered in our country. Based on the demonstration, it defines the scope of the principle of legality, introduces the integrated thoughts and structure, and illustrates the present theories related to this principle in a comprehensive way in the end of this part. The second chapter is a panoramic description of its birth and development of the principle of legality, which points out that this principle is the principle of rule of law formed in the field of criminal law by the call of the classical human rights theory. Because of the route that the human rights theory had experienced in the history, it has followed the same track of "Two ups and One down", like the letter "N". At the very beginning of its birth, which pursued the certainty of the law as the only means to guarantee the human rights, the principle of legality concealed the dangerous weakness that had not enough strength to cushion against the "legislation tyranny" because it was based on the reason constructivism, the positivism of state law and the principle of strict separation of powers, which is related to philosophy, legalism and politics respectively. That this principle could keep along together with the evil law containing crimes during the Nazi period and even degraded as the tool for the tyranny is due to the uproar of evolutionary theory of human rights, which caused the joint outbreak of the two sides and the hiding dangers of the principle of legality. After the World War II, with the restoration of natural law and the establishment of prevailing human rights theory, rule of law has become the fundamental rule of human rights, which is on the ethical basis showing respect for human nature, hence, the principle of legality has been admitted and stressed many times in the international human rights conventions and human rights documents. In order not to repeat the same history tragedy, the Europeans countries in succession made the rigid constitutions, focusing on the protection of the basic human rights, created the different judicial review systems of constitution, and expanded the courts rights to interpret the law by publishing and citing the judicial precedents so that the method that the same case gets the same judgment has been sustained by the ordinary courts. All these means effectively surmounted the inner limit that the principle of legality cannot prevent the evil legislation. Hence, it obtained the new life. The research in this chapter lays the foundation for the following analysis as it clears up those misunderstandings in theory formed by people's strong expectation for the principle of legality. The third chapter of this dissertation mainly deals with distinguishing the relationship between the principle of legality and the due process of law. This part advances the complete different view aimed at those general ideas:that the criminal law field holds the view that article 39 of the Magna Charta(1215) in Britain was the earliest origin of thought of this principle of legality, that this principle in the civil law system is the mode of the due process of law in the common law system, that this principle not only has the aspect in the form but has the aspect in substance. It goes on arguing that article 39 of the Magna Charta (1215) did not mean that the conviction and sentence must abide by the substantive criminal law promulgated by the King in advance, but meant that the criminal proceedings must apply the formal prosecution procedures and to guarantee that the accused shall have the right to be tried by the jury, that only the investigating team formed with the neighbors who had the same social status with the criminal and pledged could institute the charge, that the judge could not start the prosecution and trial process according to his own personal opinion (this rule was mainly used to protect the rights of the feudal nobles and the missionaries in the criminal proceedings.) Therefore, the principle of legality, which emphasizes that conviction and sentence must be subject to the substantive law promulgated by the legislator, and the article 39 of the Magna Charta, which emphasizes criminal proceeding must be started and carried out in accordance with the provided procedures, in fact are affiliated to the criminal substantive law and the criminal procedural law respectively. The thought of the due process embodied in the article 39 of Magna Charta actually is the earliest source of the idea of justified process. No matter from which perspective, either the historical source, the specific content, the view of philosophy, the view of law, the view of human rights, or the attitude of the legislator, the role of the judge, the relationship between the person to the state and the practical effect, the due process grown up on the basis of the Magna Charta can not arrive at the conclusion that it is the developed mode of the principle of legality in the common law legal family, though in the U.S., there is the difference between procedural due process of law and substantive due process of law. Accordingly, the requirement of due substantive criminal law is only one part of the substantive due process of law, not the added aspect of the principle of legality after the World War II. The forth chapter analyzes its founding background, interpretation and the problems in practice when the principle of legality with Chinese characteristics is under the influence of human speech rights. The author states that the thawing of the human speech right is the essential notion to the legislation of this principle in China, while, on the other hand, the reversible expressions of it are against the mainstream spirit of the concept——human rights, so it is likely to lead to the value of pursuing power standard and the active expansion of the punitive power, which would exert the side-effect both in theory and in practice. Since from its birth, the principle of legality only had the negative guarantee function for the freedom, without the active protection function for the society. The mixed concepts of crimes in China do not betray the requirement of the principle of legality, but also the theories in respect of endangering society and the existence of proviso can help to conquer the default that the formalism principle of legality is vulnerable to prevent legislation for the evils, so that all the behaviors which should not be punished are eliminated out of the scope of crimes. In order to realize the substance rationality at once when sticking to this principle, it is necessary to interpret in substance that the components of crime shall get the punitive punishment. From the standing point of the criminal law interpretation, it is impossible to realize the protection of the personal freedom if the legislator's intention which is difficult to confirm is firmly defended. Only in the scope of the whole context of the criminal law to interpret the objective needs for the society in a reasonable way, can the legalized demands of the principle of legality be followed and also, realize the correct choice of the justice in substance for punishment. At present, in judicial practice, the facts of the mechanical interpretation of this principle and of the unreasonable pursuit for the certainty in the criminal law seem to be recurring the mythology that reason is almighty. The absolute belief in the idea of legislation supremacy will make the enforcement rigid, dropping into the perilous trap too. The fifth part provides the answers to these questions:Is it necessary to stick to the principle of legality? What idea and system can act as the guidance so as to guarantee the predicted value of this principle to effectively play in the process of application so that this principle can become the real Magna Charta for the innocent citizens and the criminals? This dissertation holds the view that though the principle of legality displays the formalism aspect of the rule of law principle, the value of which is worthwhile for us to adhere to. But, at the same time, it should be observed that the principle of legality has the major defects inside that cannot be overcome by it. Only if the two sides of this principle are clearly recognized, can the value of human rights guarantee be realized in the process of sticking to this principle, avoiding the lawful infringement on the personal freedom. The modern rule of law is the fundamental rule of human rights. If the two mechanisms, freedom guarantee and maintenance of order, will be balanced in the criminal law, it is necessary to modify the defects of the principle of legality with some special means. At the same time, making the rigid constitution, establishing the judicial review system of constitution, improving and perfecting the people's assessor system and strengthening the education on the judges conscience, from both the legislative and judicial aspects to put a curb on the power for evils, then the pre-designed value of human rights guarantee by the principle of legality can be turned into reality in a better way.
  • dc.subject.discipline
  • D924.1
  • dc.date.issued
  • 2010-03-01
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