海关估价制度研究

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归属学者:

丁丽柏

作者:

丁丽柏

导师:

邓瑞平

导师单位:

西南政法大学

学位:

博士

语种:

中文

关键词:

海关估价;价格准则;估价方法;反价格瞒骗

摘要:

海关估价是各国海关征税过程中的一项专业性、技术性很强的工作环节,估价问题在世界海关范围内被视为难题。各国海关都在努力推动估价技术水平的提高以及建立世界范围内的统一标准。《WTO海关估价协定》是我国海关必须遵循的国际法律文件之一,该协定已在我国的海关法律框架内通过转化的方式加以实施。目前,我国业已形成海关估价法律体系,我国的海关估价法律制度基本体现了《WTO海关估价协定》的原则和精神,但存在的问题也不容忽视。 本文是对海关估价制度进行对策性研究的论文,除前言外,其主体内容由五部分构成,综合采用历史分析、比较分析、实证分析等方法,对《WTO海关估价协定》有关实体、程序规则进行探析,并结合实例对我国现行海关估价法律制度中存在的实体性及程序性问题进行分析,以求得如何进一步完善我国海关估价法律体系的路径。 第一章从研究海关估价的基础概念入手,分析了海关估价的产生和发展过程。认为海关估价是从价税的产物,是为了征收从价税而必然产生的一项工作程序。同时,海关估价与商业估价有着十分密切的联系,海关估价源于商业估价,并以商业估价为基础。海关估价的高低影响国家财政,并对国家外汇及外贸管理造成影响。为了解决国际贸易发展过程中所存在的贸易保护和贸易自由化的矛盾,也基于各国的自身利益考虑,国际上逐步形成了一套海关估价制度。由于《WTO海关估价协定》旨在立基于国际贸易的实际并便利国际贸易,因此成为目前适用国家最多的估价文件。 海关估价的起源和基本构成要素均表明其具有关税壁垒和非关税壁垒的双重属性。为了削减非关税壁垒,国际上进行了海关估价制度的国际统一的努力以消除其非关税壁垒性质,使之向关税壁垒复归。国际海关估价制度文件在不同的历史时期分别规定了相应的原则。GATT的原则为国际海关估价制度的发展奠定了基础;《布鲁塞尔估价公约》提出保护诚实进口商,抵制不公平竞争的原则;《WTO海关估价协定》明确提出公平、中性、尊重贸易实际、统一性和确定性、便利物流及估价程序不应用来反倾销原则。我国在借鉴国际海关估价制度的立法精神基础上,结合我国经济社会特点,形成了“客观、公平、统一”原则。海关估价作为一项关系国际贸易能否顺畅进行的重要法律制度,必须以自由为其终极理念所在。海关估价自由理念是与WTO的宗旨及基本原则相契合的。 第二章主要是通过对布鲁塞尔《海关商品估价公约》和《WTO海关估价协定》这两个现今世界上最有影响的海关估价制度的价格准则中价格构成要素、价格调整因素的比较分析,探索海关估价制度的运动规律。 海关估价的价格准则是一个历史性概念,随着国际贸易的发展而不断完善。海关估价的价档准则是海关估价制度的核心内容,包括价格、调整因素及估价方法三大要素。海关估价的价格概念是建立价格准则的理论基础和指导原则,即以什么样的价格作为完税价格,而并非对价格本身作出界定。海关估价所采用的价格应反映对外贸易的实际情况,并且应公平、公正、无差别地适用于一切进口商。在确定完税价格时,还应考虑有关价格是否全面地反映各种价格要素。如果未能或只是部分地反映,就应根据贸易实际,在以客观、可量化的数据的基础上,对有关价格进行适当调整。确定进口货物完税价格的方法共有六种方法,即成交价格法、相同货物价格法、类似货物价格法、倒扣价格法、计算价格法和合理价格法。这六种方法的适用是有严格的次序排列的,只有在前一种方法不能适用情况下,后一种方法才能获得适用,但如果进口货物的收货人提出要求,并提供相关资料,经海关同意,可以选择倒扣价格法和计算价格法的适用次序。成交价格方法是估价实践中最常使用的估价方法。成交价格方法是以成交价格为基础来审定完税价格。成交价格涉及实付或应付价格、被估货物、销售和输入进口国等四项基本要素。成交价格的认定应当符合这四项要素。为确保特殊情况下的海关估价灵活处理行为不至于严重偏离海关估价行为规范,《WTO海关估价协定》第7条第二款规定了七种禁止使用的估价方法。 第三章主要是对海关估价程序性规则进行探析。海关估价程序是一种行政程序;同时又是一个动态的过程,从流程来看,一般要经过价格申报、价格审查(核查、质疑、磋商)等环节。 价格申报制度是《WTO海关估价协定》赋予海关审查价格的权力的体现。各成员国构建其价格申报制度时,应对申报主体、申报的内容、申报适用范围、申报具体要求、海关的权利和义务等内容进行明确规定。各国的价格申报制度应适用于所有进口货物。海关估价的审查是海关为审查所有与海关估价有关的陈述、书证或申报的真实性或准确性而进行的全部调查,主要包括核查、质疑、磋商三个环节。价格核查是为最终确定进口货物的完税价格而采取的一种估价手段,是海关为确定进出口货物的完税价格,对进出口货物申报价格的真实性、准确性进行的审查。海关在开展价格核查过程中可行使查阅、复制权、调查权、查验权、检验权或化验权、检查权及协助查询权等职权。海关对申报价格的真实性、准确性有疑问时,或者认为买卖双方之间的特殊关系影响成交价格时,就会启动估价质疑程序。估价质疑的目的在于确定申报价格真实、完整、符合成交价格条件。海关质疑权制度的法律意义在于是尊重进口商商业权益,注意平衡在估价中海关与相对人的举证责任。价格磋商是海关不能采用成交价格法而采用其他方法估价时的一个必经程序,也是进口商参与、了解估价决策过程的权利行使的过程。价格磋商的目的是避免海关武断估价,有利于保护进口商的合法权益。 海关估价争议属于行政法性质的争议。举证责任的分配在海关估价及其相关环节中具有关键性的影响。海关估价程序中举证责任的分配,应考虑当事人地位平等的因素,考虑行政权力和相对人利益的平衡。海关估价的价格磋商环节,实际上就是一个双方举证责任不断转移的过程。为进一步保证申报价格的准确真实,海关还负有通过价格核查、价格稽查、价格监控进行后续举证的责任。 确立司法审查原则是WTO法律化的一个重要标志。本章对《WTO海关估价协定》中有关司法审查要求的内容进行分析,指出《WTO海关估价协定》规定的司法审查主体可以是法院或其他独立于海关的机构,其诉权享有人为进口商或者其他纳税义务人。鉴于美国拥有比较成熟和完备的、其他国家和地区无法比拟的司法审查制度,本章通过相关案例着重对美国等发达国家的海关估价司法审查实践进行评析与借鉴,同时结合我国的海关估价的实践进行对比分析,以期对我国在这一领域的理论与实践有所帮助。 第四章从我国海关法中有关海关违法行为的构成及分类的规定入手,分析价格瞒骗违法行为的定义及其多种的表现形式,认为价格瞒骗行为在国际贸易中干扰了以价格竞争为基础的自由贸易机制,是一种属于逃避海关监管的走私行为。价格瞒骗与价格申报不实在主观内容、行为方式和所侵犯客体的程度都有所不同。海关负有反价格瞒骗的责任,但电子商务的出现对以实物监管和纸质单证审核为中心的传统海关反价格瞒骗模式带来了冲击,同时海关在反价格瞒骗上还面临一系列估价程序上的难点。 虽然《WTO海关估价协定》本身不是一个专门的反价格瞒骗文件,但其产生背景决定其反价格瞒骗的渊源,其主要原则体现反价格瞒骗的精神,其实施基础明确海关反价格瞒骗的责任,其价格准则包含了反价格瞒骗的内容。同时,协定实际上还制约了各国海关原有的简单方便但不尊重贸易实际的反价格瞒骗手段,对海关反价格瞒骗提出了更高的要求。打击商业瞒骗一直是海关合作理事会和各成员海关执法的优先项目之一,其出版的《反价格瞒骗手册》向成员国提供技术指导,并建议它们成立享有一定法律权力的专门机构来应对价格瞒骗。《WTO海关估价协定》及海关合作理事会在反价格瞒骗方面起到了积极作用。 第五章重点分析了《WTO海关估价协定》在我国实施后,对我国海关估价工作产生的影响以及我国现行海关估价制度面临的新挑战。从估价制度中价格定义的变化情况看,我国估价制度发展历史是一个逐渐与国际通行的估价规则靠拢的过程。我国现行海关估价制度与《WTO海关估价协定》相比较,还存在着海关估价立法不完善、估价法律法规的宣传缺乏整体性、《审价办法》部分内容与协定规定不一致、海关估价模式相对滞后、估价司法审查制度尚存不足等问题。笔者针对存在的这些问题提出了加快我国反价格瞒骗的立法进程、建立价格申报单制度、进一步增强海关估价的透明度、建立和完善海关价格管理制度、构建海关估价司法审查体系、借鉴国际先进经验,寻求实施《WTO海关估价协定》的有效办法等建议,以期为完善我国海关估价制度作出贡献。

学科:

国际法学

提交日期

2018-01-11

引用参考

丁丽柏. 海关估价制度研究[D]. 西南政法大学,2008.

全文附件授权许可

知识共享许可协议-署名

  • dc.title
  • 海关估价制度研究
  • dc.contributor.schoolno
  • b200500085
  • dc.contributor.author
  • 丁丽柏
  • dc.contributor.degree
  • 博士
  • dc.contributor.degreeConferringInstitution
  • 西南政法大学
  • dc.identifier.year
  • 2008
  • dc.contributor.advisor
  • 邓瑞平
  • dc.contributor.advisorAffiliation
  • 西南政法大学
  • dc.language.iso
  • 中文
  • dc.subject
  • 海关估价;;价格准则;;估价方法;;反价格瞒骗
  • dc.subject
  • customs valuation;; value norm;; judicial review;; anti-valuation fraud
  • dc.description.abstract
  • 海关估价是各国海关征税过程中的一项专业性、技术性很强的工作环节,估价问题在世界海关范围内被视为难题。各国海关都在努力推动估价技术水平的提高以及建立世界范围内的统一标准。《WTO海关估价协定》是我国海关必须遵循的国际法律文件之一,该协定已在我国的海关法律框架内通过转化的方式加以实施。目前,我国业已形成海关估价法律体系,我国的海关估价法律制度基本体现了《WTO海关估价协定》的原则和精神,但存在的问题也不容忽视。 本文是对海关估价制度进行对策性研究的论文,除前言外,其主体内容由五部分构成,综合采用历史分析、比较分析、实证分析等方法,对《WTO海关估价协定》有关实体、程序规则进行探析,并结合实例对我国现行海关估价法律制度中存在的实体性及程序性问题进行分析,以求得如何进一步完善我国海关估价法律体系的路径。 第一章从研究海关估价的基础概念入手,分析了海关估价的产生和发展过程。认为海关估价是从价税的产物,是为了征收从价税而必然产生的一项工作程序。同时,海关估价与商业估价有着十分密切的联系,海关估价源于商业估价,并以商业估价为基础。海关估价的高低影响国家财政,并对国家外汇及外贸管理造成影响。为了解决国际贸易发展过程中所存在的贸易保护和贸易自由化的矛盾,也基于各国的自身利益考虑,国际上逐步形成了一套海关估价制度。由于《WTO海关估价协定》旨在立基于国际贸易的实际并便利国际贸易,因此成为目前适用国家最多的估价文件。 海关估价的起源和基本构成要素均表明其具有关税壁垒和非关税壁垒的双重属性。为了削减非关税壁垒,国际上进行了海关估价制度的国际统一的努力以消除其非关税壁垒性质,使之向关税壁垒复归。国际海关估价制度文件在不同的历史时期分别规定了相应的原则。GATT的原则为国际海关估价制度的发展奠定了基础;《布鲁塞尔估价公约》提出保护诚实进口商,抵制不公平竞争的原则;《WTO海关估价协定》明确提出公平、中性、尊重贸易实际、统一性和确定性、便利物流及估价程序不应用来反倾销原则。我国在借鉴国际海关估价制度的立法精神基础上,结合我国经济社会特点,形成了“客观、公平、统一”原则。海关估价作为一项关系国际贸易能否顺畅进行的重要法律制度,必须以自由为其终极理念所在。海关估价自由理念是与WTO的宗旨及基本原则相契合的。 第二章主要是通过对布鲁塞尔《海关商品估价公约》和《WTO海关估价协定》这两个现今世界上最有影响的海关估价制度的价格准则中价格构成要素、价格调整因素的比较分析,探索海关估价制度的运动规律。 海关估价的价格准则是一个历史性概念,随着国际贸易的发展而不断完善。海关估价的价档准则是海关估价制度的核心内容,包括价格、调整因素及估价方法三大要素。海关估价的价格概念是建立价格准则的理论基础和指导原则,即以什么样的价格作为完税价格,而并非对价格本身作出界定。海关估价所采用的价格应反映对外贸易的实际情况,并且应公平、公正、无差别地适用于一切进口商。在确定完税价格时,还应考虑有关价格是否全面地反映各种价格要素。如果未能或只是部分地反映,就应根据贸易实际,在以客观、可量化的数据的基础上,对有关价格进行适当调整。确定进口货物完税价格的方法共有六种方法,即成交价格法、相同货物价格法、类似货物价格法、倒扣价格法、计算价格法和合理价格法。这六种方法的适用是有严格的次序排列的,只有在前一种方法不能适用情况下,后一种方法才能获得适用,但如果进口货物的收货人提出要求,并提供相关资料,经海关同意,可以选择倒扣价格法和计算价格法的适用次序。成交价格方法是估价实践中最常使用的估价方法。成交价格方法是以成交价格为基础来审定完税价格。成交价格涉及实付或应付价格、被估货物、销售和输入进口国等四项基本要素。成交价格的认定应当符合这四项要素。为确保特殊情况下的海关估价灵活处理行为不至于严重偏离海关估价行为规范,《WTO海关估价协定》第7条第二款规定了七种禁止使用的估价方法。 第三章主要是对海关估价程序性规则进行探析。海关估价程序是一种行政程序;同时又是一个动态的过程,从流程来看,一般要经过价格申报、价格审查(核查、质疑、磋商)等环节。 价格申报制度是《WTO海关估价协定》赋予海关审查价格的权力的体现。各成员国构建其价格申报制度时,应对申报主体、申报的内容、申报适用范围、申报具体要求、海关的权利和义务等内容进行明确规定。各国的价格申报制度应适用于所有进口货物。海关估价的审查是海关为审查所有与海关估价有关的陈述、书证或申报的真实性或准确性而进行的全部调查,主要包括核查、质疑、磋商三个环节。价格核查是为最终确定进口货物的完税价格而采取的一种估价手段,是海关为确定进出口货物的完税价格,对进出口货物申报价格的真实性、准确性进行的审查。海关在开展价格核查过程中可行使查阅、复制权、调查权、查验权、检验权或化验权、检查权及协助查询权等职权。海关对申报价格的真实性、准确性有疑问时,或者认为买卖双方之间的特殊关系影响成交价格时,就会启动估价质疑程序。估价质疑的目的在于确定申报价格真实、完整、符合成交价格条件。海关质疑权制度的法律意义在于是尊重进口商商业权益,注意平衡在估价中海关与相对人的举证责任。价格磋商是海关不能采用成交价格法而采用其他方法估价时的一个必经程序,也是进口商参与、了解估价决策过程的权利行使的过程。价格磋商的目的是避免海关武断估价,有利于保护进口商的合法权益。 海关估价争议属于行政法性质的争议。举证责任的分配在海关估价及其相关环节中具有关键性的影响。海关估价程序中举证责任的分配,应考虑当事人地位平等的因素,考虑行政权力和相对人利益的平衡。海关估价的价格磋商环节,实际上就是一个双方举证责任不断转移的过程。为进一步保证申报价格的准确真实,海关还负有通过价格核查、价格稽查、价格监控进行后续举证的责任。 确立司法审查原则是WTO法律化的一个重要标志。本章对《WTO海关估价协定》中有关司法审查要求的内容进行分析,指出《WTO海关估价协定》规定的司法审查主体可以是法院或其他独立于海关的机构,其诉权享有人为进口商或者其他纳税义务人。鉴于美国拥有比较成熟和完备的、其他国家和地区无法比拟的司法审查制度,本章通过相关案例着重对美国等发达国家的海关估价司法审查实践进行评析与借鉴,同时结合我国的海关估价的实践进行对比分析,以期对我国在这一领域的理论与实践有所帮助。 第四章从我国海关法中有关海关违法行为的构成及分类的规定入手,分析价格瞒骗违法行为的定义及其多种的表现形式,认为价格瞒骗行为在国际贸易中干扰了以价格竞争为基础的自由贸易机制,是一种属于逃避海关监管的走私行为。价格瞒骗与价格申报不实在主观内容、行为方式和所侵犯客体的程度都有所不同。海关负有反价格瞒骗的责任,但电子商务的出现对以实物监管和纸质单证审核为中心的传统海关反价格瞒骗模式带来了冲击,同时海关在反价格瞒骗上还面临一系列估价程序上的难点。 虽然《WTO海关估价协定》本身不是一个专门的反价格瞒骗文件,但其产生背景决定其反价格瞒骗的渊源,其主要原则体现反价格瞒骗的精神,其实施基础明确海关反价格瞒骗的责任,其价格准则包含了反价格瞒骗的内容。同时,协定实际上还制约了各国海关原有的简单方便但不尊重贸易实际的反价格瞒骗手段,对海关反价格瞒骗提出了更高的要求。打击商业瞒骗一直是海关合作理事会和各成员海关执法的优先项目之一,其出版的《反价格瞒骗手册》向成员国提供技术指导,并建议它们成立享有一定法律权力的专门机构来应对价格瞒骗。《WTO海关估价协定》及海关合作理事会在反价格瞒骗方面起到了积极作用。 第五章重点分析了《WTO海关估价协定》在我国实施后,对我国海关估价工作产生的影响以及我国现行海关估价制度面临的新挑战。从估价制度中价格定义的变化情况看,我国估价制度发展历史是一个逐渐与国际通行的估价规则靠拢的过程。我国现行海关估价制度与《WTO海关估价协定》相比较,还存在着海关估价立法不完善、估价法律法规的宣传缺乏整体性、《审价办法》部分内容与协定规定不一致、海关估价模式相对滞后、估价司法审查制度尚存不足等问题。笔者针对存在的这些问题提出了加快我国反价格瞒骗的立法进程、建立价格申报单制度、进一步增强海关估价的透明度、建立和完善海关价格管理制度、构建海关估价司法审查体系、借鉴国际先进经验,寻求实施《WTO海关估价协定》的有效办法等建议,以期为完善我国海关估价制度作出贡献。
  • dc.description.abstract
  • Customs valuation is a professional and intensively technical working link in a chain of every country's customs valuation, which is regarded as a difficult problem in the world. Every country's customs is trying to promote the technical level of valuation and to set up the uniform standard in the world. The Agreement on Implementation of Article VII of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 (hereinafter referred to as the WTO Customs Valuation Agreement) , one of the compulsory international legal documents to China's customs, has been adopted and implemented in the customs legal framework in China. Presently, the customs valuation system has already taken shape in China. Generally, the principles and spirits of WTO Customs Valuation Agreement have been manifested, while there are still some issues that cannot be ignored. This paper, besides foreword, consists of five chapters. The main content is about the countermeasure research on the customs valuation system. Through employing the methods of historical analysis, comparative analysis, positive analysis etc, this paper analyzes the relevant substantive and procedural rules of WTO Customs Valuation Agreement, combined with the positive study of the substantive and procedural issues in the current legal system of customs valuations in China, in order to discuss the ways of perfecting the legal system of customs valuations in China. ChapterⅠ: Beginning with the fundamental concepts of customs valuation, this chapter analyzes the origin and development of customs valuation. Customs valuation is the product of ad valorem tax, i.e. it is an inevitable operating procedure of levying ad valorem tax. Meanwhile, customs valuation, originating from commercial valuation and taking commercial valuation as its basis, is closely connected with commercial valuation. Customs valuation may influence domestic revenues, foreign exchanges and international commerce management. Out of settling the contradiction between trade protectionism and free trade, also based on the consideration of national interests, there gradually formed a set of customs valuation system on the international level. Currently, the WTO Customs Valuation Agreement, facilitating the international trade and considering the commercial reality, has been the most widely accepted document in customs valuation. This chapter also analyzes the origin and the basic elements of customs valuation. Customs valuation is of the dual attributes of tariff barrier and non-tariff barrier. In order to cut and reduce the non-tariff barriers, there have long been efforts of unifying different customs valuation systems internationally, aiming to make it only with the attribute of tariff barrier. Different principles are provided in international documents of customs valuation in different historical periods. The GATT principles provides a basis for the international legal system of customs valuation; the BDV (Brussels Definition of Value) provides the principles of protecting the honest importers and against the unfair competition; and the WTO Customs Valuation Agreement distinctly puts forward the principles of fairness, neutrality, uniformity, definitude, respecting commercial reality, facilitating logistics and valuation procedure never applied in antidumping. Based on the legislative spirits of international customs valuation, and considering the current economic and social features, China has taken the "objective, fair and uniform" principles in customs valuation. Customs valuation, one of the important legal systems relating to the smooth flow of international trade, must be with freedom as its ultimate idea. The idea of freedom in customs valuation complies with the purpose and the fundamental principles of the World Trade Organization. ChapterⅡ: This chapter, through comparing and analyzing the value elements and value adjustment elements in the Convention on the Valuation of Goods for Customs Purpose and the WTO Customs Valuation Agreement, aims to probe the law of motion of customs valuation system. The value norm of customs valuation, as a historical concept, is perfecting itself with the development of intemational trade and comprises three elements, i.e. value, adjustment elements and valuation methods. The concept of value in customs valuation is the theoretical basis and guiding principle of establishing the value norm, instead of defining the value itself. The value adopted in customs valuation should reflect the international trade reality and be applied fairly, justly and without discrimination among all of the importers. When ascertaining the dutiable value, whether the relevant value thoroughly reflects all of the value elements should be regarded. Where it fails to or partially to reflect them, then the relevant value should be regulated based on the objective and quantitative data. There are six methods of ascertaining the dutiable values of imported goods, i.e. the methods of transaction value, transaction value of identical goods, transaction value of similar goods, deductive method, computed method and the fall-back method. The six above-mentioned methods should be applied in strict sequence, i.e. the latter applies only under the condition that the former fails to. But the exception that the deductive method and the computed method apply exists under the circumstance that the receiver of the imported goods makes application, provides necessary materials and is confirmed by the customs administration. The method of transaction value, the most frequently employed method in customs valuation practices, is based on the transaction value to ascertain the dutiable value. The transaction value refers to the four basic elements: paid or payable value, valued goods, sales and inputting the imported state, with which the ascertainment of the transaction value should accord. To make sure that the customs administration' s flexibly made decisions will not deviate seriously from the customs valuation norms, Article 7.2 of the WTO Customs Valuation Agreement provides seven prohibited methods of valuation. ChapterⅢ: This chapter probes the procedural rules of customs valuation. The customs valuation procedure is a type of administrative procedure; Meanwhile, it is a dynamic process which consists of value declaration, value inspection (confirmation, inquisition, negotiation) etc. The system of value declaration manifests the customs' power of value inspection vested by the WTO Customs Valuation Agreement. When the WTO members constitute their domestic value declaration systems, the following should be clearly prescribed: declaration subject, declaration content, declaration scope, declaration specific requirements and the rights and obligations of the customs. Every Member's value declaration system should be applied to all imported goods without discrimination. The value inspection of customs valuation deals with all investigations concerning the statements, written evidences, and the truth or accuracy of declaration, which mainly includes inspecting, inquisition and negotiating. Value checking, a valuation method of ascertaining the final dutiable values of imported goods, is the procedure for the customs to ascertain the dutiable values of imported goods, and to investigate the truth or accuracy of the declaration values of the imported goods. In the course of value checking, the customs has the authorities of examination, copy, investigation, inspection, testing, checking, assistant checking etc. Where the customs reasonably doubts about the truth or accuracy of the declared value, or doubts that the relationship between the buyer and the seller may affect the transaction value, the valuation inquisition procedure will be launched, aiming to respect the importers' commercial interests. Meanwhile, balancing the burden of proof between the customs and the relative party should be attached attention to. Value negotiation is the necessary procedure when the customs makes the valuation using other methods instead of the method of transaction value, also is a course during which the importers participate and get knowledge of the valuation decision. The purpose of value negotiation is to avoid assertive valuation made by the customs and to protect importers' rightful interests. The dispute of customs valuation is with the attribute of administrative law. The distribution of burden of proof, playing a key role in customs valuation, should consider the equal status of the two parties and the balance between the administrative power and the relative party's interests. The value negotiation in essence is the process of constantly transferring the burden of proof between the two parties. To further ascertain the accuracy and the truth of the declared value, the customs is responsible for the follow-up burden of proof by value checking, value investigation and value monitoring. The establishment of judicial review principle marks the legal attribute of the Word Trade Organization. This chapter, analyzing the requirement of the judicial review in the WTO Customs Valuation Agreement, then identifies the subject of judicial review with courts and other agencies independent of the customs. Meanwhile, the Agreement clarifies that the subjects with the rights of filing a lawsuit are the importers and the other tax payers. Considering that the America has a ripe and complete judicial review system that cannot be compared by other countries and regions, this chapter, making comparative analysis of the judicial review system in customs valuation by studying relevant cases in combination of the customs valuation practices in China, hopes to help further the theories and practices in this field. ChapterⅣ: Beginning with the provisions for the structure and classification of the illicit customs' conduct in Chinese customs law, and analyzing manifestation of many valuation frauds, this chapter poses the idea that valuation fraud hinds the free trade system based on the price competition, and so it is a smuggling conduct evading the customs' control. Valuation fraud and false declaration are different in the subjective content, behavioral manner and the extent to which the object is infringed. The customs is responsible for the anti-fraud, while confronted with procedural difficulties and with the influence of the emergence of e-commerce on the traditional manners featuring the control of physical goods and examination of documents and certificates in paper by the customs against valuation fraud. Though the WTO Customs Valuation Agreement is not specially designed against valuation fraud, its background determines that its sources are against valuation fraud, that its major principles manifest its spirits against valuation fraud, that its implementation grounds specify the customs' responsibility against valuation fraud, and that its valuation norms also contain the content against fraud. Meanwhile, the Agreement actually restricts the traditional simple ways against valuation fraud, since they fail to consider the commercial reality well, and put forward newer and higher requirements for the customs. The Customs Cooperation Council (CCC) , together with its members' customs, takes cracking down on the commercial fraud as one of their dominated items, publishes the Anti-valuation Fraud Handbook as the technical guide for its members, and suggests that the members establish a domestic special agency with certain legal power against valuation fraud. The Agreement and the CCC play positive roles in anti-valuation fraud. ChapterⅤ: This chapter emphatically analyzes the influences brought by the WTO Customs Valuation Agreement and the newly emerging challenges to China's current customs valuation system. From the angle of the varied value definitions in the valuation system, China's valuation system is gradually improved to the widely accepted international standard. This chapter, comparatively studying China's current customs valuation system and the WTO Customs Valuation Agreement, points out the existent issues in China's current valuation system, such as incomplete legislation for customs valuation, lacking integration of the propaganda of the laws and regulations of the customs valuation, the Assessment Provisions partially not complying with the WTO Customs Valuation Agreement, lagging valuation model, flawed judicial review system etc. Therefore, helpful suggestions are put forward with the hope of perfecting China's current customs valuation system, such as accelerating the anti-fraud legislation process, creating a new value declaration form system, strengthening the transparency of customs valuation, establishing and perfecting the customs value management system, forming a judicial review system of valuation, and seeking effective ways of enforcing the WTO Customs Valuation Agreement through introducing international advanced experience etc.
  • dc.subject.discipline
  • D996
  • dc.date.issued
  • 2008-03-28
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